THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK 



OF THE 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPEIA 



BEING A CONDENSED STATEMENT 

OP THE 

PHYSIOLOGICAL AND TOXIC ACTION, MEDICINAL VALUE, 

METHODS OF ADMINISTRATION AND DOSES OF 

THE DRUGS AND PREPARATIONS 

IN THE LATEST EDITION OP THE 

UNITED STATES PHAEMACOPGE I A 



(APOTHECARIES' AND METRIC SYSTEM) 



^ 



WITH SOME REMARKS ON UNOFFICINAL PREPARATIONS 



BY 

ROBERT T. EDES, A.B., M.D. (Harvard) 

FELLOW OF THE MASSACHUSETTS MEDICAL SOCIETY 

FELLOW OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF ARTS AND SCIENCES 

LATE PASSED ASSISTANT SURGEON U. S. NAVY 

PROFESSOR OF MATERIA MEDIC A IN HARVARD UNIVERSITY 

PRESIDENT OF THE AMERICAN NEUROLOGICAL ASSOCIATION 

CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE NEW YORK THERAPEUTICAL SOCIETY 

ONE OF THE VISITING PHYSICIANS AT THE BOSTON CITY HOSPITAL 



7> 




NEW YORK 
WILLIAM WOOD & COMPANY 

1883 



^ 






COPYRIGHT BY 

WILLIAM WOOD & COMPANY 
1882 



Trow*s 
Printing and Bookbinding Company 
201-213 East Twelfth Street 
Nrw York 



PREFACE. 



A National Pharmacopoeia should consist of a catalogue of all the 
drugs and preparations of acknowledged necessity and approved use- 
fulness likely to be needed by the medical practitioner of any portion 
of the country. Such a catalogue must include, as its principal and 
largest portion, the drugs employed over the whole civilized world, 
together with many others, indigenous or easily obtained in the country 
for which it is intended. 

It cannot, however, be denied that fashion plays no inconsiderable 
part in determining the choice and continued use of remedies. The 
working Pharmacopoeia of any one practitioner, however, will, of 
course, include but a small portion of the whole, and will almost cer- 
tainly not coincide with that of his next-door neighbor, and will differ 
widely from that of a man educated in a different school or at a dif- 
ferent time. The mental peculiarities, as regards the desire for 
novelty or the dislike of change, and the accidental experience of each 
man will determine his choice of drugs ; but it is very safe to assume 
that the sum of the drugs used by individual practitioners of the 
United States would fill a much larger book than the present or any 
former edition of the Pharmacopoeia. The essentials, however, may 
be brought within much narrower limits. 

A great part of the Pharmacopoeia is made up of drugs and prepa- 
rations, which, so far as their action is concerned, are really duplicates. 
One of the most serious difficulties which lie in the way of the stu- 
dent of materia medica is the great amount of ground which must be 
gone over, with so few points from which a general view can be ob- 



IV PREFACE. 



tained, since all classifications are avowedly, and for a long time to 
come must be, very imperfect and unsatisfactory. A working knowl- 
edge of drugs is to be obtained in the short time usually allotted to a 
medical education only by neglecting a very large part of the Pharma- 
copoeia, and this omission is seldom fully supplied in after-life. 

The ideal Pharmacopoeia, compact but comprehensive, exhibiting 
all that drugs can do for the prevention or cure of disease or the relief 
of suffering, but encumbered with no inert, useless, or injurious agents, 
is yet far off. Its advent depends on the progress of chemistry, wdiich 
shall contribute definite principles instead of crude and complicated 
" simples ; " upon that of physiology, which shall determine their 
action ; and upon that of pathology, which shall analyze diseases into 
their essential symptoms and show how far these may be advan- 
tageously controlled or modified. 

At present there stands upon one side of the Pharmacopoeia a list 
of drugs the claims of which to admission are as yet doubtful, and a 
large portion of which will fall into merited neglect, while others will 
prove to he merely substitutes for those already in use, and a very 
small minority will prove to be really valuable additions. Upon the 
other side is a much larger list of the drugs which have been useful, 
and would still have essentially the same action as many remaining, 
but have been dropped merely as superfluous or comparatively incon- 
venient. The Pharmacopoeia might be spoken of as crystallized 
materia medica, and the list of " new remedies " as a turbid solution 
from which it is hoped that valued gems may crystallize out. We 
must not forget, however, to look at the waste-heap on the other side, 
and see how many such gems have already been thrown away. 

The present edition of the Pharmacopoeia can justly claim to be as 
nearly abreast of progress in pharmacology as even the mildest con- 
servatism would permit, and there are but few omissions which any but 
the most eager seeker after novelty can deplore. It is certainly to be 
hoped that the medical profession may sufficiently familiarize them- 
selves with its contents to become aware how well their demands are 
therein provided for, and how unnecessary it is that they should 



PREFACE. 



undergo the humiliation of seeing their patients, whose wants they 
alone are supposed to know, prescribed for by distant manufacturers 
of complicated preparations with high-sounding names. Most of 
these are very distinctly inferior to the simpler material of the Phar- 
macopoeia, open to all without concealment, advertisement, or char- 
latanry of any kind. 

The author of the present work, who was prevented by circum- 
stances, which he has ever since regretted, from taking part in the 
Pevisional Convention, can say what the members of the Convention 
might not feel at liberty to say so publicly, that the familiarity with 
the United States Pharmacopoeia gained in the preparation of this 
commentary has continually increased his respect for the practical 
wisdom guiding the selection of remedies and preparations, and the 
professional skill and minute accuracy everywhere evident. Rarely 
need the most " progressive " practitioner go outside of its limits for 
anything of real value. 

In this little work the author has endeavored to supply briefly and 
concisely the information necessary to make it a convenient book for 
the practitioner, though not with the hope of rivalling the encyclo- 
paedic United States and American dispensatories, to which, as well 
as to the works of Husemann, Pabuteau, Bartholow, and H. C. Wood, 
he here acknowledges his special obligations. It cannot, of course, be 
expected in a work of this size that all the subjects will be exhaustively 
treated, and, in fact, the practitioner will find it useful as much in the 
way of a remembrancer as an authority. It will be noticed, perhaps 
unfavorably, that the author has endeavored to suggest, so far as pos- 
sible, principles of treatment rather than to mention the name of each 
disease in which each drug has been or may be used. This, if it be 
an error, is one of judgment rather than of inattention. 

The doses stated are those for a healthy adult of average size and 
susceptibility. Individual peculiarities may, of course, diminish or in- 
crease the required dose. The dose for children may be calculated 
from these by the well-known rule: Dose for child, 1 = dose for 
adult x age of child, -r- (age + 12) ; or by a table. Calculations based 



VI PREFACE. 



on weight, suggested by the late Dr. E. H. Clarke, and correspond- 
ing to the calculations constantly made in the physiological labora- 
tory in researches on experimental pharmaco-dynamics, would have 
the advantage of applying to all cases of small and delicate adults 
as well as to children, if only weight were an approximate indication 
of susceptibility to drugs. For this purpose the doses may be con- 
sidered as stated for a person of one hundred and fifty pounds weight, 
or sixty-eight kilogrammes. 

In conclusion, the author wishes to express to Dr. Robert Amory, 
President of the Convention, by whom the preparation of this little 
book was suggested, his thanks for assistance rendered throughout. 
He also promises in advance his thanks for any friendly criticism 
which may be made upon it, especially if accompanied with facts in 
regard to subjects upon which he has expressed himself doubtfully or 
erroneously. Such criticisms will be gratefully received, and, if an- 
other edition should be called for, carefully considered. 



THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK 



OF THE 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA, 



ABSINTHIUM. 

WORMWOOD. 

Herba s. Summitates Absinthii — Absinthe Commune, Grande Absinthe, 
Armoise Amere, Fr. ; Wermuth, G. 

Contains a volatile oil and a bitter principle, absinthin. To the former 
of these it owes its power, when given in small doses, of quickening the 
heart's action, and in much larger ones, of producing decided narcotic 
effects, of which the most important is epileptiform convulsions. To the 
bitter it owes its action in stimulating the digestive organs. Its therapeu- 
tic value is small, but it is sometimes used in cases of impaired digestion 
and flatulent dyspepsia. It is better known as the most important ingre- 
dient in the French liqueur absinthe, which has peculiarly intoxicating 
properties, and is said to give rise, on long-continued use, to epilepsy both 
in man and animals. 

Dose. — Fifteen to forty grains (1 to 2.5 grammes). An infusion (1 part 
to 10 of boiling water) may also be used in doses of one to two fluid- 
ounces (30 to 60 grammes). 

ABSTRACTA. 

ABSTRACTS. 

The abstracta or abstracts have been introduced into the Pharma- 
copoeia probably because experience has shown that the solid extracts are 
unstable preparations and are not of uniform strength. As these ab- 
stracts are thus recently introduced, the strength of their preparation has 
been gauged upon a uniform plan, so that one part of abstract represents 



THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 



two of the crude drug. As all the active principles of the drug are sup- 
posed to be contained in the abstract, its dose will naturally be one-half 
that of the crude drug ; but since alterations or losses may take place, 
these doses must for the present be regarded as minimums, from which 
the actual working dose is to be ascertained by careful trial. The doses 
given below, unless otherwise stated, are calculated upon this plan. The 
abstracts should be double the strength of the corresponding fluid ex- 
tracts. They are to be used when the drug is wanted in a solid but some- 
what concentrated form for powders or pills, and are much more easily 
dispensed and divided than the solid extracts. 

ABSTRACTUM ACONITI RADICIS. 

ABSTRACT OF ACONITE ROOT. 
Dose. — One-sixth to two grains, one to twelve centigrammes (.01 to 

.12). 

ABSTRACTUM BELLADONN/E. 

ABSTRACT OF BELLADONNA. 

Dose. — One-half grain, three centigrammes (.300), gradually increased 
until the desired effect is obtained. 

ABSTRACTUM COIMII. 

ABSTRACT OF CONIUM. 

All the preparations of conium, and especially the solid extract, are 
uncertain ; so that, unless the present abstract should prove an exception 
to this rule, it will be desirable to fix the dose in each case by trial, be- 
ginning with a safe quantity. Supposing the abstract to be, as it should 
be, twice the strength of the best fluid extract, a safe commencing dose 
would be seven or eight grains, fifty centigrammes (.50). 

ABSTRACTUM DIGITALIS. 

ABSTRACT OF DIGITALIS. 
Dose. — One-half grain to one grain, three to six centigrammes (.03 
to .0G), from two to four or five times a day. 

ABSTRACTUM HYOSCYAMI. 

ABSTRACT OF HYOSCYAMUS. 
Dose. — Three to five grains, eighteen to thirty-two centigrammes 
(.18 to .32), which may be increased quite rapidly until characteristic ef- 
fects are obtained. 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 



ABSTRACTUM IGNATI/E. 

ABSTRACT OF IGNATIA. 

Dose. — One grain, six centigrammes (.06 gramme), gradually in- 
creased. 

ABSTRACTUM JALAP/E. 

ABSTRACT OF JALAP. 

Dose. — Seven to ten grains, forty-five to sixty -four centigrammes (.45 
to .64). 

ABSTRACTUM NUCIS VOMIC/E. 

ABSTRACT OF NUX VOMICA. 

Dose. — One-half a grain, three centigrammes (.03), gradually in- 
creased. 

ABSTRACTUM PODOPHYLLI. 

ABSTRACT OF PODOPHYLLUM. 

Dose. — As a purgative, ten grains, sixty-four centigrammes (.64), 
in combination with other drugs, or when repeated at shorter intervals, 
as in cases of habitual constipation, a fraction of this amount should be 
used. 

ABSTRACTUM SENEGiE. 

ABSTRACT OF SENEGA. 
Dose. — Five to ten grains, thirty to sixty centigrammes (.30 to .60). 

ABSTRACTUM VALERIAN/E. 

ABSTRACT OF VALERIAN. 

Dose.— Fifteen to forty-five grains, one to three grammes (1 to 3). 

ACACIA. 

GUM ARABIC. 

Gummi Arabicum, s. Mimosas — Gum Arabic, E. ; Gomme Arabique, 

Fr. ; Arabisches Gummi, Gr. 

Owes its medicinal value to its want of activity. It is used partly as 
a vehicle in the formation of mixtures of insoluble substances, and partly 
as gum water, to form a sort of protective coating for mucous surfaces, 
as in inflammation about the fauces or in diarrhoea. It is certainly 



THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 



nearly devoid of nutritive value and probably absolutely so. It should 
not be prescribed with any considerable proportion of alcoholic prepa- 
rations nor with the various substances mentioned in the Pharmacopoeia as 
forming insoluble precipitates. It may be given for the purposes indi- 
cated above, either as gum-water or simply allowed to dissolve in the 
mouth in its crude form, or as lozenges or troches. The gum-drops of 
the confectioners, which can be used in the same way, are probably not 
altogether pure acacia. 

ACETUM LOBELI/E. 

VINEGAR OF LOBELIA. 

Vtnaigre de Lobelie Enflee, Fr. ; Lobelien-Essig y G. 

A good preparation of lobelia, in which the acid is especially valuable 
as tending to preserve from decomposition the not very stable alkaloid. 
Like the other three vinegars, it is a little (about one-fifth) weaker than 
the corresponding preparation in the last edition, and the dose may con- 
sequently be slightly increased. 

Dose. — When frequently repeated, as in asthma or in spasmodic croup, 
thirty minims to a fluidrachm, two to four grammes. The emetic dose is 
one-half a fluidounce (fifteen grammes or cubic centimeters). 

ACETUM OPII. 

VINEGAR OF OPIUM. 

[Black Drop.] 

Black Drop, E. ; Vinaigre d y Opium, Fr. ; Opium-Essig, G. 

This preparation, though somewhat weaker than the vinegar directed 
in the last edition, is still the strongest liquid preparation of opium. It is 
rather less liable to cause nausea than the tincture, partly perhaps on ac- 
count of the nutmeg it contains, and partly because it is free from the 
disagreeable odor of the tincture as well as nearly so from narcotina. 
These advantages, however, it shares with the deodorized tincture. It is 
consequently sometimes used for persons with whom the ordinary tinc- 
ture disagrees. As this preparation contains ten per cent, of its weight of 
opium, the dose may be gauged by the dose of crude opium, which is one- 
fourth of a grain to two grains (.016 to .133). The physician should as- 
sure himself whether the preparation he is using is made according to the 
present or last edition of the Pharmacopoeia. Eight and one -half minims 
= one grain of opium ; eighty-five one-hundredths of a cubic centimeter 
— one decigramme of opium. 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 



Dose. — Four to fifteen minims, or one-fourth to one cubic centimeter, 
corresponding to about one-half to two grains, or three to twelve centi- 
grammes of opium. Where great care is not required minims may j)rob- 
ably be taken to mean drops. 

ACETUM SANGUINARI/E. 

VINEGAR OF SANGUINARIA. 

[Blood Root.] 

Vinaigre de Sanguinaire, Fr. ; JBlutwurzel-Essig ', G. 

Dose. — When to be frequently repeated, fifteen to thirty minims, one 
to two grammes ; as an emetic, three or four fluidrachms, twelve or six- 
teen grammes. 

ACETUM SCILL>E. 

VINEGAR OP SQUILL. 

Vinaigre Scillitique, Fr. ; Meerzwiebel-Essig , G. 

This preparation is less frequently employed than the syrup, which is 
made from it by the addition of sugar. 

Dose.- — Fifteen minims to a fluidrachm, one to four grammes. 
ACIDUM ACETICUM. 

ACETIC ACID. 

Acetum Purum — Acetum Destillatum, P. G. ; Acide Acetique Diluee, 

Fr.; Reiner Essig, G. 

ACIDUM ACETICUM DILUTUM. 

DILUTE ACETIC ACID. 

Acidum Aceticum Dilutum, P. G. ; Acetum Concentratum — Acide Ace- 
tique, Fr. ; Verdunnte Essigsdure, G. 

ACIDUM ACETICUM GLACIALE. 

GLACIAL ACETIC ACID. 

Acidum Aceticum, P. G. ; Acidum Aceticum Concentratum, Acetum 
Glaciate — Acide Acetique Concentree, Esprit de Vinaigre, Vinaigre 
Glacial, Fr.; Essigsdure, Eisessig, G. 

Acetic acid is directed in three degrees of concentration, of which the 
second and weakest is used for the preparation of the vinegars. The 



6 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

first and third may be used externally to produce, according to the strength 
of the acid and the time during which it is allowed to act, either simple 
irritation or sloughing. The latter, however, is usually not deep. It is 
chiefly employed in cutaneous affections. The proposed injection into 
malignant tumors has not proved a success. Recorded cases of poisoning 
by this acid have occurred, though they are very rare ; and it is obvious 
that severe or fatal irritant poisoning might occur from the ingestion of a 
large quantity, especially of the stronger kinds. The treatment would be 
either soap or calcined magnesia to neutralize the acid, followed by oil, 
demulcents, anodynes, or stimulants as the symptoms might demand. 
Lime water might be used, but the quantity required would be large ; 
while the carbonates would be objectionable on account of the gas set 
free. Acetic acid may be applied with a camel's-hair pencil, or if longer 
contact is desired, on a piece of lint. 

ACIDUM ARSENIOSUM. 

ARSENIOUS ACID. 

[White Arsenic] 

Acidum Arsenicosum, P. G. ; Arsenicum Album — Arsenic, White Arse- 
nic, Arsenious Anhydrid, E. ; Acide Arsenieux, Arsenic Blanc, 
Fleurs d Arsenic, Fr. ; Arsenicsedure, Weisser Arsenic, G. 

White arsenic is nearly tasteless, but when dissolved has a feeble sweet- 
ish taste. It is readily absorbed from the alimentary canal, including the 
rectum, from the vagina, and from the skin, especially if abraded. Hence, 
great caution should be observed in applying it over too large a surface. 
It may also be absorbed from the pulmonary mucous membrane in the 
form of vapor or powder. In small doses, one-thirtieth to one-twelfth of 
a grain, two to five milligrammes (.002 to .005), arsenic produces at 
first no very obvious effects. If too large or long continued, slight gas- 
tric disturbance, nausea, or vomiting may result, and a puffiness of the face, 
especially noticeable beneath the eyes. In larger doses the symptoms are 
more decided ; and with still larger it becomes an active poison attended 
with severe burning pain in the fauces and epigastrium, persistent vomit- 
ing, diarrhoea, often bloody, frequent and feeble pulse, cramps, cold skin, 
pinched features, collapse, and death. The urine is scanty, and may be 
albuminous. In some cases death occurs very rapidly, and with com- 
paratively little action on the stomach, apparently owing to the profound 
impression of the poison on the nervous system. Several times repeated 
in doses larger than therapeutic, but too small to be singly fatal, the 
symptoms more closely resemble those of some chronic gastric disease. In 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 



cases where the poisoning proceeds with less rapidity, there are developed, 
in addition to the disorders of the digestive tract, pains in the limbs, 
headache, vertigo, itching, and finally, paraplegia. Cutaneous eruptions 
are often seen. 

The post-mortem appearances are gastritis and a fatty degeneration of 
important organs : stomach, liver, kidneys, and heart. It is highly prob- 
able that the later nervous symptoms depend, in part at least, upon a 
toxic myelitis. Similar symptoms may arise from other compounds of 
arsenic employed in the arts, of which, however, a minute description is 
not in place here. 

The best authorities vary widely as to the minimum fatal dose, twelve 
milligrammes to one and a half gramme (.012 to 1.5) (J- of a grain to 22 
grains), and Taylor and Tardieu say that it cannot be stated with accuracy. 
The latter author, however, says there is no doubt that in certain cases, 
rare, it is true, ten to fifteen centigrammes (.10 to .15 gramme) may cause 
death. In most cases of criminal poisoning, however, the amount em- 
ployed is so greatly in excess of even a very large dose that the question 
loses its practical importance. 

The detection and recognition of arsenic in the body after death is, in 
the hands of a competent chemist, a matter of almost absolute certainty and 
not very great difficulty. For the process as well as for a more detailed 
account of the symptoms, the text-books on Toxicology should be consulted. 

The antidotes to be used in a case of arsenical poisoning are, freshly 
precipitated ferric oxide and freshly precipitated hydrate of magnesia. 
The so-called unofficinal dialyzed iron solution is said to be a trustworthy 
source for the first of these, for which also an officinal process is given. 
A second formula combines the advantages of each. 

The dose of arsenic may by gradual increase become very large, as has 
been seen in the now thoroughly authenticated cases of habitual arsenic- 
eaters, especially in Styria, and of persons who have used it a long time for 
medicinal purposes. 

Although the therapeutic range of arsenic is limited, its value is by no 
means small. Its medicinal uses are in no way deducible from any ob- 
served physiological effect, but depend solely on experience. They may 
be classified under three heads. 

Diseases of the skin, especially of the scaly varieties, as psoriasis and 
pemphigus. 

Affections involving the nervous system, as chorea and migraine. Per- 
haps hay fever and intermittent fever may come under this head. 

Certain forms of anaemia, in which it has been found to increase the 
red-blood corpuscles much more rapidly and certainly than iron. The 
administration in all these cases is conducted on the same plan of begin- 



8 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

ning with moderate doses and increasing until the symptoms of gastric dis- 
turbance and puffiness of the eyelids are observed. In chorea, for instance, 
it is doubtful if the full therapeutic effects are obtained until the limits 
of toxic action are nearly approached. A single exception to this rule is 
to be found in its application to cases where the stomach is already 
irritable, as in some forms of dyspepsia. Here the dose should begin and 
continue small. In intermittent fever we must not look for so speedy re- 
sults as from the cinchona alkaloids, nor is it to be trusted in cases where 
it is of great importance to arrest the next chill. White arsenic may be 
given in pill combined, as in the so-called Asiatic pills, with black pepper, 
or, as is more common, in the form of Liquor potassii arsenitis, or Fowler's 
solution. It should not be given on an empty stomach, and, if in solution, 
should be well diluted. 

For external use, arsenic should be quite largely diluted. The dilut- 
ing ingredients have varied very greatly, as well as the proportion, the 
latter ranging from one part of arsenic in the hundred to nearly fifty. It 
is an uncertain, unsafe, tedious, and painful external application employed 
sometimes in lupus and superficial malignant growths. 

Dose. — One-thirtieth to one-tenth of a grain, two to six milligrammes 
(.002 to .006). 

ACIDUM BENZOICUM. 

BENZOIC ACID. 

A-tidum Benzoicum Sublimatum, Flores JBenzoes — Acide JBenzoique y 
Fleurs de Benjoin, Fr.; Benzoesdure, Be?izoeblumen, G. 

Benzoic acid derives its chief therapeutic importance from the fact that 
when taken into the blood it becomes hippuric acid and is excreted as such 
in the urine. This change takes place from its combination with glycocoll 
according to the following formula : 

Benzoic acid. Glycocoll. Hippuric acid. Water. 

C 7 H e O, + C 2 H 5 NO a = 9 H 9 N0 3 + H 2 0. 

Hence it is used to render the urine acid when it has become alkaline and 
phosphatic. Benzoate of ammonia may be also used. 

Large doses of benzoic acid are said to produce a general feeling of 
warmth, with a quickened pulse and increased bronchial and cutaneous 
secretions. There may also be gastric irritability. This acid is a useful 
external application in chapped hands, cracked nipples, etc., but for this 
purpose the compound tincture of benzoin is more commonly employed. 

Dose. — Twenty grains more or less, a gramme to a gramme and a half, 
two or three times a day in wafers. 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 9 

ACIDUM BORICUM. 

BORIC ACID. 

[Boracic Acid.] 

Acide Borique, Fr. ; Acidum Boricum, Acidum Boracicum, Sal Seda- 

tivum Hombergii, Borsdure, G. 

This drug possesses but a slight degree of acidity and is only feebly 
irritant. It is an efficient antiseptic, and its ten-per-cent. solution may be 
used with benefit as an injection into suppurating cavities, as in cystitis 
and empyema. It can also be given internally in doses of eight to sixteen 
grains, one-half to one gramme, without disturbing the stomach. It is 
eliminated in the urine. 

ACIDUM CARBOLICUM. 

CARBOLIC ACID 

[Phenic Acid, Phenyl, Phenol.] 

Acidum Phenicum, S. ; Phenylicum Crystallisatum — Phenic Acid, Phe- 
ny lie Alcohol, Phenol, E.; Acide Phenique, Acid Carbolique, Hydrate 
de Phenyle, Fr. ; Carbolsdure, Phenylsdure, Phenyl Alkohol, G. 

ACIDUM CARBOLICUM CRUDUM. 

CRUDE CARBOLIC ACID. 

Acide Phenique Cru, Fr. ; Bohe Carbolsiiure, G. 

A disinfectant and antiseptic, but not a deodorizer. It checks both 
those fermentations depending upon an organized ferment and those of a 
chemical character, such, for instance, as stomach digestion. The latter, 
however, require a larger proportion (2 per cent, or more) than the former 
(.5 per cent.). When strong it is a local irritant, producing on skin and 
mucous membranes a dry, white superficial slough. It has also a decided 
anaesthetic effect, when strong completely destroying sensation, as, for in- 
stance, in an aching tooth ; and even in such solutions as are used for 
surgical purposes producing numbness of the fingers. Painless sloughing 
of a part of a considerable size, as a toe or finger, has taken place beneath 
carbolic acid dressings. Its local application to incised boils or by hypo- 
dermic injection is said to have met with success in limiting the spread of 
inflammations. It is absorbed from the stomach, or the respiratory tract, 
or from large surfaces unprotected by an epithelium, such as extensive 
wounds or sinuses. 

Poisoning may be divided into slow and rapid. In the former the first, 
most characteristic, and if warning is taken in time, perhaps the only 



10 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

symptom is the " black " or green urine (chinon ?), followed by great 
feebleness and collapse, diminished activity of heart and respiration, mus- 
cular weakness, giddiness, diminished temperature, and death. 

In some cases a surgeon, frequently using the carbolic spray, has been 
alarmed, without suspecting the cause, by the appearance of albumen in 
his urine, until its disappearance during an enforced vacation has disclosed 
to him its origin. This form may arise from absorption from the lungs or 
during surgical treatment of large cavities. In more rapid poisoning, as 
when strong solutions of carbolic acid have been drunk by mistake, there 
are loss of consciousness, sensation, and locomotion, paleness of the face, 
stertorous respiration, frequently contraction of the pupil, frequent and 
feeble pulse, sometimes trismus. It is singular that the tonic convulsions 
which usually accompany carbolic-acid poisoning in animals, have not been 
observed in man. If a patient lives long enough after this form of poison- 
ing, symptoms of local irritation assume more importance. The antidote 
recommended is saccharate of lime, which, however, is not likely to be ob- 
tained soon enough to be of much value in severe cases. Eggs and milk 
and oil may be used, as in many other kinds of irritant poisoning. 

Carbolic acid is not very much used internally. The medicinal dose 
is one minim or less, well diluted or in a pill. This is sometimes used to 
check vomiting. It is probably of no value as an antiseptic after absorp- 
tion, although it has been tried in various zymotic diseases. The same 
may be said of intermittent fever. It is said that the dose may be gradu- 
ally increased to fifteen drops, three or four times a day for men, and six or 
seven for women. It may be cautiously used for inhalation either as vapor 
from a piece of sponge, or a spray. This, however, should not be too pro- 
longed or too frequently repeated. 

The external applications, however, are varied and extensive. For the 
coarser uses, such as the disinfection of rooms, drains, etc., it may be re- 
marked that the crude and impure forms are to be preferred on account 
of price, and because their efficiency is not to be estimated solely by the 
amount of carbolic acid they contain, since the principal so-called impurity, 
cresylic acid, is also a disinfectant of power almost equal to carbolic. The 
strong acid is used as a caustic on a wad of absorbent cotton. Weaker 
solutions are used in various stages of surgical operations and dressings, 
as spray, or for the washing of instruments or wounds. The strength may 
vary from five per cent, to one or one-half of one per cent., the former 
being decidedly irritant. 

Solutions in oil or glycerine are also used for special purposes, as in 
skin diseases attended with itching. A carbolized paraffme or petroleum 
ointment is a useful addition to the obstetric bag. Carbolized dressings 
are prepared by soaking the appropriate texture, such as oakum, lint, or 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 11 

gauze, in a watery, or, if a more permanent preparation is desired, a fatty 
solution, and drying. For disinfecting rooms, etc., the crude acid may be 
used as a wash, or a powder impregnated with it may be scattered freely 
around, or the acid may be evaporated over a lamp. The danger of such 
an atmosphere has been already alluded to. 

ACIDUM CHROMICUM. 

CHROMIC ACID. 

Chromic Anhydrid, E. ; Acide Chromique, Fr. ; Chromsciure, G. 

This powerful acid is of use solely externally, and usually as a caus- 
tic, especially for warty and superficial growths. The depth of its action 
may be limited by the strength at which it is used, from the crystal to 
a solution of one in eight parts. "Weaker solutions, as one in sixteen or 
twenty parts are astringent. When the stronger solutions are used, the 
neighboring parts should be protected, if possible, by plaster, ointment, or 
cotton soaked in bicarbonate of soda. 

ACIDUM CITRICUM. 

CITRIC ACID. t 

Acidum Citri s. Limonum, s. lAmonorum — Acide Citrique, Acide du 

Citron, Fr.; Citronensdure, G. 

This drug dissolved in water forms an agreeable and safe acid drink. 
In large doses it renders the urine acid. It is not irritant in any reason- 
able amount or degree of concentration. A solution of a little more than 
seven per cent, corresponds to lemon juice. It may be used for its local 
effects in putrid affections of the mouth and fauces, also to relieve pruritus. 

ACIDUM GALLICUM. 

GALLIC ACID. 

Acide Galliqite, Fr. ; Galhissdiire, G. 

This is a much feebler astringent than its congener tannic acid. It is 
absorbed from the stomach and eliminated by the urine. Since tannic 
acid is converted in the economy into gallic acid, and since the latter is 
less locally irritating and less disagreeable to the taste than tannic acid, 
it follows that unless the point at which astringent action is desired is 
directly accessible to the drug, gallic acid is to be preferred as an astrin- 
gent to tannic acid. Hence it is often used in hemorrhages from the 
lungs or from the uterus, when for any reason surgical treatment is not 
available and ergot cannot be used. It is also employed to diminish ex- 
cessive secretion, as in polyuria, albuminuria, bronchorrhagia, leucorrhoea, 



12 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

and night-sweats. It is best given in water, or the powder may be simply 
mixed with water. An efficient dose makes an inconvenient pill. The 
glycerite may be used. 

Dose. — From five to twenty grains, thirty to one hundred and thirty 
centigrammes (.30 to 1.30), repeated at intervals of two or three hours. 

ACIDUM HYDROBROMICUM DILUTUM. 

DILUTED HYDROBROMIO ACID. 

Acidmn Bromohydricum — Acide Hydrobromique, Fr. ; JBromwasser- 

stoffsdure, Hydrobromsaure, G. 
Employed chiefly as a corrigent to iron and quinia to prevent the 
headache so often accompanying their full action, but sharing also the 
quieting action of bromide of potassium, though less lasting and power- 
ful. It is said not to be useful in epilepsy. Added to a mixture of 
quinine and water, it will cause a clear solution in the proportion of two 
minims to each grain of quinine. 

Dose. — From thirty minims to one fluidrachm, two to four grammes or 
cubic centimeters, well djjluted. 

ACIDUM HYDROCHLORICUM. 

HYDROCHLORIC ACID. 

Acidum. Ilydrocfyloricum, Br. ; Acidum Hydrochloratum s. Chlorhydri- 
cum — Hydrochloric Acid, E. ; Acide Chlorhydrique s. Micriatique, 
Fr. ; Salzsaure, G. 

The strong acid has occasionally been used as a caustic, though much 
less active than nitric or sulphuric. 

ACIDUM HYDROCHLORICUM DILUTUM. 

DILUTED HYDROCHLORIC ACID. 

[Acidum Mueiaticum Dilutum, Pharm., 1870.] 

The dilute acid is sometimes employed as a local application in diseases 
of the throat. It has been given as an acid drink in fevers. It is principally 
useful for the relief of some of the milder dyspeptic symptoms, adminis- 
tered well diluted shortly after meals. It is frequently, but not by any 
means necessarily, combined with pepsin. It may well be taken through 
a tube. Caution should be given as to care of the teeth by rinsing with 
water or an alkaline solution, or with milk previous to the reception of 
the acid. 

Dose. — Eight to fifteen drops, one-half to one cubic centimeter (.5 to 1). 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 13 

ACIDUM HYDROCYANICUM DILUTUM. 

DILUTED HYDROCYANIC ACID. 

Acidum Hydrocyanatum s. Borussicum — Prussic Acid, E. ; Acide 

Cyanhydrique s. ITydrocyanique, Fr. ; Cyanwasserstojfsdure, Blau- 

sdure, G. 

One of the most active of poisons ; very rapidly absorbed from the 
stomach, or, when volatilized, from the respiratory organs. If the finger is 
held for a short time over the mouth of the bottle containing the acid, it 
becomes anaesthetized. A few inhalations from the bottle produce a sensa- 
tion of coDstriction in the chest and an indescribable feeling of "far-offness" 
somewhat like that from ether. This may be considered the limit of its 
physiological action. The symptoms of poisoning usually come on with 
great rapidity, although there are a number of cases on record where 
time had been left sufficient for the performance of some voluntary acts, 
say a minute more or less. Then the patient becomes unconscious. The 
pulse is feeble, the breathing slow and labored, the pupils dilated, skin 
cold, and limbs flaccid. Convulsions may occur. Death is due to as- 
phyxia, and usually takes place within three-quarters of an hour, and may 
come much sooner. It may be said, as a general rule, that if the patient 
continues to live for an hour he will recover. There are no characteristic 
post-mortem appearances. The smell of the drug may remain for some 
days in the body, but does not always do so. The recognition of the odor 
in the breath of a person found insensible might be of considerable 
medico-legal as well as therapeutic value. The smallest dose known to 
have destroyed life is about nine-tenths of a grain, equal to about fifty 
drops of the officinal acid. On the other hand, two and four-tenth grains 
have been recovered from. 

No antidote is known. Ammonia may be of value, but some caution 
should be used in applying too strong a vapor to the nostrils of a person 
who may survive to suffer from it. Brandy should be given subcutane- 
ously ; but atropia in the same method of administration, although by no 
means a certain antidote, will probably be found most efficient. 

The therapeutic applications of hydrocyanic acid are very limited. It 
is applied externally to relieve itching, but caution is necessary lest ab- 
sorption takes place, especially if any abrasions exist. 

The proposal to use it as an antipyretic, on account of its supposed 
power to limit the metamorphosis of tissue, savors more of the laboratory 
than of the hospital. It is employed chiefly to relieve irritative and ner- 
vous spasmodic cough, and to allay gastric irritability, or both, as in whoop- 
ing-cough. 

Dose. — One, two, or three drops, in syrup or water. 



14 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

ACIDUM LACTICUM. 

LACTIC ACID. 

Acide Lactique, Fr. ; Milchsdure, G. 

Lactic acid has been employed in the treatment of dyspepsia in the 
same manner as has been mentioned of hydrochloric. It has been used 
as a part of the treatment of diabetes known by the name of Cantani. 
In some cases treated by this method symptoms of acute rheumatism 
have appeared, which subsided upon stopping the acid. Dr. B. W. Rich- 
ardson produced inflammation of the joints and pericardium by its admin- 
istration to animals. 

It is also used in diphtheria and croup, both as a wash applied with a 
mop and as a spra} 7- . Its exact value in this way can hardly be regarded 
as determined, but is probably small. Its use as an hypnotic, recently 
popular with some German physicians, has not met with general favor. 

Dose. — In dyspepsia, one-half drachm (two grammes), diluted, after 
meals. In diabetes, two to four drachms (eight to sixteen grammes) per 
diem. As a local application a five-per-cent. solution may be used. 

ACIDUM NITRICUM. 

NITRIC ACID. 

Acidum Nitri s. Azoticum, Spiritus Nitri Acidus — Acide Azotique, Fr. ; 

Salpetersaure, G. 

A strong caustic, staining the tissues yellow. Applied with a piece of 
pine wood, or on a glass rod or brush. The tissues in the neighborhood 
should be protected with oil or soap. 

ACIDUM NITRICUM DILUTUM. 

DILUTED NITRIC ACID. 

"When given internally nitric acid seems to produce serious disturb- 
ances of the intestinal canal, and some of its effects are described as not 
unlike those of mercury. Its medicinal value is slight. If used internally 
the teeth should be protected. 

Dose. — Of the strong acid, five to twenty drops, three to one hun- 
dred and thirty centigrammes. Of the dilute, fifteen to forty-five minims, 
one to three grammes or cubic centimeters, well diluted. 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 15 



AC1DUM NITROHYDROCHLORICUM. 

ACIDUM NITROCHLORICUM DILUTUM. 

[Diluted Nitkohydkochloric Acid.] 

Acidum Chloro-nitrosum, P. G. ; Acidum ISfitrohydrochloricum, Aqua 
Regia s. Regis — Acide Chloro-azotique S. Chloro-nitreux, Eau Re- 
gales, Fr. ; Salpeterscdzsciure, ICdnigswasser, G. 

It is stated by Dr. H. C. Wood that the lemon-yellow acid directed 
by the Pharmacopoeia is much less efficient than that recently prepared, 
which has a deep red color. He consequently disapproves of the officinal 
dilute acid, and prefers the strong acid freshly made and diluted when 
wanted. This acid appears, on the basis of clinical observation, to increase 
the activity of the glandular organs of the intestinal canal, especially the 
liver, and it has been used in many affections known or supposed to depend 
upon disease of the latter organ. It has been largely used in the form of 
baths, sometimes of the whole body, sometimes of the feet or the hepatic 
region. It may produce salivation when used as a bath. 

Dose. — Internally, of the strong acid five to eight drops, thirty to fifty 
centigrammes (.30 to .50). A lotion may be made of from one to three 
fluidrachms to the pint (.8 to .2 J per cent.). 

ACIDUM OLEICUM. 

OLEIC ACID. 

Acidum Oleicum s. Oleinicum. — Acide Oleique, Fr. ; Oelsdure, G. 
Used to form the oleates. 

ACIDUM PHOSPHORICUM. 

PHOSPHORIC ACID. 

Acide Rhosphorique, Fr.; Phosphor saure, G. 

ACIDUM PHOSPHORICUM DILUTUM. 

DILUTED PHOSPHORIC ACID. 

The diluted acid is the only form which is used in practical medicine. 
It makes an agreeable acidulous drink, and has been employed with appa- 
rent advantage in fevers. Its value as a reconstituent to the nervous or 
osseous system is extremely doubtful. Clinical observation is by no 
means decisive in its favor, and our knowledge of the conditions of ner- 



16 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 



vous action in relation to the excretion of phosphates is too limited to 
furnish any adequate theoretical basis for such a use. 

Dose. — Fifteen minims to a fluidrachm, one to four cubic centi- 
meters, well diluted. 

ACIDUM SALICYLICUM. 

SALICYLIC ACID. 

Acide Salicyliqiie, Fr.; Salicylsaure, Gr. 

An antiseptic and antipyretic. It was at one time supposed that this 
acid would in the blood undergo a decomposition into its components 
and set free carbolic acid. This, however, does not take place, since it re- 
appears in the urine in the modified form of salicyluric acid, and may be 
demonstrated by the addition of a ferric salt, which produces a purple pre- 
cipitate. It is only slightly irritant, except to the respiratory passages, in 
the form of powder, while considerable quantities are required in most 
cases to give rise to gastric irritation. Besides its local effects, salicylic 
acid may give rise to buzzing in the ears, deafness, and other symptoms, not 
unlike those from quinine, as well as delirium. Albuminuria and nephritis 
have been seen after large doses, but are not common. In febrile cases it 
reduces the temperature and pulse, and usually gives rise to profuse per- 
spiration. Its effects after absorption are exactly those of salicylate of so- 
dium, and approximately those of salicin ; hence, for internal use, on account 
of the insolubility and inconvenience of administration of the acid, the 
salicylate is much to be preferred. 

The number of diseases in which this drug has been supposed to be of 

great value is very large, but the indications for its use may be stated as 

externally or surgically, antiseptic, and internally or medically, antipyretic. 

Acute rheumatism is the disease in which its action is most manifest 

and most desirable. In chronic rheumatism it has little or no power. 

Externally, a solution of it, one to three hundred, may be used ; a 
stronger one may be prepared by the aid of alcohol. A salicylic wadding 
is prepared by soaking cotton in a hot solution and drying. Internally the 
acid may be given mixed with water (a clumsy and disagreeable method), or 
in wafers, or in pills made with some slightly acid syrup as an excipient, such 
as syrup of squill or common molasses. Solutions (which are really solu- 
tions of salts of the acid) may be made with carbonate of sodium (about 5 
parts of the bicarbonate to 6 of the acid), borax, or liquor ammonias acetatis. 
Dose. — Five to fifteen grains, thirty centigrammes or one gramme 
(.30 to 1), repeated every hour or two hours. From sixty to ninety grains, 
four to six grammes, may be regarded as an average dose required to pro- 
duce decided relief in acute rheumatism. 



UNITED STATES PHAEMACOPCEIA. 17 



ACIDUM SULPHURICUM. 

SULPHURIC ACID. 

ACIDUM SULPHURICUM DILUTUM. 

DILUTED SULPHURIC ACID. 

Acidurn Sulphurieum, P. G. ; Oil of Vitriol, E. ; Acide Sulphurique, 
Iluile de Vitriol, Fr. ; Schwefelsaure, Vitriolbl, G. 

This is one of the most highly corrosive of the acids, when strong, 
thoroughly carbonizing the tissues on account of its affinity for water, 
and even the dilute acid being decidedly irritant. When thrown upon 
the surface of the body, the excess of acid should first be wiped off, 
and then a large quantity of water with soap applied. When swallowed, 
salts of lime or magnesia, or the alkaline carbonates, or soap, should be 
given. Even when life is not rapidly destroyed, the destruction of tissue 
is usually so great that incurable and ultimately fatal lesions are left. The 
diluted acid is astringent. 

Uses. — The strong acid is occasionally employed as a caustic mixed 
with asbestos or some inert substance to bring it into the form of a paste. 
It is far from being one of the best. More diluted it has been used as a 
local application in some skin diseases. The dilute acid is used to check 
colliquative sweating, and also in diarrhceal diseases. Sulphuric acid 
lemonade has been used in manufactories as a prophylactic against lead- 
poisoning, on account of its forming an insoluble salt with the metal. 

Dose. — One • or two drops very largely diluted ; of the dilute acid, 
from ten to thirty drops also diluted. Special care should be given to the 
teeth, which should be well rinsed with milk. 



ACIDUM SULPHURICUM AROMATICUM. 

AROMATIC SULPHURIC ACID. 

Tinctura Aromatica Adda, P. G. ; Elixir Vitrioli 3fynsichti — Elixir 
of Vitriol, E.; Elixir Vitriolique, Teinture (Alcoole) Aromatique Sul- 
phurique, Fr. ; Sdure Aromatische Tinctur, Mynsichfs Elixir, G. 

A somewhat more agreeable preparation than the simple acid, used for 
the same purposes. Also as a solvent and excipient for quinia in pills. 

Dose.— Ten to twenty drops (.6 to 1.3) diluted. 
2 



18 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

ACIDUM SULPHUROSUM. 

SULPHUROUS ACID. 

Acide Sulfureux, Fr. ; Schicefelige Satire, G. 

A deoxidizer and disinfectant. It is used externally as a parasiticide 
in some diseases of the skin caused by cryptogamic vegetations. In the 
stomach it checks the abnormal fermentations giving rise to acid dyspep- 
sia and flatulence. It may be used as a gargle in putrid diseases of the 
throat. 

Dose. — One to three fluidrachms, four to twelve cubic centimeters, well 
diluted. For the disinfection of rooms sulphurous acid gas is prepared by 
burning sulphur therein. 

ACIDUM TANNICUM. 

TANNIC ACID. 

Acidum Gallo-Tannicum, Tanninum — Tannin, E. ; Acide Tannique, 
Tannin, Fr. ; Gerbsaure, Tannin, G. 

The tannic acid of the Pharmacopoeia is a member of a very large group 
of substances of vegetable origin differing in some minor reactions, but 
having in common the property of coagulating albumen, fibrin, and gela- 
tine, and giving blackish precipitates with ferric salts. The basis of most 
black writing-inks is tannate of iron. The officinal tannic acid belongs to 
the sub-group which precipitates the ferrous salts blue-black, in contradis- 
tinction to another, comprising a very large number of drugs, such as 
catechu, kino, and cinchona, which give a green-black color. It differs 
from other members of the same group by its possible transformation into 
gallic acid, both on exposure to the air and in the animal organism. It is 
found in oak bark, and is manufactured from nutgalls, hence its name of 
" querco- or gallo-tannic " acid. 

Tannic acid is absorbed from the alimentary canal, but exists in the 
blood and urine only as gallic acid. It coagulates mucus and other secre- 
tions, and renders mucous membranes and other lax tissues rough, dry, 
and more dense. This action is akin to that upon dead tissues in the pro- 
duction of leather, but obviously cannot be exactly the same. It is prob- 
ably a product of several factors, viz., dehydration, partial coagulation, 
and contraction of smooth muscular fibres, especially those in the walls of 
the vessels. When taken in the mouth, tannic acid produces a sensation, 
peculiar and somewhat disagreeable, but not painful, more easily learned 
by experiment than description, and known as that of astringency. In 
small doses in the stomach it produces little if any disturbance of diges- 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 19 

tion, but simply constipation, which, however, is not of a very permanent 
character. Large closes are not entirely free from irritant action, and 
may naturally cause nausea, vomiting, and other dyspeptic symptoms, but 
do not increase constipation, and in some cases have seemed to produce 
diarrhoea. 

The uses of tannic acid are very numerous. Externally it is applied in 
the form of lotion, ointment, glycerite, or powder, in hemorrhages, catar- 
rhal affections, ulcerations, and relaxed tissue. Internally it may be used 
for diarrhceal affections. It is well to restrict the use of tannin to cases 
where it can directly reach the part to be affected, since when the astrin- 
gent is to be carried by the blood, tannic acid is no more efficient than 
gallic, or, rather, is transformed into it ; and by using the latter in the 
first place, we avoid that irritant effect on the digestive organs which tan- 
nic acid in large doses is likely to produce, as well as its more styptic 
and disagreeable taste. In practice a large number of drugs containing 
this or allied tannins are employed in the same way, some of them pos- 
sessing other properties in addition to their astringency. 

Tannic acid should not be prescribed with the alkalies, mineral acids, 
metallic salts, lime-water, starch, albumen, or gelatine, or with strong so- 
lutions of alkaloids or neutral active principles. It may be used as an anti- 
dote in some kinds of poisoning, especially that by tartar emetic and the 
alkaloids. It should be remembered, however, that the precipitate formed 
with the alkaloids is only a relatively insoluble one, and after the adminis- 
tration there should be no delay in evacuating the stomach. 

Dose. — Three to ten grains, twenty to sixty centigrammes (.20 to .60) 
in wafer or in pill, or if the most rapid action is desired, in solution. So- 
lutions for external use may be of almost any strength. Glycerine is often 
a convenient excipient in whole or in part. 

ACIDUM TARTARICUM. 

TARTARIC ACID. 

Sal JEssentiale Tartari — Acide Tartrique, Acide du Tartre, Fr. ; Wein- 

sdure, Weinsteinsdure, G. 

Is found either free or with a base in a very large number of fruits 
and vegetables. It is absorbed, and if in sufficient quantity renders the 
urine acid. This is, perhaps, as little irritating as any acid possessing an 
equal amount of chemical activity could be, but a case has been reported 
where death resulted from the ingestion of an ounce. It is but little used 
alone, but is probably a not infrequent adulterating ingredient with other 
more expensive acids, as citric. It is chiefly employed as the acid ingre- 



20 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

dient in various effervescing mixtures, some officinal, many proprietary, 
and others which may be prescribed extempore. 

Dose. — There can hardly be said to be any regular dose. The amount 
used in the ordinary Seidlitz powder where, however, it is immediately 
neutralized, is thirty-five grains, or about two and three- tenths grammes. 

ACONITUM. 

ACONITE. 

Tubera Aconiti, P. G. ; Racine cVAconit, Fr. ; JEisenhutJcnollen, G. 

The root and leaves of aconite were formerly both officinal, but the lat- 
ter have very properly been discarded on account of the weakness and un- 
certainty of their action. The Pharmacopoeia has been much improved 
by the simplification of the preparations of aconite, but a non-officinal 
tincture exists, which should be carefully distinguished from the officinal 
on account of its much greater strength. It is known as Fleming's. There 
are several species of aconite other than the officinal known and used in 
the manufacture of various kinds of aconitia, which differ more or less from 
each other and from the officinal. The chemistry of these alkaloids is still 
in such a chaotic state that it is impossible to give any satisfactory ac- 
count of them. The action of aconite is best obtained from the prepara- 
tions mentioned in the Pharmacopoeia or from the alkaloid aconitia. 

The physiological action of aconite is first manifested by the peculiar 
feeling of prickling and numbness, first of the lips and tongue, and after- 
ward extending to the whole face and body. The face feels stiff, and there 
is a peculiar sensation of restlessness. This is probably at first local, since 
it may be obtained, without any other symptoms, by chewing for a moment 
a little piece of the green leaf, and afterward general, since it may be man- 
ifested after the use of some preparation which does not undergo pro- 
longed contact with the tongue. Subsequently to this comes a diminution 
in the pulse-rate, with increased diaphoresis and diuresis. The external 
use gives rise to the peculiar local sensations, but not to the general symp- 
toms, unless special circumstances favor its absorption. Beyond this the 
symptoms must be regarded as poisonous. The sensation of numbness 
becomes one of pain, especially in the region of the trigeminus ; the pulse 
grows weaker and irregular, and finally imperceptible, the face pinched 
and white, the pupils dilated, the surface cold, and respiration labored ; 
these symptoms are accompanied by great debility and diminution of gen- 
eral sensibility. Convulsions may occur, but the mind is usually clear. 
This condition may be developed with great rapidity. There are no char- 
acteristic post-mortem appearances. The antidotes are stimulants, exter- 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 21 

nal warmth., alcohol, ammonia, morphia, atropia, and digitalis, subcuta- 
neously if possible. 

The medico-legal recognition of poisoning by aconite must as yet 
depend largely on the symptoms and upon physiological tests applied to 
material extracted from the body after death. 

Aconite has been used in many diseases, but the indications for it can 
be brought under a few heads. In small doses, frequently repeated, it is 
reputed a very efficient means of hastening the resolution of slight febrile 
attacks, such as attend tonsillitis or the evanescent febriculas of children 
dependent upon disordered digestion, or often upon some unknown cause. 
The shares due respectively to aconite and to nature, in these cases, are 
not easy to assign with accuracy. Febrile temperature in more severe 
cases is not so easily controlled by safe doses. In rheumatism and neural- 
gia, especially facial, doses sufficient to produce the initial physiological 
effect should be used. Aconite is often and usefully applied externally in 
these cases, either in the form of the tincture alone or mixed with chloro- 
form and oil. Ointments are also used. In some rare cases of affections 
of the heart, where it is desired to reduce the frequency of its action 
without increasing its force, aconite is a suitable remedy. 

Dose. — From one or two grains upward, six to twelve centigrammes 
(.06 to .12), carefully observing the effects. It is seldom used in the crude 
form. Dose of aconitia (crystallized), one two-hundred-and-fortieth of a 
grain (j^o)' one-fourth of a milligramme (.00025), increased. 

ADEPS. 

LARD. 

Adeps Prceparatus, Br. ; Adeps Suillus, P. G. ; Axungia, Axungia 
Porci s. Porcina — Prepared Lard, Hog^s Lard, E. ; Axonge, Graisse 
de Pore, Fr. ; Schweineschmalz, G. 

ADEPS BENZOINATUS. 

BENZOINATED LARD. 

Adeps Penzoinatus, TJngxtentum Penzoini, U. S., 1870 ; Axungia Pal- 
samica s. Penzoinata s. Penzoata — Penzoinated Lard, Ointment of 
Penzoin, E.; Axonge (Graisse) Penzoinee s. Palsamique, Fr.; Pen- 
zoinirtes Schmalz, G. 

The addition of a small amount of benzoin to the lard is intended to 
protect it from rancidity. It makes no change in the medicinal properties 
of the fresh lard. Lard is used solely as an ingredient in ointments. 



22 THEKAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

AETHER- 
ETHER. 

^Ether Sulphur icus, Naphtha Vitrioli — Sulphuric Ether, E. ; Ether 
Hydrique s. Vinique s. Sulfurique, Fr. ; Aether, Schwefelather, G. 

AETHER FORTIOR. 

STRONGER ETHER. 

uEther Purus, Br.; Pure Ether, E.; Ether Hydrique Pur, Fr.; Reiner 

Aether, G. 

The former of these preparations has chiefly a pharmaceutical value, 
although it will undoubtedly produce essentially the same effects as the 
second, which is the kind usually employed for medical purposes. 

Ether is exceedingly volatile and inflammable, and hence much care 
should be used when it is administered by lamplight, or if the actual cau- 
tery is to be employed about the upper part of the body. As the vapor is 
much heavier than air, the lamps should be placed above the patient during 
its administration. 

Ether can be absorbed from the alimentary canal, but is almost ex- 
clusively administered by inhalation, the vapor reaching the blood with 
great rapidity through the lungs. At first there is considerable local ir- 
ritation, giving rise to cough, and a feeling of suffocation. The struggling 
and talking which are observed in many cases, but by no means all, are 
usually considered to betoken a stage of stimulation, but it is certainly in 
many cases rather one of fright, and in others loss of self-control. To 
this rapidly succeed loss of sense of pain, loss of sensation, of conscious- 
ness, of voluntary and of reflex motion. The heart and respiration are, if 
the administration has been carefully conducted, but little affected. There 
is a stage previous to complete anaesthesia, but very soon after inhalation 
has begun, in which analgesia is present, so that a short operation may be 
done, not without the knowledge of the patient, but without pain. At 
last, as the patient is ready for an operation, he lies breathing quietly, not 
stertorously, the face neither pale nor livid, the muscles perfectly relaxed, 
and completely without sensation. This condition can be maintained by 
continued administration for some hours. Upon stopping the ether, con- 
sciousness returns quite rapidly, with a short interval of confusion or in- 
toxication. Vomiting is very likely to take place, and the patient should 
not be left to himself until consciousness is sufficiently restored to enable 
him to keep the fauces clear of the ejected material. Death has occurred 
from neglect of this rule. It is always wiser to conduct the inhalation on 
a patient having a fasting stomach. False teeth should be removed. 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 23 

Various pieces of apparatus have been contrived for conducting the 
administration of ether, but exceedingly simple ones are the best. A 
sponge wrapped in a towel or paper, or a cone of leather or metal lined 
with lint are efficient, manageable, and open only to the objection of a 
certain amount of wastefulness. 

Ether is considered by the majority of medical men in this country, 
and a large and increasing number in England and on the continent, the 
safest anaesthetic, and this opinion has received explanation and confirma- 
tion from careful physiological experiment. While it is undoubtedly true 
that no agent which affects so profoundly the whole nervous system, as do 
all anaesthetics, can be regarded as absolutely free from danger, yet it is 
equally true that ether affects less than others the centres of organic life, 
and that its phenomena proceeded in a much more regular and orderly 
manner. Besides its chief use in operative surgery, the inhalation of ether 
may be practised for the relief of severe pain, where, however, the short 
duration of its activity is a great disadvantage. It is used for this pur- 
pose in obstetrics, though usually not to complete anaesthesia, except 
when operations are to be performed. The relaxation of the muscles pro- 
duced by it renders the reduction of dislocations easier to the surgeon as 
well as painless to the patient. Convulsions of all kinds are controlled by 
it. It may be used in the detection of malingering as well as in the diag- 
nosis of contracted limbs and stiff joints. 

From the short duration of its activity, ether is obviously unsuited for 
purposes of habitual intoxication, but ether drunkards are occasionally 
met with. It is impossible to state the dose of ether by inhalation. The 
amount used up in any administration is always in excess of the quantity 
which actually reaches the blood, and varies according to the suscepti- 
bility of the patient, the method and care in managing the inhalation, and 
the time during which the patient remains under its influence. 

Subcutaneous injections of ether are given for their stimulant effect in 
syncope. Ether is occasionally given by the stomach or by enema, and 
produces a slighter degree of the same effects. It has been employed in 
various spasmodic and painful affections, such as the different kinds of 
colic, dysmenorrhcea, and hysteria. • It is somewhat unpleasant of adminis- 
tration, but may be given on a lump of sugar or in an emulsion, which 
should be as cold as possible. Gelatine capsules and a non-officinal pre- 
paration called " pearls " are useful. 

Intestinal worms are supposed to be narcotized by ether, and to loosen 
their hold on the intestinal walls. Advantage should be taken of their 
helpless condition to remove them from their home by a purgative. Ether 
is said to assist the digestion of cod-liver oil. The volatility of ether at 
the temperature of the stomach will give rise to a distention of that organ, 



24 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 



which, if not relieved by eructations, is likely to prove annoying. Its 
volatility makes it also a convenient means for producing external cold 
when applied by the atomizer. It is used for purposes of counter-irrita- 
tion and of local anaesthesia, the latter being solely due to the cooling or 
freezing, and not at all to any specific effect of the ether. It is not easy 
to produce complete freezing of the skin with ether, certainly in a damp 
climate. 

A drachm, or four grammes, of ether is stated to be a proper dose for 
use by the stomach, but the only objection to a considerably larger one 
must be in the difficulty of administration and the inconvenient distention. 

/ETHER ACETICUS. 

ACETIC ETHER. 

Naphtha Aceti — Acetate of Ethyl, E. ; Ether Acetique, JVaphthe Acetique, 
Fr. ; Essigdther, Essignaphtha, G. 

Is similar in its action to sulphuric ether, but is less volatile, less in- 
flammable, and has a less disagreeable smell. It is used in some of the 
cases where the action of ordinary ether in its first stages would be ap- 
propriate, but has never been employed like it on a large scale for anaes- 
thesia. It may be inhaled as a stimulant or to relieve a nervous cough. 

Dose. — Internally, thirty minims, two grammes or more, diluted. 

ALCOHOL. 

ALCOHOL. 

ALCOHOL DILUTUM. 

DILUTED ALCOHOL. 

Spiritus, P. G. ; Spiritus Hectificatus, Br. ; Spiritus Vini JRectificatissi- 
mus, Alcohol Vini — Rectified Spirit, E. ; Alcool, Fr.; Weingeist, G. 

Alcohol, as directed in the Pharmacopoeia, is seldom used in medicine, 
except as an external application. This, however, is largely a matter of 
custom and taste ; and as all or nearly all the effects of a very large num- 
ber of compounds might be produced by alcohol in various degrees of di- 
lution, they will be described in this place, and any special modifications 
necessary in this statement will be made under the appropriate heads. 
Alcohol is the product of the vinous fermentation of fruit sugar, which 
takes place under the influence of the yeast plant, carbonic acid being at 
the same time disengaged. Hence it may be made from a vast number of 
vegetables containing either sugar or starch, from which sugar is formed. 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 25 

Fermented liquors are those which contain only that amount of alcohol 
which is naturally formed in them, and seldom reach twenty per cent, of 
alcohol, since at or before this point the alcohol already formed stops any 
further fermentation. They may, of course, contain anything below this. 
They are chiefly wines (though these are sometimes " fortified " with dis- 
tilled liquors) and ales and beers. The distilled liquors are much more 
concentrated, so that rum, whiskey, brandy, and gin contain from forty 
to sixty per cent, of alcohol. Strong alcohol coagulates albumen and 
mucus, preserves organic substances from decomposition, and hinders 
various fermentations, including that by which it is itself formed. It is a 
strong irritant, or even a caustic, to mucous membranes ; even when 
diluted to the ordinary strength of distilled liquors, or a little below that 
of the dilute alcohol of the Pharmacopoeia, it is by no means soothing to 
the unaccustomed palate. 

Alcohol is absorbed from the stomach, rectum, or subcutaneous connec- 
tive tissue, and for a time, proportionate to the dose, reappears in the excre- 
tions, though, when given in moderate doses, the quantity eliminated is 
extremely small, perhaps in most cases less than one per cent, of the amount 
taken. Larger doses appear in larger proportion, but twenty-five per cent, 
is probably more than ample to cover the whole elimination in the extremest 
alcoholic narcotism. After long-continued use it is not wholly eliminated, 
nor destroyed, and small quantities can be found in the tissues after death. 
It diminishes the amount of carbonic acid and of urea excreted. Ordinary 
doses do not materially affect the temperature ; large ones lower it. The 
sensation of heat experienced after small doses is partly due to the slight irri- 
tation of the stomach, and partly to the increased activity of circulation. It 
is a mere change in heat distribution. The symptoms produced by the in- 
gestion of alcohol are sufficiently familiar, beginning with a condition 
usually spoken of as stimulation, but which, certainly from a very early 
period, if not from the first, indicates a gradual abolition of the functions of 
the nervous system, beginning with the highest, so that we have an increas- 
ing narcotism, which, like that produced by many other drugs, may end in 
death. The vivacity, restlessness, garrulity, quarrelsomeness, and self- 
conceit, as well as many other shades of disposition often displayed, are 
to be explained as the results of removing those restraints which custom, 
timidity, and modesty have imposed upon most persons. The relaxation 
of the vaso-motor nerves is shown by the flushed face, and often by diure- 
sis. No increased mental and no regular increased bodily labor is per- 
formed under these circumstances. The heart, however, performs for a 
time increased work, and hence it is, so far as that organ is concerned, 
proper to call this effect a stimulation. 

When the gait becomes uncertain, the speech thick, and finally the 



26 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

respiration slow and stertorous, the pupils contracted, and both sensitive 
and motor nerves have become paralyzed, there can, of course, be no doubt 
in the mind of any one as to the condition being really that of narcotism. 
The number of deaths in proportion to the number of cases in which an 
extreme condition of alcoholic narcotism is induced is small, but they are 
by no means unknown. Extreme narcotism from alcohol, or "dead- 
drunkenness," is not always easy to distinguish from that induced by 
other drugs or from intracranial hemorrhage, especially meningeal, from 
a sudden attack of pneumonia, or even from some surgical injuries ; but 
the diagnosis is more likely to be made correctly by a physician than by a 
policeman, though the latter may be right in the majority of cases. There 
is no specific antidote ; but drunkenness likely to be fatal is to be treated 
on the general principles applicable to narcotic poisoning. Ammonia has 
a marked but transient effect in relieving the symptoms of the lesser 
degrees. 

The above statement applies to the use of alcohol by persons in health. 
The question of the use of alcoholic liquors, especially the lighter ones, in 
sufficient quantity to produce any stimulant or incipient narcotic effect, 
involves a moral question not to be discussed with propriety here. In dis- 
ease the stimulant effect upon the heart is often more marked and more 
useful. It may increase, instead of diminishing, vascular tension, and the 
true stimulant action may be shown in the improvement of nervous symp- 
toms like neuralgia or delirium. In many cases a much larger quantity 
can be taken than in health, without producing narcotism as indicated by 
flushing of the face, mental excitement, and a greater amount of elimina- 
tion. The effects of the chronic use of alcohol are extensive and important. 
Delirium tremens is usually the result of a prolonged debauch, combined 
with abstinence from food. 

Alcoholism undoubtedly contributes largely, though just how largely 
it is impossible to say, both directly and indirectly, to crime and insanity. 
Certain forms of neuralgia, paraplegia, and epilepsy are fairly attributable 
to chronic alcoholism, while it both counterfeits and causes "general para- 
lysis of the insane." Cirrhosis of the liver is generally acknowledged to 
be one of its frequent results, diseases of the kidney less clearly so. It is 
probable that fatty degeneration of important organs, often connected 
with obesity, is a common consequence of its continued use. 

The medical uses of alcohol are manifold. The single dose, a glass oi 
wine for instance, is of value in approaching or actual syncope. If the ut- 
most rapidity of action is desirable, as may occur in sudden collapse, brandy 
or dilute alcohol may be given subcutaneously. This is not likely to give 
rise to any local trouble. Its status as a food has been often discussed, 
and while there is no reason to suppose that it is a necessary or even desire 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 



able addition to a full and varied diet, it seems to have, under other cir- 
cumstances, a decided value, both as promoting digestion and also as a 
substitute for a certain portion of food. To soldiers or laborers spirits 
should be given, if at all, after the day's work or march, and in small quan- 
tity. No spirit ration is now issued in the United States Army or Navy. 
In fevers and in wasting diseases alcohol finds its most extensive and most 
appropriate application, and is especially indicated by a feeble pulse, or 
sometimes by the presence of low delirium. The form of administration 
may vary, and even alcohol itself be given. The dose is to be regulated by 
the physician, and not left, under any circumstances, to the discretion of 
the patient or his friends. It is often given with the food, as milk-punch 
or egg-nog. Children in a feeble state of health often bear alcohol ex- 
tremely well, and there is no sufficient reason to suppose that bad habits 
are formed in this way. 

Externally, alcohol may be used to reduce surface temperature as an 
evaporating lotion, to cleanse wounds, or to harden the skin for the pur- 
pose of preventing abrasions or bed-sores. 

ALLIUM. 

GARLIC. 

Bulbus Allii — Ail, Fr. ; Knoblauch, G. 

Although allium sativum, or garlic, is the officinal species of the genus, 
there are many others which possess similar properties, and of these allium 
cepa, or the common onion, is often used in the same way, especially in do- 
mestic practice. Garlic and onions owe their properties to volatile oils 
containing sulphur, somewhat irritating and of a pungent, but, to many 
persons, by no means disagreeable odor. The smell imparted to the secre- 
tions by these vegetables is well known. It is said that the oil may be 
absorbed from the skin as well as from the stomach. It is stimulant in 
small doses to the digestion, and also to the nervous system, and is sup- 
posed to have special action upon the bronchial tubes and their secretion. 
Garlic or onion is used externally as a poultice, pounded up or cut in slices. 
In the case of children, it may be necessary to dilute it with meal. 

Dose. — Can hardly be said to be limited. 

ALOE. 

ALOES. 

Aloe Succotrina — Aloes Sucotri?i s. Socotrin, Fr. ; Socotora s. Socotri- 

nische Aloe, G. 



28 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

ALOE PURIFICATA. 

PURIFIED ALOES. 

Aloes Depure, Fr. ; Gereinigte Aloe, G. 

Several species of aloe have contributed to commerce their inspissated 
juice, and it is doubtful if the direction of the Pharmacopoeia can or will 
be strictly carried out in using only the product of aloe socotrina. Puri- 
fied aloes is simply the crude drug deprived of such impurities as can be 
removed by a sieve. This form should always be used in dispensing. All 
varieties of aloes contain crystalline principles closely allied to each other, 
which are called aloins, with a prefix derived from the name of the particu- 
lar species : as barb-, nat-, and soc-aloin. If these are boiled in water they 
speedily become amorphous, and in this condition represent largely, if not 
entirely, the purgative activity of aloes. Aloes is one of the most useful 
of cathartics, giving rise, according to the dose, to all degrees of catharsis, 
from simple relief of constipation to brisk purgation. It is supposed to 
act chiefly on the lower intestine. Its action is slow (ten to twenty hours), 
and unlike some cathartics it does not need an increase of dose after pro- 
longed use. The reputation for a long time attaching to aloes of causing 
piles does not seem to be altogether justified, since the constipation for 
which the drug is administered is a much more efficient cause. There is, 
however, reason to suppose that it causes congestion of the pelvic organs, 
and might thus increase the irritation of piles already existing. It is partly 
absorbed, since children have been purged by the milk of a nurse using it. 
Aloes is more frequently used with other drugs than alone, and forms an 
important ingredient in a vast number of cathartic pills, both officinal and 
proprietary. It probably also is used in many abortifacients. 

Dose. — One-half to one grain, three to six centigrammes (.03 to .06), 
as a laxative in the treatment of constipation, often combined with iron, 
strychnia, or belladonna, as well as with other cathartics. This may be 
given in pill three times a day, and the frequency gradually reduced. 
Three to six grains, twenty to forty centigrammes (.20 to .40), is a de- 
cided laxative ; and ten to twenty grains, sixty-five to one hundred and 
thirty centigrammes (.65 to 1.30), a brisk purgative. Several liquid prep- 
arations are used, but are very disagreeable to the taste. Aloin is from 
two to three times more active than good aloes, and somewhat more 
prompt. 



UNITED STATES PHAKMACOPCEIA. 29 

ALTHAEA. 

ALTHiEA. 

Radix Althcee, P. G.; Racine de Guimauve, Fr.; Altheewurzel, Eibisch- 

icurzel, G. 

Althsea belongs to a family (Malvaceae), many other members of which 
contain in root, leaves, and fruit a considerable amount of vegetable 
mucus. The hollyhock and okra belong to this family. Althsea contains 
some thirty-five per cent, each of this mucus and of starch, so that a de- 
coction is slightly nutritious as well as demulcent and soothing. It is used 
as a bland and unirritating local application in affections of the respiratory 
and digestive organs, also sometimes as a vehicle. 

The dose is entirely indefinite. 

ALUMEN. 

ALUM. 

Alumen, P. G. ; Sulphas Aluminico-potassicus — Sidphate of Aluminium 
and Potassium, E.; Alun, Sidphate d'Alumine et de Potasse, Fr. ; 
Alaun, ICalialaun, G. 

ALUMEN EXSICCATUIVL 

DRIED ALUM. 

Alumen TTstum — Burnt Alum, E.; Alun Calcine (Pesseche, Brule), Fr.; 

Gebramiter Alaun, G. 

The officinal alum is again the potassa-alum, instead of the correspond- 
ing ammonia salt, as in the last edition of the Pharmacopoeia. Dried 
alum is simply the same, deprived of its water of crystallization. Alum 
coagulates albumen and casein, and, in the presence of an alkali, gelatine. 
It is antiseptic and astringent. Large doses (30 to 60 grammes, one to two 
ounces) produce gastro-intestinal inflammation, as shown by burning in the 
fauces, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhoea. It is absorbed from the stomach. 
Alum is used externally, as a powder, by inhalation or insufflation in vari- 
ous affections of the respiratory passages requiring an astringent, or as a 
solution in catarrhal conditions of mucous membranes, as the conjunctiva 
or vagina. It is better used alone, as it forms precipitates with a very 
large number of drugs. Alum is given by the stomach as an emetic, its 
action being mild but effectual. It has been supposed to possess peculiar 
advantages in true croup, and undoubtedly may, like other emetics, assist 
in the dislodgement of already loosened membrane, but does not, any 



30 THEKAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

more than they, exercise a specific effect on its formation. It is a safe 
emetic to use in poisoning. 

Dose. — Internally, five to forty-five grains, thirty centigrammes to three 
grammes, with sugar and flavoring. As an emetic, one or two drachms 
(four to eight grammes) in syrup. Externally, rather weak solutions are 
best, though stronger ones are not violent in their action, and may be neces- 
sary in cases of hemorrhage. One per cent., or five grains to the ounce, 
may be considered as the upper limit of the weaker solutions. The burnt 
alum may be used when a specially strong local action is desired. 

ALUMINII HYDRAS. 

HYDRATE OF ALUMINIUM 

Alumine, Fr.; Alumina hydrata, Argilla pura s. Hydratais. hydrica ; 
Thonerdehydrat, Heine Thonerde. 

This tasteless powder has been used as an astringent in diarrhceal af- 
fections, especially in those where over-acidity of the stomach exists, since 
in these it first neutralizes the acid, and then, by its combination having 
become soluble, acts like other alumina salts as an astringent to the mu- 
cous membrane of the intestines. It can be used as a protective powder 
externally. . * 

Dose. — Three to twenty-three grains, twenty centigrammes to one 
gramme and a half, in powder or mixture. 

ALUMINII SULPHAS. 

SULPHATE OF ALUMINIUM. 

Sulphate d'Alumine, Fr. ; Schwefelsaure Thonerde, G. 

Antiseptic and astringent. Seldom used internally, although it has 
been employed in diarrhceal diseases. A four- or five-per-cent. solution 
has been used as an application to ulcers or to correct fetid discharges. 
A combination with sulphate of zinc or with the hydrate of aluminium and 
benzoin is sometimes used as a sort of weak caustic. 

AMMONIACUM. 

AMMONIAC. 

Gwnmi-resina Ammoniacum — Ammoniacum, E. ; Ammoniaque, 
Gommresine Ammoniaque, Fr. ; AmmoniaJcgummi, G. 

A gum resin containing a small amount of volatile oil. It is probably, 
especially when fresh, somewhat irritating to the skin and mucous mem- 



UNITED STATES PHAEMACOPGEIA. 31 

branes on direct application. Its resinous and volatile constituents are 
eliminated through the bronchial, and perhaps the urinary mucous mem- 
branes. High authorities, however, have denied to it all activity. It is 
used chiefly for two purposes : in chronic bronchitis and bronchorrhoea, 
and as an ingredient of slightly irritant plasters. It is given in the form 
of pills made with soap, or an emulsion, Mistura ammoniaci, which is 
easily prepared by rubbing with cold water and straining. The plasters 
are officinal. 

Dose. — Seven to sixty grains, one-half to four grammes (.50 to 4.00). 



AMMONII BENZOAS. 

BBNZOATE OF AMMONIUM. 

Has probably the same action as benzoic acid, but is more soluble. It 
may be used when it is desirable to render the urine acid by the formation 
of hippuric acid from the benzoic. 

Dose. — Ten to twenty grains, sixty to one hundred and twenty centi- 
grammes (.60 to 1.20), in solution. 

AMMONII BROMIDUM. 

BROMIDE OF AMMONIUM. 

It has nearly the same properties as bromide of potassium, but is some- 
what less active and more disagreeable to take, as well as more irritating 
to the stomach. It has been supposed to be somewhat less depressing, 
especially to the heart ; but it appears that all the effects of the potash salt 
known as " bromism " can be obtained from the drug under consideration. 

Dose. — Seven to thirty grains, one-half gramme to two grammes (.50 
to 2.00), in solution, syrup or in a bitter infusion. 

AMMONII CARBONAS. 

CARBONATE OF AMMONIUM. 

Ammonias Carbonas, Br. ; Ammonium Carbonieum, P. G. ; Carbonas Am- 
monicus, Sal Volatile Siccum — Volatile Salt, E.; Carbonate dAmmo- 
niaque, Alkali Volatil Coneret, Sel Vblatil d' Angleterre, Fr. ; Fluchti- 
ges Laugensalz, Hemes Hirschhornsalz, Kohlensaures Ammonium, G. 

The carbonate of ammonia is absorbed from the stomach and subcu- 
taneous connective tissue. Ammonia does not reappear in any of the 
secretions, nor does it alkalize the urine, but it has not yet been deter- 



32 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

mined what becomes of it. The carbonate is somewhat irritating, but much 
less so than the ammonia itself. In small doses, two to ten grains (eighteen 
to sixty centigrammes), it causes some increase in the force and frequency 
of the pulse, a sense of tightness in the head, and increased secretions and 
temperature. Doses of ten grains or more are likely to excite vomiting, 
while still larger ones give rise to the symptoms and post mortem appear- 
ances of gastro-enteritis. Continued doses derange digestion and are 
followed by scorbutic symptoms like those that follow long- continued use 
of other alkalies, i.e., hemorrhages, anaemia, diarrhoea, and emaciation. 
Carbonate of ammonia is used in medicine chiefly as a cardiac stimulant, 
and the indications calling for its use may occur in the course of almost 
any severe acute disease. It may be regarded as sometimes a substitute for, 
and sometimes as an adjuvant to, alcohol. It is in nowise, however, a 
nutrient. As its action is rapid and evanescent it should be given in small 
doses frequently repeated. Headache is often relieved by it. It is used 
also in syncope and slight nervous affections. For these purposes it is 
often inhaled, combined with some aromatic. Caution should be observed 
in this method of application not to continue its inhalation too long by 
persons in a state of unconsciousness. Its good effects in subacute or 
chronic bronchitis have been variously explained, but clinical experience 
has shown that in some way it facilitates the softening and removal of old 
and toughened bronchial secretions. 

Dose. — Three to eight grains, two to fifty centigrammes (.02 to .50), 
in aqueous solution, with some corrigent to cover the somewhat sharp and 
disagreeable taste. If prescribed in the form of powder to be dissolved 
at the bedside, it should be put up in wax or paraffine paper. 

AMMONIUM CHLORIDUM. 

CHLORIDE OF AMMONIUM. 

Ammonia Muriatica, Ammonium Aromaticum s. Hydrochloratwn, 
Chloruretum Ammonicum, Sal Ammonicum, Ammonioe Hydrochlo- 
ras s. Murias — Muriate of Ammonia, Sal Ammoniac , E.; Chlorure 
d' Ammonium, Sel Ammoniac, Muriate d'Ammo?iiaque, Fr. ; Sal- 
miak, Chlor ammonium, G. 

It dissolves freely in water, and in so doing lowers its temperature. 
The action of chloride of ammonium resembles, to a certain extent, that of 
the other ammonium salts. Doses of from five to twenty grains, thirty 
centigrammes to a gramme and a half, produce a sense of oppression, 
warmth, and uneasiness at the stomach, some fulness in the head and an 
increased tendency to urinate. Larger doses, or a long-continued use are 



UNITED STATES PHAKMACOPCEIA. 33 

liable to disturb the digestion. It is eliminated unchanged almost entirely 
by the urine. This salt seems to fulfil two somewhat different therapeutic 
indications : first, to increase and liquefy the mucous secretions, and sec- 
ondly, to act as a stimulant to the nervous system. Upon the first depends 
its value in bronchitis, either chronic or subacute, and in some digestive dis- 
turbances, as well as possibly in leucorrhcea and dysmenorrhea ; upon the 
second depends its use in neuralgia, myalgia, and headache. It may be 
used as an inhalation in affections of the throat and pharynx in two forms ; 
either as a spray or in the vapor formed immediately after its production 
by mingling the two constituents, ammonia and hydrochloric acid, in the 
gaseous form. Externally it has been used for gangrene, bruises, and in 
inflammation of various kinds. 

The property above alluded to, of reducing the temperature of water, is 
much increased by the addition of nitrate of potassium, and might be util- 
ized for the production of local anaesthesia. When given by the stomach 
its very disagreeable taste is best masked by extract of liquorice. A very 
convenient form, also, is that of compressed pills, for which method of 
dispensing chloride of ammonium requires no excipient, though it may be 
combined with other drugs, as, for instance, a small dose of morphia. 

Dose. — In bronchitis, three to ten grains, twenty to sixty centi- 
grammes (.20 to .60), frequently repeated. In neuralgic affections the dose 
is often made larger and given less frequently. 



AMMONII IODIDUM. 

IODIDE OP AMMONIUM. 

Ammonium Iodatum, Ioduretum Ammonium — Iodure d? Ammonium,. 

F. ; Jodammonium, G. 

This salt shares the general properties of the alkaline iodides, but is- 
less stable than the others, and hence is held to be more rapid and ener- 
getic in its action. It is somewhat more irritating, and is usually given 
in considerably smaller doses. It may be used in syphilis, scrofula, and 
glandular enlargements. 

It should be given in solution usually, though from the smaller dose re- 
quired the pill form is more eligible than for the other iodides. Externally, 
ointments of from thirty to sixty grains to the ounce of vehicle, six to 
twelve per cent., may be used. 

Dose. — Two to ten grains, twelve to sixty-four centigrammes (.12 to 
.64). 

3 



34 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 



AMMONII NITRAS. 

NITRATE OF AMMONIA. 

Ammonias Nitras, Br. Add.; Ammonium Nitricum, Niirum Flammans 
— Nitrate of Ammonia, E.; Azotate aV Ammoniaque, Nitre Inflam- 
mable, Nitre Ammoniacal, Sel Ammoniacal Nitreux, Fr. ; Salpeter- 
saures Amnion, G. 

This salt is used solely for the purpose of preparing nitrous oxide gas 
by heating to 185° C. (365° F.).* The gas is washed by passing through 
water, potassa solution, and solution of ferrous sulphate, and stored for 
use in a gasometer or gas-bag. It is also sometimes condensed and stored 
in iron bottles. It is administered by inhalation through a tube and mouth- 
piece, the air being excluded, and produces rapid anaesthesia, from which 
recovery is equally rapid. If carefully administered, it is a very safe an- 
aesthetic for short operations ; but as its. power in the ordinary way of ad- 
ministration depends on the production of a sort of temporary asphyxia, 
it can be used for longer ones only by a constant succession of short ad- 
ministrations, from which the patient is allowed partly to recover. Hence 
it is much more largely used in dentistry than in general surgery. It has 
been shown that by the administration of nitrous oxide gas with oxygen, 
under increased atmospheric pressure (to which surgeons and attendants 
as well as the patient must be subjected), it has true anaesthetic proper- 
ties, not depending upon the deprivation of oxygen and consequent as- 
phyxia, as in the mode of administration first described, which is as yet, 
and will be for a long time to come, the only one in ordinary use. 

AMMONII PHOSPHAS. 

PHOSPHATE OF AMMONIA. 

This salt has been used in gout and rheumatism without any very good 
reason either physiological or clinical. 

Dose. — Ten to twenty grains, sixty centigrammes to one gramme and 
a half (.60 to 1.50), in solution. 

AMMONII SULPHAS. 

SULPHATE OF AMMONIUM. 

Ammonium Sitlphuricum, Sal Ammonias Secretum Glauberi — Sulfate 
cV Ammoniac, Sel Secret de Glauber, Fr.; Schwefelsaures Amnion, G. 

Used solely for the preparation of other ammonia salts. 



* If the heat be allowed to go much higher, a poisonous gas, dentoxide of nitrogen, 
is evolved. This is, however, soluble in water and removed by the washing. 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 35 



AMMONII VALERIANAS. 

VALERIANATE OF AMMONIA. 

Valerianic acid is no longer officinal, and is represented in the Phar- 
macopoeia by its combination with the bases ammonia and zinc. Though 
this acid derives its name from the plant Valeriana officinalis, it is found 
in a large number of other vegetable and animal substances, and is often 
a product of decomposition. It is also an artificial product of the oxida- 
tion of amy lie alcohol, to which it bears the same relation that acetic acid 
does to ethylic alcohol. It is this acid (for there are several of the name 
differing slightly from each other, principally in degree of hydration) 
which is employed in the manufacture of the valerianates, and not that 
derived from the plant which gives them the name. Although the mildly 
soothing nervine and antispasmodic properties of valerian are not en- 
tirely represented by either valerianic acid or the valerianates, yet the 
latter are often used in the same class of cases, that is, in " nervousness," 
sleeplessness, and the milder hysteric manifestations, especially neuralgia, 
neuralgic headache, palpitation, etc. Valerianate of ammonia may be 
given in solution, which should be either freshly prepared or protected by 
alcohol. An alcoholic extract of valerian is sometimes added to the solu- 
tion, which contributes to its preservation and probably increases its 
efficacy. The taste is less disagreeable if care is taken that any slight ex- 
cess of acid is neutralized by ammonia. It may also be given in pills 
which can be coated. 

Dose. — Two to eight grains, twelve to fifty centigrammes (.12 to .50). 
AMYGDALA AMARA. 

BITTER ALMOND. 

Amygdala? Amarce, P. G. ; Semen Amygdali Amarum — Amandes 
Ameres, Fr. ; Bitter e Ma?ideln, G. 



AMYGDALA DULCIS. 

SWEET ALMOND. 

Amygdalae Dukes, P. G. ; Semen Amygdali Amarum — Amandes 

Douces, Fr. ; Silsse Mandeln, G. 

These fruits of two varieties of the species Amygdalus Communis differ 
from each other by the presence in the former of the proximate principle 
amygdalin, which in aqueous preparations forms, with the emulsin present 
in both, the oil of bitter almonds and hydrocyanic acid. It is worthy of 



36 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

remark that this reaction occurs in other members of the sub-order Amyg- 
dalese, including the officinal Pmnus Virginiana and the leaves and kernels 
of the peach and cherry. It may perhaps account for the fact known to 
many farmers, that eating considerable quantities of wilting cherry-leaves 
is liable to be dangerous or fatal to cattle. These almonds both contain a 
bland and innocuous fixed oil, and may be easily emulsionized, thus form- 
ing a convenient vehicle for stronger drugs or an agreeable demulcent. 
The officinal Mistura amygdalae is prepared from sweet almonds alone, 
and is absolutely safe. The bitter almonds which enter into the syrup of 
almonds, sometimes called "orgeat," impart more flavor and a minute 
quantity of hydrocyanic acid, but not enough to be of therapeutic value 
or toxic importance unless the ordinary dose be very greatly exceeded. A 
bread is prepared from almonds for the use of diabetic patients. These 
fruits are not used medicinally in substance, but the poisonous character 
of the bitter variety and its oil should never be forgotten. 

AMYL NITRIS. 

NITRITE OF AMYL. 

Amylum JVttrosum, Amylcether Nitrosus — Amylo -nitrous Ether, E. ; 
Azotite (PAmyl, Fr. ; Amylnitrit, G. 

Nitrite of amyl is a very rapidly acting drug. Its first and most ob- 
vious effects are usually a flushing of the face and a sudden increase in 
the rapidity of the pulse, with a great diminution in the arterial pressure, 
attended with a sensation of fulness in the head, amounting, if the dose is 
large enough, to severe pain and deep, labored respiration. In some 
cases a rapid and forcible action of the heart can be perceived a short 
time before the other phenomena. After the usual dose these effects 
pass off quite rapidly, only a few moments being consumed in the whole 
administration. If the action be carried beyond this, which has rarely if 
ever been done in man, progressive muscular weakness and diminution 
of reflex activity ensue, and the animal dies asphyxiated. Before death 
the arterial blood assumes the venous color. Nitrite of amyl diminishes 
the temperature and the amount of carbonic acid excreted. It is not an 
anaesthetic. It is usually given by inhalation, but can be administered 
without trouble subcutaneously, or by the mouth in solution, or dropped 
on a lump of sugar. As from the nature of the cases in which it is used the 
patient is often obliged to carry constantly with him a supply of this drug, 
a very convenient arrangement is the enclosure of a number of doses of 
five drops each in small glass capsules, which may be crushed in a hand- 
kerchief as needed, and the vapor inhaled. This plan has the further ad- 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 37 

vantage, that the drug is not exposed to air and decomposition, as is very 
likely to happen if it is carried in a bottle. Therapeutically, nitrite of amyl 
has proved very successful in angina pectoris, where it was first proposed 
on theoretical grounds, the disease being accompanied, if not caused in 
many instances, by an arterial pressure too great for the heart to over- 
come, the pressure being relieved and the heart strengthened by the amyl. 
In asthma it often relieves the attack with rapidity. It is useful in a cer- 
tain class of epileptic fits, that is, such as may be preceded by the aura or 
any characteristic sensations for a sufficiently long time to make the ap- 
plication of the remedy available, or in the status epilepticus. By great 
watchfulness and care much permanent good may be done, as well as tem- 
porary relief afforded. It may be given with advantage in epilepsy by the 
stomach, and in larger doses than usually employed for the first time. It 
has apparently proved useful in convulsions of various kinds, including 
puerperal. It seems probable that it may be useful in tetanus and strych- 
nia poisoning, though there is as yet but little clinical evidence on the 
point. Small doses are of value in restoring the action of the heart and 
lungs in chloroform poisoning, but large ones will increase the asphyxia. 
It is also useful in some cases of dysmenorrhea not attended with any 
organic lesion. 

Dose. — Two to five drops, fifteen to forty centigrammes (.15 to .40), 
may be used at first, but considerably more is probably safe. 



AMYLUM. 

STARCH. 

Amylum Tritici — Wheat Starch, E. ; Fecule (Amidon) de Froment, de 
J3le, Fr. ; Starke, Kraftmehl, Weizenstdrke, G. 

The wheat starch prescribed by the Pharmacopoeia is by no means the 
only form of starch which might be properly used in medicine. It is, 
however, with the possible exception of potato and corn starch, the most 
widely used, as isolated from the other constituents, of a vast number of 
articles of diet. Several of these foods containing much starch (and in the 
first two mentioned, also oil and gluten), such as oatmeal, barley, arrow- 
root, sago, and tapioca, have been included in the last edition of the Phar- 
macopoeia, but are properly omitted in this. Kegarded as a drug, starch 
is inert and serves simply as a protective or demulcent, as a vehicle to give 
coherence to more liquid preparations, or as a protective powder exter- 
nally. It may be used to neutralize the irritant iodine in the stomach. 
For surgical purposes it is employed to make stiff bandages, preferably 
mixed with glue. 



38 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 



AMYLUM IODATUM. 

IODIZED STARCH. 

A preparation intended to enable iodine .to be administered without 
irritating the stomach. It can be given in large doses and is freely ab- 
sorbed, as is proved by the detection of iodine in the excretions. 

Dose. — From a heaped teaspoonful to a tablespoonful, in water-gruel, 
three times a day. Half ounce and ounce doses have been given. 

ANISUM. 

ANISE. 

Anise owes its properties to a volatile oil, of an agreeable and aromatic 
smell, which, like many other volatile oils, has a slightly stimulating effect 
upon the heart and digestive organs, perhaps also liquefying the bronchial 
secretion and promoting its removal. It relieves slighter intestinal pains, 
especially in children. It is sometimes used as a condiment. A strong- 
tea may be made with the bruised seeds and given by the teaspoonful. 

Dose. — In substance, ten to twenty grains, sixty-five centigrammes, to 
one and a half gramme (.65 to 1.50). 

ANTHEMIS. 

ANTHEMIS. 

[Chamomile.] 

Anthemidis Flores, Br. ; Flores Chamomittce Romance, P. G. ; Roman 
or English Chamomile, E. ; Chamomille Romaine, Fr. ; Romische 
Kamille, G. 

This drug contains a bitter principle and a volatile oil, both of which 
act as stimulants to the digestive organs. An infusion may be made and 
used freely, or the flowers may be chewed. 

ANTIMONII ET POTASSII TARTRAS. 

TARTRATE OF ANTIMONY AND POTASSIUM. 

[Taetar Emetic.] 

Antimonium Tartaratum, Br. ; Antimonii Potassio-tartras, Antimonium 
Tartarizatum, Tartarus Stibiatus, P. G.; Tartarus Emetieus, Stibio- 
kali Tartaricum — Tartarated Antimony, Tartar Emetic, E. ; Tar- 
trate de Potasse et d? Antimoine , Emetique, Tartre Stibie, Fr. ; JBrech- 
weinstein, G. 

The antimonial preparations are practically represented by this drug. 
It is readily absorbed from the stomach, and possibly to a small extent 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 39 



from the skin. It is locally irritant, producing upon the skin a pustular 
eruption. It is eliminated largely by the gastric and intestinal secretions, 
but also by the urine, and possibly by the bronchial mucous membrane. 
Small doses, even one milligramme, frequently repeated, disorder the di- 
gestion, giving rise to nausea, diarrhoea, and general depression. Larger 
ones add to these symptoms retching, vomiting, severe abdominal pain, 
and feeble action of the heart. Curiously enough, however, quite large 
doses, twenty-four grains per diem, can sometimes be given without pro- 
ducing vomiting. Poisoning by this drug should be treated by tannic 
acid in the most easily accessible form, as tea or coffee, thorough vomiting 
being promoted by warm water, followed by eggs, milk, and afterward the 
general treatment of gastritis. The medical applications of tartar emetic 
are much more limited than some years ago. In acute inflammatory dis- 
eases, especially pneumonia, the " controstimulant " treatment by tartar 
emetic possesses only a historical interest. Small doses are given in the 
early stage of acute bronchitis to promote the more rapid establishment 
of the secretion. It should not, however, be carried to the point of vomit- 
ing. As an emetic, this drug is peculiarly depressing, the nausea, general 
muscular and cardiac depression extending over several hours. It is par- 
ticularly to be avoided in membranous croup, and, in fact, in any disease 
or any condition where the vital powers are diminished, as in extreme 
youth or old age. For producing muscular relaxation, as in the reduction 
of fractures and dislocations, and in rigidity of the os uteri, it is entirely 
superseded by ether and chloroform. It is used externally as a counter- 
irritant in the form of ointment or solution, which is painful and liable to 
leave permanent scars. 

Dose. — As an expectorant and diaphoretic, one-sixteenth to one-eighth 
of a grain (four to eight milligrammes) (.004 to .008), once in from one to 
three hours. A much larger dose than this will probably nauseate. As an 
emetic, one grain to a grain and a half, six to nine centigrammes (.06 to 
.09), repeated if necessary in fifteen minutes. The wine may also be used. 

ANTIMONII OXIDUM. 

OXIDE OF ANTIMONY. 

Stibium Oxydatum, Oxydum Antimonicum Vel Stibicum — Oxyde cVA)i- 

timoine, Fr. ; Antimonoxyd, G. 

Rarely used. 

Dose. — Two to four grains, twelve to twenty-four centigrammes (.12 
to .24). 



40 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 



ANTIMONII SULPHIDUM. 

SULPHIDE OF ANTIMONY. 

Stibium Oxy datum, Oxydum Antimonicum Vel Stibicum — Oxyde d'An- 

timoine, Fr. ; Antimonoxyd, G. 

ANTIMONII SULPHIDUM PURIFICATUM. 

PURIFIED SULPHIDE OF ANTIMONY. 

Not used in medicine. 

ANTIMONIUM SULPHURATUM. 

SULPHURATED ANTIMONY. 

Antimonii Sulphuretum Aureum s. JProeeipitatum, Stibium Sulfuratum 
Aurantiacum, P. G. ; Sulphur Stibiatum Aurantiacum, Sulphur 
Auratum Antimonii — Golden Sulphuret of Antimony, Golden Sul- 
phur, E. ; Soufre Dore d Antimoine, Fr. ; Goldschwefel, G. 

Very rarely employed. 

Dose. — As "alterative," two grains, twelve centigrammes (.12), twice 
a day. As an emetic, five to twenty grains, thirty to one hundred and 
thirty centigrammes (.30 to 1.30). 

APOCYNUM. 

APOCYNUM. 

[Canadian Hemp — Indian Hemp.] 

Chanvre du Canada, Fr. ; Canadische Hanfwurzel, G. 

Not to be confounded with cannabis indica, also called Indian hemp. 
The bark develops a persistently bitter taste. In large doses an active 
emetic and cathartic ; also increasing the secretion of the skin and kid- 
neys. Smaller doses are laxative. It has been used especially in dropsy, 
but is said, like many other bitters, to be effectual also as an antiperiodic. 

Dose of the powdered root, five grains, thirty centigrammes, as a (.30) 
tonic or antiperiodic ; twenty to thirty grains, one hundred and thirty cen- 
tigrammes to two grammes (1.30 to .2), as an emeto-cathartic. Decoctions 
of various strengths have been used. 



UNITED STATES PHAKMACOPCEIA. 41 

APOMORPHI/E HYDROCHLORAS. 

HYDRO CHLORATE OF APOMORPHIA. 

This artificial alkaloid is an active specific emetic, producing no local 
irritation, but rapid and efficient vomiting, usually attended with very little 
preliminary nausea or depression, but rather giddiness and symptoms 
pointing toward disturbance in the cerebral circulation. In some in- 
stances, however, a temporary depression of the heart's vigor, and even 
general collapse, have occurred. No fatal but several alarming cases of this 
kind have been reported. Apomorphia, unlike every other emetic, is more 
active when given subcutaneously than by the mouth, and is given almost 
exclusively in this way. It can, however, be employed in the more usual 
way, and smaller doses than are necessary for an emetic effect have been 
used as an expectorant. The solution turns green upon exposure to the 
air. 

Dose. — As an emetic for an adult, subcutaneously, one-tenth to one- 
fifth of a grain, six to twelve milligrammes (.006 to .012). The larger of 
these doses should be given by the mouth. For young children one or 
two milligrammes should not be exceeded. 

AQUA. 

WATER. 

AQUA DESTILLATA. 

DISTILLED WATER. 

Eau Distille, Sydrolats simple, Fr. ; Destilllrtes Wasser, G. 

Distilled water is as nearly chemically pure water as can be obtained. 
Natural water varies from this in the amount of saline constituents in 
all degrees up to that of the ocean with 3.3 or more per cent., or the 
Dead Sea with 26.42 per cent. Some mineral springs contain five per 
cent. Common water is such as contains foreign substances in so small an 
amount as not to alter the taste and other sensible properties. A certain 
amount of inorganic matter does not unfit water for domestic and even some 
pharmaceutical purposes, but organic material, though possibly harmless, is 
to be looked upon, especially in thickly settled neighborhoods or near dwel- 
lings, with more suspicion. Hard water is that which contains in solution a 
considerable quantity of magnesia or lime, the latter frequently in the form 
of bicarbonate. Such water is much less useful for washing, as it does 
not form a good solution with soap. It may be rendered soft by the ad- 
dition of a small amount of milk of lime to convert the bicarbonate into 



42 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

tlie less soluble carbonate. Spring-water is more agreeable to drink on 
account of the gases, oxygen, and carbonic acid contained therein in small 
amount. Distilled water is " flat " from their absence. Rain-water col- 
lected after it has been falling for some time is among the purest natural 
waters, provided it does not come from dirty roofs or dirty cisterns. The 
appearance of water as regards clearness and sparkle is no criterion of its 
freedom from dangerous impurities. The physiological action of pure 
water internally, is to hasten the metamorphosis of tissue and increase 
the urinary and cutaneous excretions. Its action upon the kidneys and 
bowels is increased by salines ; upon the skin by sulphur ; upon the blood 
by iron. All sorts of combinations are found in the various mineral 
springs. Water is seldom avowedly used as a therapeutic agent, but 
under the guise of some medicinal infusion, or with the name of some 
spring attached, it may be of far more value than the drug or the adver- 
tisement which gives it its reputation. In cases where the urine is con- 
centrated and acid, depositing urates in abundance and causing urethral 
irritation, it is of great advantage to administer water, although, as 
above hinted, this is usually done by " diluents " in acute cases, and some 
" spring water " in chronic. Thus are many " cures of Bright's disease " 
accomplished. In acute Bright's disease, the passage of a dilute urine 
through the kidneys is probably of permanent benefit by diminishing local 
irritation and removing debris from the kidney tubes. 

The action of diaphoretics is assisted by warm water in small quanti- 
ties, of emetics by large draughts of the same, and of cathartics by cold 
water. The extent to which common water may be made available for 
pharmaceutical purposes will depend upon the qualities of that which each 
individual pharmacist has at his command ; but for test-solutions, solutions 
of alkaloids, and any easily decomposable substances, the distilled water 
should always be used, even if not called for by the prescription. For 
domestic infusions, boiled, filtered, or rain-water is usually even purer 
than is absolutely necessary. Externally the therapeutic action of water 
depends not only upon its chemical composition, but upon its tempera- 
ture ; and a proper exposition of the value and uses of the various kinds of 
baths would demand a treatise instead of the short essay here admissible. 

AQUA AMNIONIC. 

WATER OF AMMONIA. 

Liquor Ammonias, Br. ; Liquor Ammonii Caustici, P. Gr. ; Spiritus Sa^ 
lis Ammoniaci Causticus, Ammonia Aqua Soluta — Ammoniaqut 
Liquide, Eau {Solution, Liqueur) cV Ammoniaque, Fr. ; Salmialcgeist, 
Aetzammoniak, Ammoniak-Flussiglceit, G. 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 43 



AQUA AMMONI/E FORTIOR. 

STRONGER WATER OF AMMONIA. 

Liquor Ammonia? Fortior, Br. ; Strong Solution of Ammonia, E. ; Eau 
d' Ammoniaque Forte ; Fr., Starker Salmiakgeist, G. 

Is a powerful irritant to all the mucous membranes and the skin. It 
is probably absorbed when given sufficiently diluted by the stomach, but 
it does not alkalize the urine. A slightly stimulating effect upon the 
nervous system and secretions may be observed after small doses. A large 
dose is an irritant poison. The antidote is vinegar or lemon -juice. A few 
drops well diluted may be given in poisoning by narcotics, especially 
alcohol, or cardiac depressants, such as hydrocyanic acid or aconite. It may 
be used in syncope, either by the mouth or by inhalation, or even, in case 
a very rapid action is desired, subcutaneously or into a vein. The latter 
method of administration has been employed, especially in the bites of 
venomous serpents. Great care should be exercised in allowing it to be in- 
haled by any one in a state of unconsciousness. Externally the stronger 
water may be used to make a blister, which is rapidly formed and hard to 
heal. For milder forms of counter -irritation the ordinary water, or even 
a dilution of it, may be used ; but the more common and convenient method 
is to unite it with more or less of an oily vehicle, according to the inten- 
sity of the effect desired. The ordinary liniment (one part of water of am- 
monia, two parts olive oil) is of a convenient strength. 

Dose. — Ten to twenty drops, sixty to one hundred and twenty centi- 
grammes (.60 to 1.20), of the weaker water, or three to six drops, twenty 
to forty centigrammes (.20 to .40), of the stronger, always well diluted. 

AQUA AMYGDAL/E AMARj€. 

BITTER ALMOND WATER. 

Aqua Amygdalarum Amararum, P. G. ; Eau d'Amandes Ameres, Fr. ; 

Hitter- Mandelwasser, G. 

It differs widely in strength from the preparation of the same name in 
the last edition of the Pharmacopoeia, and also from those of other Phar- 
macopoeias. It contains a very small amount of prussic acid, but in order 
to take a full medicinal dose of this poison it would be necessary to swal- 
low a litre or quart of the water, and of course a much larger quantity 
before it would be dangerous. Hence it can be regarded only as a 
flavored water, and the dose is indefinite. 



44 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

AQUA ANISI. 

ANISE WATER. 
Dose. — Indefinite. 

AQUA AURANTII FLORUM. 

ORANGE-FLOWER WATER. 

Aqua Aurantii Eloris, Br. ; Aqua Florum Naphos — Eau (Hydrolat) 
DistilVee de Fleurs d"* Or anger, Eau de JVaphe, Ft.; OrangenblUthen- 
wasser, G. 

Has a flavor agreeable to some persons, but regarded as sickish by 
others. 

Dose. — Indefinite. 

AQUA CAMPHOR/E. 

CAMPHOR WATER. 

Possesses some of the stimulating properties of small doses of camphor, 
but cannot produce in moderate quantity the effects of large ones. Used 
chiefly as a vehicle, or may have some value as an addition to other more 
active drugs in the treatment of the milder forms of hysterical disturb- 
ance, or as an external application. 

Dose. — A teaspoonful to a tablespoonful (at once)., five to twenty cubic 
centimeters. 

AQUA CINNAMOMI. 

CINNAMON WATER. 

Slightly astringent and stimulating. Chiefly as a vehicle. 
Dose. — Indefinite. 

AQUA CHLORI. 

CHLORINE WATER. 

Liquor Chlori, Br. ; Aqua Chlorata, P. G. ; Aqua Chlori, Chlorum Sol- 
utum n Aqua Oxymuriatica — Solution of Chlorine, E. ; Eau Chloree, 
Chlore Liquide, Fr.; Chlorwasser, G. 

A solution of chlorine gas, excessively irritating to the respiratory or- 
gans. If breathed by accident, the vapor of sulphydrate of ammonia may 
be inhaled with great care, as an antidote, or ammonia vapor, suffi- 
ciently diluted. It is a disinfectant. It is used externally for washing the 
hands or other parts of the body which may have been in contact with 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 45 



infectious material or dressing gangrenous ulcers ; also as a gargle or a 
spray in the- sore throat of scarlet fever, diphtheria, or similar conditions. 
It has, like a vast number of other disinfectants, been given in fevers of a 
low type on theoretical grounds, but without producing results sufficiently 
marked to encourage the plan. 

Dose. — One to four fluidrachms, four to sixteen cubic centimeters, 
well diluted. For inhalation, as a spray. 

AQUA CREASOTI. 

CREASOTE WATER. 

Disinfectant. May be used internally to check vomiting. Externally 
for any of the purposes for which the weaker solutions of carbolic acid 
are more commonly (and more economically) applied. It is useful as a 
wash for suppurating surfaces, and also to allay itching. 

Dose. — One to four fluidrachms, four to sixteen cubic centimeters. 



AQUA FCENiCULI. 

FENNEL WATER. 
Dose. — Indefinite. 

AQUA MENTH/E PIPERIT/E. 

PEPPERMINT WATER. 
Dose. — Indefinite. 

AQUA MENTH/E VIRIDIS. 

SPEARMINT WATER. 
Dose. — Indefinite. 

AQUA ROS/E. 

ROSE WATER. 
Dose. — Indefinite. 

ARGENTI CYANIDUM. 

CYANIDE OF SILVER. 

Argentum Cyanatum — Cyannre & Argent, Fr.; Cyansilber, G. 

Is made officinal solely for the extemporaneous preparation of hydro- 
cyanic acid. 



46 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 



ARGENTI IODIDUM. 

IODIDE OF SILVER. 

Sometimes used to get the constitutional effects of silver, but lias no 
advantage over other preparations. 

Dose. — One-third of a grain to two grains, two to twelve centigrammes 
(.02 to .12). 

ARGENTI NITRAS. 

NITRATE OF SILVER. 

ARGENTI NITRAS DILUTUS. 

DILUTED NITRATE OF SILVER. 

Argentum Nitricum Crystallizatum, P. G. ; Azotas (Nitras) Argenti- 
cus — Azotate d' Argent, Nitre Lunaire, Fr. ; Salp>etersaures Silber- 
oxyd, Silbersalpeter, G. 

ARGENTI NITRAS FUSUS. 

MOULDED NITRATE OF SILVER. 

Argentum JSfitricum Fusum, P. G.; Lapis Inf emails, Azotas (JVitras) 
Argenticus Fusus — Lunar Caustic, E. ; Azotate d' Argent Fondu, 
Pierre Lnfernale, Fr. ; JLollenstein, Geschmolzenes Salpeter satires 
Silberoxyd, G. 

The various forms in which the nitrate is presented have reference 
chiefly to its external use. For solutions the crystals are usually em- 
ployed. For application in the form of stick or crayon, the addition of a 
small amount of the chloride, as in the Moulded Nitrate, renders the mass 
less liable to break off at a critical moment and produce effects beyond 
the control of the operator. If a less severe action is desired, the Diluted 
Nitrate, or " lapis mitigatus," is used. In the stomach the nitrate in medi- 
cinal doses undoubtedly suffers a change to chloride, rapid if in solution, 
somewhat delayed if in the solid form. Perhaps a portion may form a 
combination with peptones and escape decomposition. A portion of this 
chloride is. absorbed by the aid of an excess of chloride of sodium, while 
another portion escapes with the feces. Larger doses, or a piece of the 
stick accidentally swallowed, may produce a local caustic action or be en- 
veloped in a layer of the chloride, and thus be comparatively harmless. 
If such an accident occurs, common salt should at once be given, followed 
by an emetic. The oxide is much less irritant and may very properly be 
given when only the constitutional effect of the silver is desired. The 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 



absorption of medicinal doses is, for some time at least, attended by no 
observable effects. After a time a staining of the skin of a sort of bluish 
gray color takes place. This is permanent, and after death a similar 
staining of many internal organs has been seen. In a few favorable cases 
the skin-staining is said to have disappeared after the use of iodide of 
potassium and hyposulphite of soda. The silver is deposited in the tis- 
sues in the form either of oxide or of solid silver. In animals symptoms 
indicating a paralyzing action on the cerebro-spinal centres have been 
observed, as well as a disorganizing effect upon the blood. A few cases 
somewhat similar have been seen in man ; the nervous symptoms in acute 
cases, the hsemic in long-continued administration. Poisoning by it is 
extremely rare. The salts of silver, especially the nitrate, have in former 
times been given for epilepsy, but without decidedly beneficial results, and 
more recently for the various forms of cerebro-spinal sclerosis, with some- 
what better success. Small doses have been given with advantage for 
gastralgia, possibly with a view to a local effect upon any ulceration which 
may exist. It has been found useful in diarrhceal affections, especially of 
children. 

Externally the nitrate has been employed in a great variety of affec- 
tions. It produces a mark at first white but afterward becoming blue- 
black. It has been supposed to cure and to check the spread of erysipelas, 
which it does not do. The solid stick, if freely used, destroys too luxuriant 
granulations, or by a Hght touch encourages sluggish ones. Ulcerations of 
the lower bowel, with dysenteric discharges, have been treated with success 
by injections, as well as by a strong solution applied by a swab or the solid 
stick as far up as they can be carried by the aid of the speculum. The 
mucous membranes of the conjunctiva, fauces, larynx, urethra, bladder, 
and uterus have all been subjected to the action of this salt in the solid or 
liquid form. 

Solutions of the following strengths may be used : As a caustic in 
lupus, erysipelas, and other skin affections, ten to fifty per cent. ; injections 
into the urethra or vagina, two to four per cent. ; collyrium, one-half to 
one and three-fourths per cent. If merely an astringent or irritating effect 
is desired, the strength may be : For injections, two to eight per mille ; 
enemata, four to sixteen per mille ; collyria, one to five per mille. Glyce- 
rin and spiritus setheris nitrosi may very well be used as vehicles for the 
stronger solutions, and tincture of opium may be added to diminish the 
pain. If there is danger of the caustic action going on too long or too far, 
a solution of common salt should immediately follow the nitrate. 

Do ■ e. — One-half grain to two grains, three to thirteen centigrammes 
(.03 to .13), in pill with a vegetable extract. Solutions may be used, but 
the taste of the salt is excessively metallic and disagreeable. 



48 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

ARGENTI OXIDUM. 

OXIDE OF SILVER. 

Used to produce the constitutional effects of silver. 

Dose. — One-half grain to two grains, three to thirteen centigrammes 
(.03 to .13). 

ARNIC/E FLORES. 

ARNICA FLOWERS. 

Flores Amicce, P G. ; Fleurs d'Arnique, Fr.; Wbhlverleihbluthen, Arni- 

Jcabliithen, G. 

ARNIC/E RADIX. 

ARNICA ROOT. 

Racine d'Arnique, Fr.; ArniJcawurzel, G. 

This plant seems to be represented by a number of preparations out of 
all proportion to its value. It contains one ethereal oil in the flowers 
and another in the root, besides resins, tannic acid, and a bitter prin- 
ciple. None of these have been specially examined for their physiological 
effects. The flowers are somewhat irritating to the skin, perhaps because 
these usually contain the larvse and remains of a parasitic insect. In the 
stomach it seems to produce symptoms pointing both to gastro-intestinal 
irritation and a somewhat narcotic effect upon the brain, such as head- 
ache, tremor, confusion, and even convulsions, together with frequent and 
feeble pulse. Arnica has been quite largely used internally, especially in 
many nervous diseases, as also in typhoid and dysentery. At present it 
is spoken of as antipyretic in large doses and stimulant in small, so that 
it has been used in melancholia and delirium tremens. It is also one of 
the immense number of drugs which have produced " decided curative 
effects " in rheumatism. Externally the tincture of the flowers has been 
freely employed as a lotion for bruises, and a few years ago enjoyed the 
popular reputation now bestowed upon hamamelis. Many cases have 
been observed where this application has caused a cutaneous inflammation 
of considerable severity. The tincture of the root has not been observed 
to cause this irritation. 

Dose. — Of the powdered root, ten to thirty grains, sixty to one hun- 
dred and twenty centigrammes (.60 to 1.20). An infusion of the flowers 
(2 to 16 parts to 100 water) or a decoction of the root (4 parts to 100 
water) may be given in tablespoonful doses. 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 49 



ARSENII IOD1DUM. 

IODIDE OF ARSENIC. 

Arsenicum (Arseniu?n) Jodatum — Iodure d' 'Arsenic, Fr.; Arsenik- 

jodilr, G. 

The amount of iodine contained in a proper dose of this salt is en- 
tirely too small to change the action of the arsenic, and if the effect of 
iodine is desired in addition, it must be obtained from some other of its 
preparations. 

Dose. — One-twentieth of a grain, three milligrammes (.003), gradually 
increased until the desired therapeutic effect or gastric disturbance and 
other sisms of the full action of arsenic are obtained. 

ASAFCETiDA. 

ASAFCETIDA. 

Asafoetida, P. G. ; Gummi-resina Asafoetida — Ase Fetide, Fr. ; Stink- 

asant, TenfelsdrecJc, G. 

This is a gum-resin of a strong, peculiar, and, to most persons, dis- 
agreeable odor, due to a volatile oil. This oil is readily absorbed and 
imparts its characteristic smell to the excretions. It has a somewhat 
stimulant action on the intestinal canal and the general nervous system. 
The classical indication for its use is hysteria, especially those forms 
associated with intestinal pain, tympanites, and flatulence. Similar symp- 
toms occurring in feeble but not hysteric persons may sometimes be 
treated advantageously in the same way. The enema is specially useful in 
this class of cases. Chronic bronchitis attended with spasmodic dyspnoea 
is also spoken of as being favorably affected by it. In fact, many systems 
of classification place this drug among the "antispasmodics." It may be 
given in pill, but is probably more efficacious in the form of a mixture,, 
which is easily made by rubbing the gum with water. It is also used 
externally in the form of a plaster, which is slightly irritating. 

Dose. — Three to fifteen grains, eighteen centigrammes to one gramme 
(.18tol). 

ASCLEPIAS. 

ASCLEPIAS. 

Butterfly-weed, E. ; Racine d'Asclepiade Tubereuse, Fr. ; Knollige 

Schwalbenwurzel, G. 

The officinal species is the best known of three which are used in 
medicine. It contains resins and an odorous fatty matter. It is an 
4 



50 THEKAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

emetic and purgative in large doses, but acts like many other oleo-resinous 
substances to increase the secretion of the skin. It is considered also 
expectorant, and it depresses the action of the heart. Its precise thera- 
peutical action does not seem to be very well determined, but there is 
no good evidence that it possesses any special claim to its common desig- 
nation of " pleurisy root." 

Dose. — Twenty to sixty grains, one and a half to four grammes (1.5 
to 4). 

ASPIDIUM. 

ASPIDIUM. 

[Filix Mas — Male Fern.] 

Rhizoma Filicis, P. G. ; Radix Filicis Maris — Male Shield Fern, E. ; 
Rhizome (Racine) de Fougtre Male, Ft. ; Wiirmfamwurzel, Wald- 
farnwurzel, Johanniswurzel, G. 

The active principle of this long-known drug is filicic acid, which is 
extracted in the "oleo-resin." It is used exclusively in the treatment of 
tape-worm, though at the present time comparatively little in substance. 
It is one of the most efficient tsenicides, causing a certain amount of gas- 
trointestinal irritation, though not extreme. 

Dose. — Thirty to ninety grains, two to six grammes (2 to 6), at a 
single dose or divided at short intervals. The patient should have fasted 
for some hours, and the drug should be followed by a purgative. 

ATROPINA. 

ATROPINE. 

[Atropia.] 

ATROPIN/E SULPHAS. 

SULPHATE OF ATROPINE. 

[Atrople Sulphas.] 

Atropia is the active principle of atropa belladonna. This plant also 
'contains a second alkaloid closely akin to but not identical with atropia. 
This, however, does not appreciably modify its action, and as atropine has 
been very carefully studied, and is, moreover, comparatively regular in its 
action as to the relation between dose and symptoms, the description of its 
phenomena will be given here, and that of belladonna afterward referred 
to it. Atropine is rapidly absorbed and is usually administered either per 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 51 



orein or subcutaneously, though it can easily, and sometimes does by ac- 
cident, reach the circulation from the skin or the conjunctiva. In very 
small doses its action may be confined to the region where it is applied, 
especially the eye. A single small dose, one-sixtieth of a grain, one milli- 
gram (.001), produces on most persons hardly a noticeable effect, but in a 
sensitive person decided dryness of the throat and a little dilatation of the 
pupil. Two or three doses of this size, or a single larger one, two milli- 
grammes (.002), will bring on these symptoms in most persons. A still 
larger one adds to them extreme dilatation of the pupil with loss of power 
of accommodation, a strong rapid pulse, and a cheerful active delirium. An 
eruption of a bright red color, often called scarlatiniform, is a frequent ac- 
companiment of the larger doses and sometimes of the smaller. It is fol- 
lowed by desquamation. In poisonous doses the pulse becomes feeble, 
instead of strong as at the beginning, and death takes place by asphyxia, 
after a certain amount of motor paralysis, some anaesthesia, and finally 
coma. 

When applied to the skin the sensibility is somewhat diminished at the 
point of application, but there is never complete anaesthesia. 

The various phenomena of atropine are most simply explained by the 
theory, which has in its favor the facts already mentioned, besides many 
others which are experimental, viz. : that atropine partially paralyzes cer- 
tain nerves connected with the motor system which are called inhibitory 
(pneumogastric), and secretory (chorda tympani and probably others) ; 
and at a later period, and to a less extent, the voluntary motor system. 
Besides this, it first stimulates and then paralyzes the nerves of the smooth 
muscular fibre, especially the vaso-rnotor and intestinal. In the eye the 
third pair and the sympathetic represent these two classes respectively, and 
are acted upon in the same way. In health the action upon the respira- 
tion is not so marked, but under other circumstances, especially opium- 
poisoning, it is a powerful respiratory stimulant. 

The uses of atropine are many. Solutions of from one to four grains 
to the ounce (one-fifth to one per cent.), a drop or two being placed in the 
conjunctiva of one side, dilate the pupil and paralyze the accommodation 
of that side, a condition which is often useful for ophthalmoscopic exami- 
nations, as well as in treatment to diminish pain and prevent adhesions of 
the iris. A warning has been recently given by ophthalmic surgeons, that 
too strong solutions of atropine may give rise to glaucoma. 

This alkaloid may be used with great advantage to check secretion, as 
in salivation, acute catarrh with profuse discharge, or profuse and enfeeb- 
ling sweating. For the latter purpose, especially in phthisis, it is by far the 
most efficient means which can be employed, and is best, but by no means 
necessarily, given subcutaneously. The secretion of the milk may be 



52 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 



checked in the same way, but the external application of belladonna oint- 
ment is but slightly, if at all, effectual for this purpose, unless some abra- 
sion exists to permit the more rapid absorption of the drug than usual. 
Atropine subcutaneously is one of the most rapid and certain stimulants 
to the heart and respiration that can be used. In opium-poisoning one- 
fortieth to one-twentieth, one and a half to three milligrammes (.0015 to 
.003), or even a larger fraction of a grain, may be given subcutaneously ac- 
cording to the severity of the symptoms, and especially with reference to 
the slowness of respiration and weakness of the pulse, and repeated as the 
effect passes off. In some cases of poisoning by hydrocyanic acid it may 
be of use, though in no wise a specific. The poisonous action of muscarin 
(mushroom alkaloid) is counteracted by it. 

Atropine is a direct antagonist to a part of the action of calabar bean 
and of pilocarpine, and may be used to counteract the feebleness of the 
heart's action occurring with the former and the excessive secretion from 
the latter. 

A condition of collapse with very slow or irregular, feeble pulse, com- 
ing at the termination of acute disease or under a variety of circumstances, 
may be looked upon as justifying the use of atropia subcutaneously in small 
doses. Its beneficial effects in cholera are undoubtedly due to its stimulat- 
ing effect upon the centres of organic life. 

As a corrigent to the disagreeable but not dangerous after-effects of 
morphia, atropine may be combined with it in the proportion of one to ten 
or eight parts. 

The value of belladonna, or its alkaloid, as a prophylactic to scarlet 
fever cannot be regarded as established. There is, however, enough evi- 
dence in its favor to justify a careful trial under medical direction. A 
weak solution of atropine may be administered, regulating the dose to the 
age of the patient, enough to produce just perceptible effects upon the di- 
latation of the pupil and dryness of the throat. Children bear atropine well. 

As a hypnotic, except under special circumstances by its stimulant ac- 
tion, atropine has little value. To relieve pain the same may be said of its 
use alone, though it is a useful synergist to morphia. 

Some neuralgias may, however, be relieved by it, especially when injected 
as near as possible to the affected nerve. Painful dysmenorrhea and ovarian 
neuralgia may properly be treated by it, and the more so that atropia, 
unlike morphia, presents no attractions toward the continued use and the 
formation of a habit. Atropine has been injected with some temporary 
and local benefit into spasmodically contracted muscles. Asthma may be 
relieved by its hypodermic use or by the inhalation of the fumes of burn- 
ing belladonna leaves. For the latter mode of administration the closely 
allied plant stramonium is generally used. 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 53 

Incontinence of urine, especially that of children, is cured more fre- 
quently by atropine than by any other one remedy. It should be given to 
the production of physiological effects. 

In constipation belladonna is looked upon by some practitioners as a 
stimulant to the peristaltic apparatus of the intestines, but this action is 
not intense and the belladonna usually requires to be supplemented by 
some drug like aloes, which has a more distinctly cathartic power. It 
was at one time considered to have great value in epilepsy after a long ad- 
ministration, but is much less used for this purpose than formerly. 

Applications containing atropine, such as belladonna extract or plas- 
ter, may be used with considerable freedom externally, so long as they 
come in contact with unbroken skin, but care should be taken that they 
are not placed upon too extensive a surface, of delicate or abraded skin, or 
brought into accidental contact with a mucous membrane. 

In poisoning by belladonna, although morphia may be of some value 
in modifying the cerebral manifestations, it must be recollected that when 
the dose has become really dangerous it is no longer a stimulant but the 
reverse, and death takes place, as with morphia, in coma, though less in- 
tense and with a feeble pulse and asphyxia, so that a large dose of morphia 
at this stage would simply increase the danger of the patient. 

Besides the usual precautions as to removing by emetics and cathartics 
any portions of poison winch might remain in the intestinal canal, although 
in the case of the alkaloid itself being taken this would probably be small, 
the treatment must consist in the use of stimulants, such as ammonia and 
coffee, and morphia, if at all, only in small doses, not proportioned to the 
amount of atropia absorbed. 

Dose. — For ordinary uses, one one-hundred-and-twentieth to one- 
thirtieth of a grain, half a milligramme to two milligrammes (.0005 to 
.002), in solution or pellet. In opium-poisoning the latter dose may be a 
little exceeded. 

AURANTI1 AMARI CORTEX. 

BITTER ORANGE PEEL. 

Aurantii Cortex, Br.; Cortex Fructus Aurantii, P. G. ; Cortex Auran- 
tiorum, Cortex Pomorum Aurantii — Ecorce (Zestes) cV Orange Am ti- 
res, Ecorce de Bigarade, Fr. ; Pomeranzenschale, G. 

AURANTII DULCIS CORTEX. 

SWEET ORANGE PEEL. 

Cortex Aurantiorum Dulcium — Ecorce {Zestes) cP Oranges Douces, Fr. ; 

Apfelsinenschalen, G. 



54 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 



AURANTII FLORES. 

ORANGE FLOWERS. 

Flores JVap/tce — Fieurs $ Granger, Fr. ; Orangenbluthen, Pomeranzen- 

blilthen, G. 

None of these are administered in substance as medicines. The bitter 
orange has a somewhat more active volatile oil than the others, and is 
used with other drugs to slightly stimulate the digestion. That mild 
action upon the nervous system ascribed to many volatile oils may reason- 
ably enough be supposed to belong to all the members of this group. 

AURI ET SODII CHLORIDUM. 

CHLORIDE OF GOLD AND SODIUM. 

This is a recent introduction to the Pharmacopoeia. This salt stains the 
skin violet and the internal organs green. In sufficient doses it is a gas- 
trointestinal irritant. It is absorbed and can be found in the urine. It is 
said to increase the secretions, especially the saliva, resembling mercury in 
its action, though without the stomatitis. It has been used in syphilis, 
scrofula, and cancer. 

Dose. — One-tenth to one-fifth of a grain, six to twelve milligrammes 
(.006 to .012), once or twice a day. The German Pharmacopoeia states 
the highest dose per diem as two decigrammes. 

AZEDARACH. 

AZEDARACH. 

[China-tree.] 

Pride of India, Pride of China, E. ; Ecorce d'Azedarach, Ecorce de 
Margonsier, Fr. ; Zedrachrinde, G. 

The active principle of this drug has not been isolated. It has been 
known for centuries to produce symptoms of narcotic poisoning, such as 
giddiness, mental confusion, and dimness of sight. Stertorous breathing, 
dilatation of the pupils, and stupor have been seen. It also produces 
gastro-intestinal irritation, as shown by vomiting and purging. It is used 
in the southern part of this country, where the tree is cultivated for orna- 
ment, as a remedy for the round-worm (ascaris lumbricoides). A decoc- 
tion is used (two ounces to a pint boiled to a half pint). A tablespoonful 
of this is given every two or three hours until it acts as a cathartic, or 
the doses are given at longer intervals and followed by a purge. 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 55 

BALSAMUM PERUVIANUM. 

BALSAM OF PERU. 

Balsamum Peruvianum Nigrum, Balsamum Tndicum — Baume du Perou, 
Baume des Indes, Fr. ; Peru Balsam, G. 

BALSAMUM TOLUTANUM. 

BALSAM OF TOLU. 

Baume de Tolu, Baume de Carthagene, Fr. ; Tolubalsam, G. 

Both of these balsams consist largely of resin, and both contain cin- 
namic acid. Benzoic acid, according to most authorities, is present only 
in the first. The aromatic and oily constituents are similar but not iden- 
tical in both. Like many other drugs containing resins and volatile prin- 
ciples, they have a very slightly stimulant action upon the mucous mem- 
branes of the bronchi and urinary passages, as well as the circulation if 
in sufficient dose. They have been used in many thoracic diseases 
attended with chronic bronchitis, as well as in those of the genito-urinary 
organs. Balsam of Peru may be administered by inhalation. It is also 
used externally as a dressing in various excoriations, ulcers, and skin dis- 
eases, either alone or diluted with some oily vehicle. Either of these 
balsams may be given in emulsion with sugar, and albumen or gum or 
glycerin. There are several officinal preparations of tolu which, although 
the less active, is the most used on account of its more agreeable odor and 
taste. 

Dose. — One-half drachm, two grammes or cubic centimeters. 
BELLADONNA FOLIA. 

BELLADONNA LEAVES. 

Folia (s. Herba) Belladonnce — Feuilles de Belladonne, Fr. ; Tollkirschen- 
blatter, Wolfskirschen-bldUer, Tollkraut, G. 

BELLADONN/E RADIX. 

BELLADONNA ROOT. 

Racine de Belladonnes, Fr. ; Tollkirschen-iourzel, Wolfskirschen-wurzel, G. 

This herb belongs to a remarkable group of the solanacese, of which 
all the members contain two or more alkaloids closely resembling each ' 
other in chemistry and physiological action. They are belladonna, stra- 
monium, hyoscyamus, and duboisia. The alkaloids of belladonna are 



56 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 



atropine and hyoscyamine, but the former of these is justly regarded as 
representing exactly the physiological and therapeutic action of belladonna 
and approximately that of the whole group. The fresh roots of belladonna 
contain a little more (0.6 per cent.) atropia than the leaves (0.44 percent.). 
The berries also contain the same alkaloid, and have caused poisoning. 
The preparations of belladonna are of somewhat uncertain strength, and 
when the effect as well as the name of belladonna is really desired, it is far 
better for the sake of accurate dosage to use a solution or granules of 
atropine. 

Dose. — Of belladonna leaves (seldom used in substance), one grain, six 
centigrammes (.06), gradually increased until an effect is produced. 



BENZINUM. 

BENZIN. 

[Petroleum Ether — Petroleum Benzin.] 

This compound of hydrocarbons has been used as an external remedy 
for rheumatic and neuralgic pain, itch, and for prurigo, and has also been 
used internally as a vermifuge for tape-worm, but in one case it has been 
reported to have produced the toxical symptoms of a diminished pulse 
and a gastro-intestinal irritation followed by death on the twentieth day. 
Generally it does not cause vomiting or diarrhoea. 

Dose. — Five to ten drops, thirty to sixty centigrammes (.30 to. 60) ; as 
a vermifuge, thirty minims, two grammes or cubic centimeters (2). It may 
be administered on a lump of sugar or in mucilage. 

BENZOINUM. 

BENZOIN. 

Benzoe, P. G. ; Besina Benzoe, Asa Dulcis — Gum Benjamin, E.; Benzoin, 

Fr. ; Benzoe, G. 

This drug contains besides the benzoic acid (twelve to twenty per cent.) 
already described, several resins, a little volatile oil, and sometimes cinnamic 
acid. Like other resins and volatile oils it has a tendency toward mucous 
membranes, especially the respiratory. It has been used in chronic bron- 
chitis and in dysentery, in the latter disease rather on account of its action 
before absorption than after. The tincture is used externally as a pro- 
tective or (mixed with water) as a mild local stimulant. It is not used in 
substance internally. 



UNITED STATES PHAKMACOPCEIA. 57 

BISMUTHI CITRAS. 

CITRATE OF BISMUTH. 

Dose. — One to three grains, six to eighteen centigrammes (.06 to .18), 
in solution with water of ammonia or in powder. 

BISMUTHI ET AMMONI/E CITRAS. 

CITRATE OP BISMUTH AND AMMONIA. 

Dose. — Two to four grains thirteen to twenty-six centigrammes (.13 
to .26), in solution. 

BISMUTHI SUBCARBONAS. 

SUBCARBONATE OP BISMUTH. 

BISMUTHI SUBNITRAS. 

SUBNITRATE OP BISMUTH. 

Bismuthum Sttbnitricum, P. G. ; Bismuthum Hydriconitricum, Magisterium 
Bismuthi, Subazotas (s. Subnitras) Bismuthicus — Sous-azotate de Bis- 
muth, Fr.; Basisches Salpetersaures Bismuthoxyd, G. 

Soluble salts of "bismuth are by no means harmless, as has been shown 
in regard to the acetate, tartrate of bismuth and potassium or sodium, 
and the citrate of bismuth and ammonium given subcutaneously, which 
produce poisoning something like that from mercury or gold. Of the 
comparatively insoluble preparations minute quantities are absorbed and 
can be found in the urine. The only soluble preparation in this list, the 
citrate of bismuth and ammonia, is precipitated by the hydrochloric acid 
which it meets in the gastric juice, and is consequently reduced to the 
condition of the others ; but as this precipitation may be incomplete, 
owing to an excess either of the citrate or of the acid which redissolves the 
precipitate, it is recommended that the dose of this preparation should 
never be proportioned to the extreme or even the average doses which 
have been used of the subnitrate. The action of the insoluble salts, sub- 
nitrate and subcarbonate, is chiefly a local one upon inflamed mucous 
membrane, as for instance in gastric catarrh and other affections of the 
stomach attended with ulceration or irritation and its consequent vomit- 
ing, and in gastro-intestinal catarrh and its consequent diarrhoea ; typhoid 
and tuberculous diarrhoea and cholera infantum are benefited by it. The 
mechanical apposition of the powder upon the irritated mucous surface 
probably relieves or soothes the local irritability and thus checks both 
vomiting and diarrhoea. Therefore it follows that the administration of 



58 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

the drug should be in pretty large and frequent doses given on a fasting 
stomach. Formerly the use of large doses produced an irritant action 
upon the mucous surfaces, because the drug was largely contaminated 
with arsenic. It is impossible to have bismuth without a small amount 
of arsenic, and the Pharmacopoeia gives a test for comparative purity 
from this poison. Subnitrate of bismuth may be used in all sorts of ex- 
ternal excoriations as a protective powder ; also snuffed into the nostrils in 
coryza and ozsena. 

Dose. — Five to ten or even twenty grains, thirty to sixty or one 
hundred and thirty centigrammes (0.30 to 0.60 or 1.30), given directly 
upon the tongue or mixed into a paste with water. Much larger doses 
than these have occasionally been given without unfavorable and some- 
times with very beneficial results not attained with smaller doses. 

BRAYERA. 

KOUSSO. 

Cusso, Br. ; Flores Kosso, P. G. ; Kousso, Kusso, E. ; Cousso, Kousso, Fr. ; 

Kosso, Cusso, Kusso, G. 

Contains tannin and an acid resin, Koussin, which is probably the ac- 
tive principle. This usually very efficient anthelmintic is especially useful 
to dislodge the common tape-worm (taenia solium), and is also efficient in 
the case of the broad tape-worm from beef (brothriocephalus latus, taenia 
lata), but is apparently not so fatal to the latter. The Pharmacopoeia pre- 
scribes a fluid extract and an infusion ; the latter freshly prepared and 
given on a stomach which has been fasting for twenty-four hours generally 
dislodges the head in the course of twenty four hours without purging. 
A certain amount of intestinal irritation is often observed. An emulsion 
with castor-oil, egg-yolk, a few drops of ether and oil of anise makes a 
less nauseant mixture than does the infusion alone. It is also advisable 
to add a few drops (ten to twenty) of oleoresin of male fern. 

Dose. — Four to six drachms, fifteen to twenty-three grammes. 

BROMUM. 

BROMINE. 
Bromum, Br., P. G. ; Brdme, Fr. ; Brom, G. 

(Under the name of Brominium in the old edition. ) 

This non-metallic element, somewhat volatile at the ordinary temper- 
ature of the air, is never used in the uncombined form in medicine, and 
in fact it would probably, if taken in this form, unite with the soda or 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 59 

potassa found in the secretions or tissues of the body and form a neutral 
salt of bromide and a bromate of sodium or potassium. It is found in 
sea-water and in the mother-liquor of certain salt works, usually combined 
with calcium or magnesium. The mineral waters of Kreuznach, Kissingen 
in Germany, and in the western parts of Pennsylvania and Virginia, in the 
Ohio and Kanawha valleys, contain bromine salts. The mother-liquors of 
the American salt works contain about one-half of one per cent, of bro- 
mine. The water of Kissingen and of the Empire Spring of Saratoga 
contains a little less than one per cent, of sodium bromide. Vapor of 
bromine causes an intense irritation of the mucous membrane of the air- 
passages and of the eyes, followed by cough, hoarseness, and dyspnoea. 
When ingested it causes a violent irritation and caustic action on the 
stomach and intestinal canal, Applied upon the skin it also causes an 
irritant corrosive action followed by gangrenous sores. Formerly bromine 
was used as an antiseptic dressing in hospital gangrene and cancerous 
ulcerations, but its topical application causes much pain, and its use has 
been superseded by more efficient and less irritating escharotics. The 
chief medical use of bromine is in its combined salts of sodium, potassium, 
lithium, and calcium, all of which have a similar action upon the nervous 
system, a description of which will be found under the head of Bromide 
of Potassium. 

BRYONIA. 

BRYONY. 

Bryone, Couleuvree, Fr. ; Zaum^iibe, Gichtriibe, G. 

Contains a bitter principle, bryonin. Bryonia is a vesicating irritant to 
the skin, and, like several other officinal members of the same family, an 
irritant to the mucous membrane of the intestinal canal, severe enough to 
have in some cases caused death. Its chief use is that of a hydragogue ca- 
thartic, for the relief of dropsical or serous effusions. It has been recom- 
mended as a counter-irritant in chronic articular and muscular rheumatism 
and in glandular enlargements. 

Dose. — Twenty to sixty grains, one to four grammes. 

BUCHU. 

BUOHU. 

Buchu Folia, Br. ; Feuilles de Bucco, Fr. ; Buckublatter, Buccobldtter, G. 

The buchu leaves from barosma betulina should afford about one 
and a half of one per cent, of a volatile oil having rather a peppermint 
odor, which deviates the ray of polarized light considerably to the left. 



60 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

They also contain buchu camphor, a crystalline substance which has an 
almost pure peppermint odor, and which is soluble in carbon disulphide. 
An infusion of the leaves produces a mucilage which is readily miscible in 
dilute alcohol and partakes of the character of tragacanth mucilage, and 
is not properly soluble in water. Its internal use produces a sense of 
warmth in the stomach, especially when administered in wine, and the pe- 
culiar aromatic odor of the drug will be observed in the urine ; it aug- 
ments the appetite, promotes digestion, and favors the secretion of urine. 
The ingestion of large doses is followed by vomiting and purging. Its 
chief medicinal use is in pyelitis, cystitis, urethritis, and bronchitis, and 
in general catarrhal inflammations of the mucous surfaces. 

Dose. — Fifteen to thirty grains, one to two grammes (1 to 2). 

CAFFEINA. 

CAFFEINE. 

Although contained in tea and coffee, caffeine does not represent ex- 
actly their action, since in the one a volatile oil is naturally present and 
in the other aromatic substances, collectively known as cafeone, are de- 
veloped by proper roasting. It is not as yet possible to distribute accu- 
rately all the activity of coffee between these two important constituents, 
but it is undoubtedly to the caffeine that the increased reflex activity and 
the increased strength of the circulation (not rapidity of pulse) is due. 
Large doses (twelve grains) of caffeine cause restlessness, an uncomfort- 
able and anxious state of mind, great tremulousness of the hands and 
arms, and diuresis. The increased brain-power, long popularly, and ap- 
parently correctly, attributed to coffee seems to be, in part at least, due to 
the alkaloid. Proportionately larger doses to frogs produce convulsions 
like those of strychnia, and are followed by death in the same way. 

Caffeine is used in medicine chiefly to relieve headache, especially 
nervous and that connected with chronic Bright's disease, which it often 
does with great rapidity. Unfortunately in many cases the susceptibility 
of the patient to its therapeutic action seems to be rapidly exhausted. It 
is also used as a diuretic and to strengthen the heart, in both of which 
properties it closely resembles digitalis, though less enduring in its 
action. For headache it may be given in powder or dissolved with a 
little citric acid, either by the mouth or subcutaneously. This is better 
than prescribing the citrate of caffeine (so called), which is not a definite 
salt. Guarana and the domestic cup of strong tea undoubtedly owe their 
power of relieving headache to this alkaloid. For action on digestion, as 
a general stimulant in alcohol and opium narcotism, although caffeine 
would undoubtedly be of value, yet the aromatic constituents present in 



UNITED STATES PHAKMACOPCEIA. Gl 

tea and roasted coffee are by no means to be left out of the account, and 
these beverages have therefore a decided advantage over the alkaloid 
alone. 

Dose. — Two to four grains, twelve to twenty-five centigrammes (.12 to 
.25). Much larger doses have been given, but twelve grains are, as stated 
above, likely to give rise to disagreeable if not dangerous effects. 

CALAMUS. 

CALAMUS. 

[Sweet Flag.] 

Rhizoma Calami, P. G.; Radix Calami Aromatici, Radix Acori — Sweet Flag, 
E.; A core Vrai, Acore Odorant, Fr.; Kalmuswurzel, G. 

Contains volatile oil and a bitter principle. It can hardly be said to 
have in substance a medicinal use or a fixed dose, although small quanti- 
ties may be chewed to stimulate the appetite. An infusion (one ounce to 
one pint) may be used. 

CALCII BROMIDUM. 

BROMIDE OF CALCIUM. 

One of the numerous substitutes proposed for bromide of potassium 
(which see), and much less effective. 

Dose. — Fifteen to thirty grains, one to two grammes (1 to 2), in 
solution. 

CALCII CARBONAS PR/ECIPITATUS. 

PRECIPITATED CARBONATE OF CALCIUM. 

Calcis Carbonas Prcecipitata, Br. ; Calcaria Carbonica Prcecipitata, P. G. ; 
Carbonas Calcicus Prcecipitatus, Creta Prcecipitata — Precipitated Carbon- 
ate of Lime, E. ; Carbonate de Chaux Precipite, Craie Precipitee, Fr. ; 
Prdcipitirter Kohlensaurer Kalk, G. 

A very pure form of carbonate of lime, though not quite so fine a 
powder as the prepared chalk, with which it is, for all medical purposes, 
essentially identical. It is astringent and antacid. Used internally in 
diarrhoea accompanied by an acid condition of the intestinal contents ; 
externally as a dusting powder for cosmetic purposes or to ulcers and 
excoriations. 

Dose. — Five to sixty grains, thirty centigrammes to four grammes (.30 
to 4), in mucilage. 



62 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 



CALCII CHLORBDUM. 

CHLORIDE OF CALCIUM. 

Is an active gastro intestinal irritant. Has been supposed to have a 
special action on the glandular system and on uterine and ovarian tumors. 

Dose. — Ten to twenty grains, sixty-five to one hundred and thirty 
grammes (.65 to 1.30), in milk or dissolved in much water. 

CALCII HYPOPHOSPHIS. 

HYPOPHOSPHITE OF CALCIUM. 

Calcis Hypophosphis, Br. Add. ; Calcaria Hypophosphorosa, Hypophosphis 
Galcicus — Hypophosphite of Lime, E. ; Hypophosphite de Chaux, Fr. ; 
Unter-phosphorigsaurer Kalk, G. 

Is supposed to owe its tonic properties to the phosphorus and its 
bone-forming value to the lime. It is one of the drugs which have been 
said to cure consumption, and in combination with the other hypophos- 
phites (syrupus hypophosphitum) and cod-liver oil it seems to have a 
tonic effect in some cases, but is no specific. It is a safer method of 
giving phosphorus than in the metalloidal or unoxidized form, and as a 
bone-forming agent it is probably as efficacious as the phosphates to 
which it is partially transformed in the blood. It should not be pre- 
scribed with oxidizing substances, chlorate of potassium, for instance. 

Dose. — Three to five grains, twenty to fifty centigrammes (.20 to .50), 
in solution. 

CALCII PHOSPHAS PR/ECIPITATA. 

PRECIPITATED PHOSPHATE OF CALCIUM. 

Calcis Phosphas, Br. ; Calcaria Phosphorica, P. G. ; Phosphas Calcicus Prce- 
cipitatus — Precipitated Phosphate of Lime, E. ; Phosphate de Chaux 
Hydrate, Fr. ; Phosphorsaure Kalkerde, G. 

The callus formed on the fractured bones of young animals is con- 
siderably heavier when this salt is given (in the form of so-called lacto- 
phosphate) than when not. The influence of phosphates on the growth and 
fructification of plants and the fact of their presence in excess wherever 
tissue-growth, either animal or vegetable, is going on most rapidly, are in- 
voked to prove the value of this salt as a tonic. In substance, however, it 
is less soluble than in the form just spoken of. It is administered to preg- 
nant women to prevent the caries of the teeth so common in this condition. 

Dose. — Ten to thirty grains, sixty centigrammes to two grammes (.60 
to 2), in powder. 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. G3 

CALENDULA. 

CALENDULA. 

[Makigold.] 
Fleur de Toils les Mois, Souci, Fr. ; Ringelblume, G. 

Contains a bitter principle and calendulin. Has been employed in the 
treatment of many and various diseases. Little is known of its physio- 
logical action. A strong tincture is used externally to promote the heal- 
ing of wounds. 

Dose. — Indefinite. 

CALUMBA. 

CALUMBA. 

[COLUMBO.] 

Calumbce Radix, Br. ; Radix Columbo, P. G. ; Radix Calumbo — Golumbo, 
Calumba, E. ; Columbo, Fr. ; Kolombowurzel, G. 

Contains the bitter columbin and the alkaloid berberina united to 
columbic acid ; also starch. It is a pure bitter and one of the mildest, 
and is used in cases of dyspepsia and enfeebled digestion to excite, like 
other bitters, the flow of peptic secretion. It is one of the few bitters 
which does not, in the form of tincture or infusion, make an unsightly 
mixture with salts of iron. 

Dose. — Ten to thirty grains, sixty centigrammes to two grammes (.60 
to 2). Not often used in substance. An infusion (one ounce to one pint) 
may be used, but alcohol should be added as a preservative. 

CALX. 

LIME. 

Calcaria Usta, P. G. ; Calcaria, Calx Viva, Calx Usfa, Oxydum Calcicum — 
Burned Lime, E.; Chaux, Chaux Vive, Fr.; Kalk, Gebrannter Kalk, G. 

Lime, before it has assumed the condition of hydrate, is an irritant 
and caustic, though less powerful than the alkalies. 

The powder inhaled or swallowed may cause dangerous or fatal inflam- 
mation, or in the eyes severe conjunctivitis. The antidote is acetic or 
sulphuric acid so diluted as not to be itself an irritant. Oxalic acid might 
be used externally. Lime is not used internally in substance, but as 
lime-water is an antacid and astringent. It is used externally as a caustic 
and depilatory. It is an ingredient of potassa cum calce (Vienna paste). 
Lime in quantity is used as a means for disposing of putrefying material 



64 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

and for disinfecting vaults, privies, and (in the form of whitewash) rooms. 
It is not antiseptic in the strict sense of the word, but its affinity for water 
produces rapid and thorough decomposition, while the resulting hydrate 
absorbs many of the products. 

CALX CHLORATA. 

CHLORINATED LIME. 

[Chlobide of Lime.] 

Calx Chlorata, Br.; Calcaria Chlorata, P. G. ; Chloris Galcicus, Ghloruretum 
Golds, Galcii Hypochloris — Chloride of Lime, Hypochloride of Calcium, 
Bleaching Powder, E. ; Chlorure de Chaux, Poudre de Tennant, ou de 
Knox, Fr. ; Chlorkalk, Bleichkalk, G. 

Antiseptic, from the chlorine it contains in so loose a combination that 
it is set free by the weakest acids, even carbonic. It may be more rapidly 
liberated, however, by the use of a stronger acid, as sulphuric. It is 
used on a large scale for disinfecting sewers and drains and washing 
floors, walls, and clothes (it is injurious, however, to the texture). In 
medicine its chief use is local, a solution being applied to wounds or ul- 
cerating or gangrenous surfaces, as in sore throat, stomatitis, or dysentery. 
It has, however, been used internally in some zymotic diseases. 

Dose. — Internally, three to six grains, twenty to forty centigrammes 
(.20 to .40), in one or two ounces of water filtered and sweetened ; ex- 
ternally, a solution of from one to four drachms to the pint (three-fourths 
to three per cent.) may be considered a proper strength. A one per cent, 
solution is suitable for a mouth-wash. As an antiseptic for floors the 
powder or a much stronger solution is proper. An ointment for ulcers 
may be made with equal parts of the excipient. 

CALX SULPHURATA, 

SULPHURATED LIME. 

[Sulphide of Calcium.] 

Sulphuret of Calcium, E. ; Sulfure de Calcium, Fr. ; Kalkschwefelleber, Hepar 

Sulfuris Galcareum, G. 

Large doses of the sulphides are actively irritant to the stomach, but 
medicinal ones usually cause no trouble, or at most, slight. They may, 
however, give rise to eructations of sulphuretted hydrogen and perhaps 
some looseness of the bowels. The sulphide of calcium is used almost 
entirely for its effect on the process of suppuration, especially suppurative 
dermatitis, hastening the discharge of pus if already formed, and check- 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 65 

ing its formation if the inflammation is still in its early stage. It may be 
given in pill or trituration with sugar of milk, but should be frequently 
renewed, as it gradually changes to the sulphate, of which in the begin- 
ning the officinal preparation partly consists. 

Dose. — From one-tenth to one-half a grain, six milligrammes to three 
centigrammes (.006 to .03), every two or three hours. Two grains, how- 
ever, have been given. 

CAMBOGIA. 

GAMBOGE. 

Cambogia, Br. ; Gutti, P. G. ; Gummi Resina (Gummi) guttce, s. gutti, 
Guttagamba, Cambodia — Gutte, Gomme-gutte, T?r.; Gummigutt, Gutti, G. 

The resin cambogic acid is the active principle. It is an active but 
not very irritating cathartic. In small doses it appears to act on the kid- 
neys as well as the bowels. It is seldom given alone, but with some other 
cathartic, for instance, jalap and bitartrate of potassium. It may be 
rubbed up with sugar and water. 

Dose. — One to five grains, six to thirty centigrammes (.06 to .30), as 
a cathartic. If a diuretic action is desired, one grain or less every hour. 

CAMPHORA. 

CAMPHOR. 

Camphre, Fr. ; Kampfer, G. 

Locally, camphor is a somewhat mild irritant. In the mouth it pro- 
duces, at first, a burning taste, and afterward a sensation of coolness, and 
if swallowed similar feelings in the stomach. It is absorbed from the 
mucous membranes and makes its appearance again in the breath and 
perspiration. Its action after absorption appears to be chiefly upon the 
brain, causing giddiness and somnolence. Fainting, delirium, convul- 
sions, and severe coma may occur. The pulse does not seem to be con- 
stantly affected, though in some cases of poisoning it has become very 
feeble. The doses required to produce severe symptoms seem to vary 
widely. The so-called " homoeopathic " solution of camphor seems to have 
produced faintness, giddiness, and convulsions in a number of cases. It 
is stated that two doses of ten drops each rendered a robust mountain 
guide so giddy that he was unable to proceed. The medical uses of cam- 
phor are : in the typhoid condition, where the indications are essentially 
the same as for alcohol, small doses being here indicated, though medium 
ones may be given ; in some slighter nervous diseases, such as headache, 
palpitation, hiccup, etc. ; in larger doses as a sedative it is used to repress 
sexual excitement, as in involuntary emissions and chordee. It may be 
5 



66 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

combined with opium, both in pill and tincture, in the treatment of diar- 
rhoea. The officinal tinctura opii camphorata is a useful preparation where 
large doses are not needed. Snuffed into the nostrils either as a powder 
or as a vapor of the tincture dropped into hot water, it breaks up or mit- 
igates a forming coryza. Externally it is applied to ulcers as a stimulant. 
Dissolved in ether it makes a cleanly, if not very powerful, local applica- 
tion in erysipelas. Small doses may be given in pill, larger ones in emul- 
sion which can be made from the tincture, or the tincture can be dropped 
on a lump of sugar. 

Dose. — Small, below five grains, thirty centigrammes (.30). Doses of 
one or two grains may be frequently repeated. Medium, ten to twenty 
grains, sixty to one hundred and twenty centigrammes (.60 to 1.20). 
Large, above twenty grains, one hundred and twenty centigrammes. 

CAMPHORA MOIMOBROMATA. 

MONOBROMATED CAMPHOR. 

Intended to combine the sedative properties of camphor with those of 
the bromides. It has been used in the whole class of cases in which the 
bromides have been found useful, but is less efficient. It has some but 
not very great value as a hypnotic. It is given in sugar-coated pills or 
dissolved in some bland oil with alcohol or glycerin. 

Dose. — Three to five grains, twenty to thirty- two centigrammes (.20 to 
.32), which may be soon repeated. 

CANNABIS AMERICANA. 

AMERICAN CANNABIS. 

Chanvre Americain, Fr. ; Amerikanischer Hanf i G. 

CANNABIS INDICA. 

INDIAN CANNABIS. 

[Indian Hemp.] 
Herba Cannabis Indicce, P. G. ; Chanvre Indien, Fr. ; Indischer Hanf, G. 
Neither of these drugs is used in substance, and as all the preparations 
are directed to be made from the Indian variety, the American must be 
intended for extemporaneous decoction or tincture. The narcotic proper- 
ties of hemp reside in a resin, and perhaps a small quantity of volatile oil 
which seems to be present in the plant grown in certain localities only. 
The American is like the Indian in the kind of action, but is less powerful. 
The activity of cannabis is exerted chiefly on the brain, producing delu- 
sions and delirium of a very peculiar kind. The most characteristic ef- 



UNITED STATES PHAEMACOPCEIA. 67 

fects are a condition of double consciousness and an extreme apparent 
prolongation of space and time. A certain amount of anaesthesia, but bj 
no means complete, impaired locomotion, acceleration of pulse and warmth 
of skin are observed after moderate doses. The secretions are but very 
slightly affected. It is obvious that the effects of a drug acting so ex- 
clusively on the nervous system must vary very widely in persons of dif- 
ferent race and temperament as well as mental habits. Although alarm- 
ing symptoms, such as loss of consciousness, insensibility of pupils, 
convulsions and collapse, with cold skin and feeble pulse, have been seen, 
no fatal case of acute poisoning is known. The chronic use appears to 
lead to a gradual enfeeblement of the bodily and mental powers. Death 
has occurred, which seems fairly attributable to the condition induced by 
its long- continued use. Lemon-juice and the vegetable acids generally, 
are the best antidotes to an overdose. 

Although it has been used in a great number of diseases, its real med- 
ical applications are not very extensive. It is said to have been of value 
in tetanus, and, in the continued dose, in migraine. As an anaesthetic it is 
of slight value, since the induction of any useful degree of anaesthesia 
demands a dose which would produce other and unpleasant effects. As a 
hypnotic it may be tried among the milder ones, but is neither powerful 
nor certain. With bromide of potassium it has proved useful in insane 
delirium. It is said to increase the activity of the uterus in labor, and 
has been used as a diuretic. There is no preparation of cannabis indica of 
which the close can be depended on. It must be determined by begin- 
ning with a quantity known to be safe, and increasing until the effective 
dose is reached. It is recommended that the physician should keep a par- 
cel of the extract of which he knows by experiment the proper dose, or 
that he should request some special pharmacist to do so for him and notify 
him when the supply is changed. 

Dose. — See the preparations. 

CANTHARIS. 

OANTHARIDES. 

[Spanish Flies.] 

Lytta Vesicatoria, Fab. ; Cantharides, P. G. ; Muscae Hispanicce — Spanish 
Flies, E. ; Cantharides, Fr. ; Spanische Fliegen, Canthariden, G. 

The active principle is cantharidin, soluble in a great variety of alco- 
holic, ethereal, and oily menstrua, and to a small extent in water. It is 
an active irritant, causing vesication when applied to the skin and severe 
gastro-enteritis when given in sufficient doses by the mouth. When ab- 
sorbed either from the skin or the intestinal tract it is rapidly eliminated 



68 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

by the kidneys, and causes genitourinary irritation, which in mild cases 
may consist in strangury alone, but in severe and sufficiently prolonged 
cases is attended with suppressed or bloody urine, nephritis, and cystitis. 
Priapism and sexual excitement and, in the pregnant female, abortion 
are frequent accompaniments. The smallest recorded fatal dose was 
twenty-four grains. This drug is used chiefly as a rubefacient and vesicant, 
being employed in a vast number of diseases treated on the plan of coun- 
ter-irritation or revulsion. It is the most convenient agent for making 
a blister, being more manageable and less painful than ammonia and easier 
to heal than mustard. Too large blisters should not be applied over 
newly formed or delicate skin lest absorption take place, nor to infants or 
old and feeble persons lest there be over-irritation or sloughing. A blis- 
tering plaster is usually not allowed to remain until the blister is com- 
pletely formed, since the process goes on for some time after the plaster is 
removed. A warm poultice may accelerate its progress. The cerate, paper, 
and collodion are generally employed to make blisters. If it is desired to 
have the blister heal quickly the contents may be removed by a puncture 
without breaking the skin ; if the skin be accidentally broken apply a 
neutral ointment ; if the suppuration is to be kept up use resin or savin 
cerate. The tincture may be used where a lesser degree of irritation is 
desired, as in hair- washes. Internally cantharides is sometimes given as 
a diuretic, for which purpose, however, there are many safer drugs. In 
some atonic conditions of the urinary passages with chronic discharges 
or incontinence of urine, the moderately irritating action of small doses of 
cantharides is of value in inducing a more normal activity. It has been 
used criminally to induce abortion, endangering, like most fceticidal drugs, 
the life of the mother almost as much as that of the child. It is also some- 
times surreptitiously given to excite the sexual appetite. Poisoning should 
be treated by emetics, possibly mild cathartics, warm water, and afterward 
the usual means. employed in inflammations of the stomach, kidneys, and 
bladder. 

Dose. — In substance, one to two grains, six to thirteen centigrammes 
(.06 to .13), in pill. The tincture is more generally given internally. 

CAPSICUM. 

CAYENNE PEPPER. 

Gapsici Fructus, Br. ; Piper Hispanicum — African or Pod Pepper, E. ; Cap- 
siqua, Piment des Jardins, Piment Rouge, Poivre de Cayenne, Fi\ ; Span- 
ischer Pfeffer, G. 
The pepper which comes from the district of Nepaul has the finest 

flavor. Water, alcohol, ether, acetic acid, and the volatile oils dissolve the 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 69 

active ingredients of capsicum fruit. Externally this is an intense rube- 
facient but not a vesicatory ; the application of heat and moisture and 
prevention from evaporation of the volatile oil increase the irritating 
effects on the skin. Internally this irritates the mucous surface generally, 
promoting the now of the various secretions. It is also a stimulant to the 
general circulation, a fine, pleasant glow immediately following its inges- 
tion. Some of the preparations, as, for instance, the oleoresin, have a 
very intense action on the tissues, sometimes destroying the epithelium 
and exciting a severe gastro-intestinal irritation and inflammation. To 
counteract this tendency after an overdose of capsicum, copious use of 
very cold water will relieve the local irritation. Heat, even when com- 
bined with emollient preparations, will increase it. Its medical uses 
are in diarrhoea, dyspepsia, and, in large doses, delirium tremens. As 
a local application it is used in the sore throat of scarlet fever and 
diphtheria. 

Dose. — Five to ten grains, thirty to sixty centigrammes (.30 to .60). 
In delirium tremens, twenty grains, one hundred and twenty centigrammes 
(1.20). For the latter purpose it may be put into soup, or the tincture 
may be used. 

CARBO ANIMALIS. 

CARBO ANIMALIS PURIFIOATUM. 

[Purified Animal Charcoal.] 

CARBO LIGNI. 

WOOD CHARCOAL. 

Boneblack, E. ; Charbon, Fr. ; Thier- or Knochen-Kohle, G. 

Unless care is exercised in purifying animal charcoal, a disagreeable 
musty or bony odor is retained, and when any substance is filtered through 
the charcoal it will often absorb this same odor. As this is also used to 
correct flatulence and absorb disagreeable stomachal gases, it is quite 
important that the purification shall be thoroughly done. In the latter 
case it would be more advisable to use wood charcoal. The only objec- 
tion to the internal use of large quantities of charcoal is that of a possible 
accumulation in the alimentary canal ; hence it is advisable to associate 
with it some laxative ingredient. Though it has been proposed to ad- 
minister large quantities of charcoal in poisoning by the alkaloids, with 
the hope of absorbing and keeping the latter in an inert form, but little 



70 THEEAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

reliance should be placed on this method when the advantages of the 
stomach-pump, emetics, and other means of rendering the alkaloids rela- 
tively insoluble are much greater. Locally it is an excellent ingredient 
in poultices to fetid and sloughing ulcers, and also as a dentifrice (for this 
purpose it should be very finely powdered and not gritty). It should be 
freshly prepared. 

Dose. — One or more teaspoonfuls in water, or in capsules. 



CARBONEI BISULPHIDUM. 

BISULPHIDE OF CARBON. 

[Disulphide of Carbon.] 

Carboneum Sulphuratum, Alcohol Sulfuris, P. G. ; Carbonii Bisulphidum, 
Carbon Sulphide, E. ; Sulfure de Carbone, Fr. ; Schwefelkohlenstoff, G. 

The " characteristic " odor of this substance is apt, in the commercial 
samples, to be a very disagreeable one, and possibly some of the effects at- 
tributed to it are really due to impurities. Inhaled it is a rapid, powerful, 
but transient anossthetic, producing excitement of the heart and leaving 
behind headache and nausea. Chronic inhalation of its vapor, which hap- 
pens in some caoutchouc manufactories, produces severe disorder of the 
nervous and digestive system. Two or three drops internally give rise to 
gastro-intestinal irritation, disagreeable eructations, and dysuria. It has 
been used for many purposes in medicine, but there are few of these pur- 
poses for which there is not a better substitute. It can be used for the 
production of local anaesthesia by atomization. It has been used in the 
form of an ointment and in substance as a counter-irritant. 



CARDAMOM UM. 

CARDAMOM. 

Fructus vel Semen Cardamomi Minoris, P. G. ; Cardamomum Minus, Car- 
damomum Malabaricum — Malabar Cardamoms, E. ; Cardamomes, Fr. ; 
Cardamomen, Kleine Kardamomem, G. 

Contains a volatile oil, and possesses the slightly stimulant properties 
common to drugs of this class. It is used as a carminative and stomachic. 
The seeds are often eaten in moderate quantity. An infusion of one 
drachm to half a pint (four grammes to half a liter) may be used in wine- 
glassful doses. 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 71 

CARUM. 

CARAWAY. 

Garvi Fructus, Br. ; Fructus Carvi, P. G. ; Caraway Fruit or Seed, E. ; 
Carvi, Cunim des pres, Fr. ; Ktimmel, G. 

Contains a fragrant volatile oil. The seeds are eaten. An infusion, 
one drachm or two to a half pint (four to eight grammes to the litre), may 
be given to adults or children in colicky or flatulent affections. 

CARYOPHYLLUS. 

CLOVES. 

Caryophyllum, Br. ; Caryophylli, P. G. ; Caryophylli Aromatici — Girqfle, 
Gerqfle, Clous Aromatiques, Fr. ; Gewurznelken, Ndgelein, G. 

This aromatic spice is used commonly in the form of an infusion, as a 
digestive stimulant, or in colic. Its medicinal virtue resides in its vola- 
tile oil, which is chiefly used as a topical application on a cotton wad to 
a carious tooth. It contains also tannin, resin, and other less important 
constituents. 

Dose. — Five to ten grains, thirty to sixty-five centigrammes (.30 to 
.65), in infusion. It may be used externally, powdered or bruised. 

CASCARILLA. 

CASCARILLA. 

Cascarillce Cortex, Br. ; Cortex Cascarillce, P. G. ; Cortex Eluterice, Cortex 
Thuris, Cascarille, Ghacrille, Ecorce Elutherienne, Fr. ; Cascarilla, Kas- 
karillrinde, G. 

Contains a bitter and a volatile oil, and, like other aromatic bitters, is 
used chiefly in stomachal or intestinal atony, especially in those which are 
combined with flatulence. 

Dose. — Thirty grains, two grammes, in infusion. 

CASSIA FISTULA. 

CASSIA FISTULA. 

[Purging Cassia.] 

Fructus Cassias Fistulas — Casse Officinale, Casse en Bdton, Fr. ; Purgier- 
cassie, Fistelkassie, Rdhrencassie, G. 

The sweetish (containing sixty per cent, of sugar) pulp is the portion 
used. This laxative is useful in small doses to relieve constipation. In 



72 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

large doses it may occasion nausea and griping intestinal pain. Rarely 
administered alone, it is combined with other mild cathartics. The con- 
fection of senna represents a convenient and agreeable combination of 
this kind. 

Dose. — Thirty to ninety grains of the pulp, two to six grammes. 

CASTANEA. 

CASTANEA. 

[Chestnut.] 

Folia Castanece — Feuilles de Ghdtaignier, Feuilles de Mdronnee, Fr. ; Kas- 

tanienbldtter, G. 

The physiological action of this drug is not known. Its chief use is 
in whooping-cough, and, as its taste is not disagreeable, it is a convenient 
placebo for children. 

Dose. — Ten to sixty grains, sixty centigrammes to four grammes, 
given in infusion and combined with bromide of potassium and frequently 
repeated. The fluid extract is officinal. 

CATECHU. 

CATECHU. 

Cutch, Terra Japonica, Catechu Nigrum — Cachou, Fr. ; Katechu, Pegu- 

catechu, G. 

Contains varying proportions of catechuic and catechutannic acid, to 
the latter of which its medicinal activity is due. Several varieties of 
catechu of different botanical origin have the same action. Used exter- 
nally and internally for its astringent properties. Its most common use 
in diarrhoea is in form of an infusion, tincture, or in troches. It should 
not be prescribed with metallic salts. 

Dose. — Ten to thirty grains, sixty centigrammes to two and a half 
grammes (.60 to 2.50). 

CAULOPHYLLUM. 

CAULOPHYLLUM. 

[Blue Cohosh — Pappoose Root — Squaw Root — Bluebeeey Root.] 

Contains the glucoside saponin and resins. The former of these sub- 
stances has a depressing effect upon the heart, but it is probably not 
present in sufficient quantity to give much activity to the drug. This 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 73 

drug has little, if any, medicinal virtue, though it has been recommended 
as a diuretic, antispasmodic, and emmenagogue. It may be given in infu- 
sion, in doses of one to five grains, six to thirty centigrammes (.06 to .30). 

CERA ALBA. 

WHITE WAX. 

Give Blanche — Weisses Wachs, G. 

This may be used in combination with petrolatum to render the latter 
more consistent and adhesive and to make a cerate. 

CERA FLAVA. 

YELLOW WAX. 

Cera Gitrina — Beeswax, Br.; Give Jaune, Fr. ; Gelbes Wachs, G. 

Owes its value in medicine to its resistance to many chemical reagents 
and to decomposition. Its fusibility at moderate temperatures, but solid- 
ity at that of the body, make it valuable in the preparation of cerates and 
ointments. It has little other medicinal virtue. It contains a cerotic acid 
or cerin in small quantity — say about ten per cent. 

CERATUM. 

CERATE. 

[Simple Cerate.] 

Gerat Simple, Fr. ; Einfaches Cerat, Wachssalbe, G. 

This compound is used as a simple protection in healing wounds or 
ulcers. Petrolatum may be prescribed in the place of lard in the propor- 
tion of one to three or five parts. A cerate thus prepared has the advan- 
tage of being more emollient and is more adhesive to the skin, washing 
off with more difficulty than lard. A very small amount of carbolic acid 
added will keep off flies from the surface to which it is applied. One 
drop of carbolic acid to the ounce of cerate is sufficient for this purpose ; 
two per cent, may be used. Cerates should be freshly prepared, as they 
all tend to become rancid in hot weather. 

CERATUM CAMPHOR/E. 

CAMPHOR CERATE. 

This is a new preparation for the Pharmacopoeia, and meets a require- 
ment in the treatment of those skin diseases which are attended with 
extreme itching and which camphor tends to ameliorate. The addition 
of a little chloral hydrate will make this even more efficient. 



74 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

CERATUM CANTHARIDIS. 

OANTHARIDES CERATE. 

[Blistering Cerate.] 

This is a convenient form of application of cantharides for the purpose of 
raising a blister. The following spermaceti cerate may be applied to the 
blister caused by the cantharides cerate if it be desired to have it heal at once. 

The size of the cantharidal application is to be prescribed by the phy- 
sician, and the leather, cloth, or sticking-plaster upon which the cerate is 
spread should be made a little larger. It may be rendered more efficient 
by sprinkling powdered cantharides upon the surface. 

CERATUM CETACEI. 

SPERMACETI CERATE. 

Onguent Blanc, Fr. ; Walrath Cerat, G. 
Used as a bland ointment in blisters, abrasions, and ulcers. 

CERATUM EXTRACTI CANTHARIDIS. 

CERATE OF EXTRACT OF CANTHARIDES. 

Cerat d'Exirait de Cantharides. Fr. ; Cantharidenextract Cerat, G. 

This blistering cerate is preferred by some practitioners to the can- 
tharides cerate as being more efficient. 

CERATUM PLUMBI SUBACETATIS. 

CERATE OF SUBACETATE OF LEAD. 

[Goulaed's Cerate.] 

Unguentum Plumbi Subacetatis Compositum, Br. ; Unguentum Plumbi, P. G; 
Cerat um Cum Subacetate Plumbico — Goulard's Cerate, Compound Oint- 
ment of Subacetate of Lead, E. ; Cerat de Saturne, Saturne de Goulard, 
Fr. ; Bleisalbe, Bleicerat, G. 

This cerate is astringent as well as protective, and is used to stimulate 
ulcerating surfaces, wounds, and superficial blisters, burns, and for surfaces 
irritated by chafing. It becomes rancid easily, and hence some practi- 
tioners prefer to use a glycerole of subacetate of lead in its stead. 

CERATUM RESIN/E. 

RESIN CERATE. 

Unguentum Besince, Br.; Unguentum Basilicum — Ointment of Besin, Basil- 
icon Ointment, E. ; Cerat de Besine Anglais, Fr. ; Harzcerat, G. 
This is one of the most commonly used stimulating ointments for in- 
dolent ulcers. 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 75 



CERATUM SABIN/E. 

SAVIN CERATE. 

Unguentum Sabince, Br., P. G.; Ointment of Savin, E. ; Cerat de Sabine, 

Fr. ; Sadebaumsalbe, G. 

This cerate is used to prolong the secretion from blisters, setons, or 
issues, and also for use in indolent ulcers. Unlike cantharides, its pro- 
longed use does not cause strangury or vesical irritation. 



CER1I OXALAS. 

OXALATE OF CERIUM. 

Oxalate of cerium sometimes controls vomiting due to reflex irritation 
from uterine or other nervous derangements. It is one of the drugs to be 
tried in this troublesome affection, but is no specific. In gastric disorders 
from organic disease it has little, if any, efficacy. 

Dose. — One to eight grains, six centigrammes to half a gramme (.06 
to .50), three or four times a day, in pill or powder. 

CETACEUM. 

SPERMACETI. 

Chiefly of use in combination. 

CETRARIA. 

CETRARIA. 

[Iceland Moss.] 

Lichen Islandicus, P. G. ; Lichen (3Iousse) d'Islande, Fr. ; Lsldndisches 
Moos, Lsldndische Flechte, Lungenmoos, G. 

This is a demulcent and a feeble tonic, the latter effect being attributed 
to a bitter principle called cetrarin or cetraric acid. Owing to the starch 
contained in the moss this has some nutritious value. It is a useful 
remedy in catarrh of the mucous surfaces generally, whether its seat be in 
the bronchial, intestinal, or urinary track. 

Dose. — One to four drachms, four to sixteen grammes, in decoction, 
for which there is an officinal formula. 



76 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

CHARTA CAIMTHARIDIS. 

CANTHARIDES PAPER. 

Charta Epispatica, Br. ; Charta Vesicatoria — Blistering Paper, E. ; Papier 
Epispatique, Papier a Vesicatoire aux Cantharides, Fr. ; Spanischflieg en- 
papier, G. 

A convenient application for producing blister by cantharides. 
CHARTA POTASSII NITRATIS. 

PAPER OF NITRATE OF POTASSIUM. 

This preparation is newly introduced into the Pharmacopoeia, and is of 
use in some forms of spasmodic asthma. The paper is burnt in a saucer, 
in a close room, and the fumes inhaled. Among the various products of 
this combustion it is probable that the nitrite of potassa, having properties 
analogous to those of nitrite of amyl (which see), is the most efficient. 

CHARTA SINAPIS. 

MUSTARD PAPER. 

Papier Sinapise, Fr.'; Senf papier, G. 

More cleanly and sometimes more convenient than the ordinary mustard 
poultice. For use as a counter-irritant, which, if prolonged, will raise a blis- 
ter. Before application the paper should be moistened in moderately warm 
water, as a high heat will volatilize the active principle of the mustard. 

CHELIDONIUM. 

OHELIDONIUM. 

[Celandine.] 

Herba Chelidonii, P. G. ; Tetter wort, E. ; Chelidoine, Herbe d VHirondelle, 

Fr. ; Schollkrant, G. 

Of the two alkaloids, chelidonina and chelerythrina, the latter is iden- 
tical with sanguinarina, and probably is one at least of the active princi- 
ples. It is interesting to note that the two plants containing this alkaloid 
belong to the same botanical family, which contains also others of similar 
properties but non-officinal. 

Externally the yellow juice of this plant is a popular remedy for warts, 
as it is a local irritant. Internally its irritant local action excites violent 
purging. The fresh juice possesses the most active medicinal virtues of 
the plant, and may be prescribed in doses of twenty to thirty drops. 

Dose. — Ten to thirty grains, sixty centigrammes to two grammes (.60 
to 2), in infusion. 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 77 



CHENOPODIUM. 

CHENOPODIUM. 

[American Wormseed.] 

Fructus Chenopodii Anthelmintic^ Semences de Chenopode Anthelmintique, 

Fr. ; Amerikanischer Wurmsamen, G. 

This indigenous anthelmintic is used to expel lumbricoid worms. The 
powdered seeds, which possess the active medicinal virtues, may be com- 
bined with some agreeable elixir, such as elixir aurantii, or any syrup ; or 
the essential oil may be administered dropped on sugar or in an emulsion. 
A dose should be given twice a day for two or three days and followed by a 
cathartic. A decoction of the leaves of the plant is sometimes used instead 
of the officinal preparations. Improvement in the symptoms attributed to 
worms is often observed after the use of this drug without the parasite 
having been seen, whence it is inferred that it possesses tonic properties. 

Dose. — Ten to forty grains, sixty-five centigrammes to two and a half 
grammes (.65 to 2.5). 

CHIMAPHILA. 

CHIMAPHILA. 

[PlPSISSEWA.] 

Prince's Pine — Wintergreen, E. ; Herbe de Pyrolle Ombellee, Fr. ; Volden- 
blilthiges Harnkraut, Wintergriin, G. 

Contains tannin and several neutral principles found in other ericacen? 
(see Gaultheria and Uva Ursi). This is rather an old-fashioned remedy in 
the treatment of rheumatic pains and the cure of indolent ulcers, in both 
of which its topical use in form of fomentations may accompany its in- 
ternal use. It has a decidedly diuretic action, increasing the quantity of 
urine, diluting its solid constituents, and rendering it dark on account of 
the tannic acid. Its action is not unlike that of uva ursi, and is useful in 
disorders of the urinary passages. Its best mode of administration in- 
ternally is in decoction or fluid extract. 

Dose. — Thirty to sixty grains, two to four grammes, in decoction or 

infusion. 

CHINOIDIN. 

CHINOIDINE. 

[Quinoidine — Amorphous Quinine.] 

This residual substance contains more or less amorphous and colored 
alkaloids, with various products of oxidation formed in the process of 
manufacture. The alkaloidal contents naturally vary widely in different 
specimens, but may be roughly stated as from sixty to eighty per cent, in 
specimens which have undergone no intentional adulteration, a danger to 
which an amorphous and dark-colored article is especially liable. 

Chinoidine may be used, dissolved in acidulated water or in alcohol, or 
in the form of pills, for the same purposes as the salts of the crystallized 



78 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 



alkaloids, but if large or accurate dosage is required, its uncertainty of 
composition renders it less eligible. It is to be recommended chiefly on 
the ground of economy. 

The Dose may be somewhat greater than that of the crystallizable 
alkaloids. 

CHIRATA. 

OHIRATA. 

Chirette, Fr. ; Chiretta, G. 

A stomachic bitter, somewhat like gentian, and belonging to the same 
family. 

Dose. — Thirty to sixty grains, two to four grammes, in infusion. 

CHLORAL. 

CHLORAL. 

[Hydrate of Chloral.] 

Chloral Hydras, Br. Add. ; Chloralum Hydratum Crystallisation, P. G. ; 
Chloral, E. ; Hydrate de Chloral, Ft. ; Chloralhydrat, G. 

Hydrate of chloral is an irritant to the skin, mucous membrane, and 
to the tissues generally when applied topically, and sometimes provokes 
sloughing ulcers, hence its use hypodermically is not convenient. It is an 
hypnotic but not an anaesthetic in any safe dose, although originally pro- 
posed for this purpose. Its action was theoretically assumed to be due to 
the slow evolution of chloroform in the feebly alkaline blood by the de- 
composition of the chloral into formic acid and chloroform, as in the 
formula 

C 2 HC1 3 0+KH0=KCH0 2 + CHCI3. 

Further and more careful experimentation, however, has shown that 
this theory rests upon no sufficient foundation, since no chloroform can 
be detected in the excretions ; nor is the alkalinity of the blood, which is 
due to carbonates, sufficient to produce this transformation. The symp- 
toms of chloral, however, closely resemble those of the slow administration 
of a small amount of chloroform. Therapeutic doses produce but little 
effect upon the pulse, respiration or secretion, but simply a quiet sleep, 
from which the patient may be aroused and go to sleep again as in the 
natural condition. Sensation- and motor activity, voluntary and reflex, 
are but slightly affected, but as the dose grows larger the whole nervous 
system gradually loses its functional activity. As under the influence of 
other narcotics and in poisonous doses, both the heart and respiration are 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 79 

weakened and the temperature falls. Hence in dangerous narcotism 
from this drug the treatment should consist in cardiac and respiratory 
stimulants (strychnia, atropia), as well as those calculated to arouse the 
whole nervous system (alcohol in small doses subcutaneously, ammonia, 
electricity), and warmth externally, as well as flagellation. The presence of 
chloral in the blood probably interferes with interstitial transformations, 
and hence causes partial arrest of functional activity, especially of the brain, 
and, in large doses, of the other vital organs. The distance between a safe 
and a dangerous or even toxic dose is very small, and sudden death has 
followed the administration of doses not apparently large. For instance, a 
single case is recorded where collapse, syncope, and death occurred after 
the administration of only ten grains of chloral hydrate. Several deaths 
have been reported after twenty or twenty-five grains. On the other hand, 
doses of some hundreds of grains have caused nothing but profound sleep. 
Though these dangerous effects have often been attributed to impurities 
in the drug, yet the lesson should not be lost that this valuable remedy is 
occasionally dangerous to life and should be cautiously and discreetly ad- 
ministered, and not lefb to the carelessness of ignorant attendants. In 
certain forms of mental excitement and insomnia uncomplicated with pain, 
this medicine is specially indicated ; and it has been used with good effect 
in delirium tremens from acute alcoholism. The habitual use of alcohol 
seems to confer a certain amount of tolerance of this drug as well as of 
anaesthetics. As strychnia appears to interfere with the hypnotic and 
other effects of chloral hydrate, it may be in a certain sense antagonistic ; 
at any rate it may prove a valuable antidote if administered early enough 
to stimulate the tissues and preserve the vital activity of the nerve-centres. 
Bromide of potassium and opium increase the efficiency as well as the 
danger of this hypnotic. The effect of the intercurrent use of strychnia 
and chloral is rather peculiar, in that after the administration to an animal 
of a large and even dangerous dose of chloral, a dose of strychnia five or 
six times the ordinary medicinal dose may be safely administered ; and 
even a dose of either drug which is fatal to the same species and size of 
animal is not usually followed by death ; yet the chloral must be the first 
drug administered, or a fatal effect will follow. Clinical experience, as 
well as experiments on the lower animals, shows also that chloral has a 
somewhat feeble property of controlling the tetanic spasms induced by an 
overdose of strychnia. It has not, however, such efficient action in this 
respect as the inhalation of chloroform. Chloral has a beneficial effect 
in benumbing sensibility in certain forms of pain, as in menorrhagia, 
parturition, and the muscular pains occurring after an alcoholic debauch. 
This effect may be theoretically explained on the basis of arresting the 
muscular irritability and the interstitial nutrition of muscular tissue. Its 



80 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

toxic effect upon the muscular contractility of the heart is now well 
affirmed. 

The medicinal action of chloral, in addition to its hypnotic effects, has 
been proved in certain forms of convulsions and spasms of a reflex char- 
acter, and it may thus be prescribed in infantile convulsions, tetanus, 
hydrophobia, laryngismus stridulus, in whooping-cough, etc. Its action 
upon decayed tissue and in offensive discharges is aseptic, and it may 
be used for this purpose in five to ten per cent, watery solutions. In 
uterine cancer, injections of such a solution diminish the fetor and to 
some extent relieve pain. Chloral narcosis should be treated, as in other 
forms of narcosis, by external and internal stimulation. An obstinate and 
disagreeable itching rash sometimes follows the continued use of chloral 
and may even interfere with its use. Conjunctivitis, paronychia and pur- 
pura have also been noticed under the same circumstances. 

Chloral is usually administered in solution by the mouth. It should 
be well diluted and the somewhat acrid taste covered by a syrup or simple 
elixir. It is well absorbed from the rectum, and may very conveniently 
be administered by enema, thus avoiding the disagreeable taste. In this 
case, also, it should be given in dilute solution. It has been proposed to 
administer it by intravenous injection as a surgical anaesthetic, and in the 
treatment of tetanus, but the troubles and dangers of the method seem to 
more than counterbalance its advantages, although there can be no doubt 
that complete anaesthesia may be thus produced. Experience has shown 
that the doses of chloral proposed when it was first introduced into prac- 
tice were much too large, and the tendency has been decidedly to reduce 
them. Hence we may say that when administered to an adult for the first 
time the 

Dose is from eight to fifteen grains, half a gramme to a gramme (.5 to 
1), which may be once or twice repeated. Under special circumstances, 
like alcoholism or convulsions, the commencing dose may be larger — 
twenty to thirty grains, a gramme and a half to two grammes. For 
children a proper dose is one grain, six centigrammes (.06), for each year 
of age. 

CHLOROFORMUM PURIFICATUM. 

PURIFIED CHLOROFORM. 

Chloroformum, Br. ; Chloroformium, P. G. ; Formylum Trichloratum, 
Chloroforme Pur, Fr. ; Reines Chloroformum, G. 

Chloroform is specially, like ether, an anaesthetic, and its action is most 
rapid by inhalation. As the progress of anaesthesia is described in de- 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 81 

tail under the head of Ether, it is unnecessary to describe it here. Chloro- 
form anaesthesia is more rapid and not so commonly followed by vomit- 
ing, yet the danger of death occurring very suddenly is vastly greater 
than that from ether inhalation, and hence the use of chloroform for 
this purpose should be very carefully watched ; and as the pulse rarely 
gives sufficient warning of the approach of cardiac syncope, especially 
when the patient is in an upright position, this anaesthetic should never 
be inhaled except when the patient is lying down, and, even in this case, 
the appliances for resuscitation should always be close at hand, viz., gal- 
vanic battery, means for artificial respiration, the cold douche, nitrite of 
amyl, etc. Should syncope occur during the inhalation, the patient's 
body should be turned head down, as in this case the blood by gravita- 
tion may find its way back to the anaemic brain and excite its functional 
activity. It is almost strange to say, however, that chloroform inhalation 
cautiously used in parturition does not seem to be so dangerous to life, 
probably because it is administered in the supine position, and the con- 
stantly recurring pains prevent the brain from becoming thoroughly de- 
prived of blood. Poisoning by chloroform taken by the stomach is not 
common, but occasionally happens. The local effects are irritant, but 
become manifest as gastro- enteritis only after the recovery of the patient 
from the narcotism which takes place just as if the drug had been inhaled. 
It has been injected deeply under the skin for the relief of various neu- 
ralgias, causing considerable local irritation. Chloroform is given by 
the stomach, in the dose of five to twenty drops or more, to relieve vomit- 
ing or slighter abdominal pains, as in colic or dysmenorrhcea. Cholera 
nostras and Asiatic cholera have been greatly benefited by it. Chloroform 
water, made by stirring a few drops into a tumbler of water and contain- 
ing hardly more than a trace of the drug, is used to relieve an irritant 
cough. The officinal mixture and spirit are convenient forms. It is fre- 
quently used as a local application to the skin as a counter-irritant. It 
may be applied upon a piece of cloth or lint, and prevented from evapora- 
tion by additional layers of the same, producing burning which soon' 
becomes severe, as well as local anaesthesia. It renders more rapid the 
penetration through the skin of other medicinal agents, as belladonna, 
and is frequently prescribed with them in liniments. Its solvent action 
upon gall-stones is displayed only in the test-tube. The relief afforded in 
attacks of gall-stone is a consequence of its anaesthetic and antispasmodic 
action. 

Dose. — Five to twenty drops in syrup or mucilage or in the mis- 
tura chloroformi of the Pharmacopoeia. Subcutaneously it is injected 
pure. 

6 



82 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

CHLOROFORM UM VENALE. 

COMMERCIAL CHLOROFORM. 

This cheaper form of chloroform is simply introduced for use exter- 
nally or in the preparation of purified chloroform. It should not be pre- 
scribed for internal use or for inhalation. 

CHONDRUS. 

CHONDRUS. 

[Irish Moss.] 

Carrageen, P. G. ; Caragahen, Fucus Crispus — Carragaheen, Mousse Marine 
Perlee, Fr. ; Island isches Moos, Perlmoos, Knorpeltang, G-. 

Is chiefly used in the composition of "blanc mange, " of which the 
nutritive value resides chiefly in the milk, and is a demulcent and very 
slightly nutritious substance of use in bronchial and catarrhal affections, 
but not so commonly used as Iceland moss, which it much resembles. 
Traces of iodine and bromide are too small to have a therapeutic value. 

Dose. — Two to four drachms, eight to sixteen grammes, in decoction. 

CHRYSAROBINJM. 

CHRYSAROBIN. 

[Cheysophanic Acid.] 

Is probably, when taken into the stomach, and perhaps to some extent 
'when applied to the skin, absorbed, reappearing in the urine. It appears 
to be, under some circumstances, but not invariably, a purgative in doses 
<of seven grains. Its almost exclusive medicinal use is in the treatment of 
psoriasis, for which it is used in the form of an ointment. The officinal 
unguentum chrysarobini represents the maximum strength, and for deli- 
cate skins should be well (from three to five times) diluted. It turns the 
skin, both diseased and healthy, a dark yellowish-brown, extending usu- 
ally beyond the limits of original application, and often produces a good 
deal of oedema, especially of the face and eyes, when the ointment is ap- 
plied to the scalp. Follicular and furuncular inflammation may follow the 
original diffuse dermatitis. By use over small surfaces at a time some of 
the disagreeable effects may be avoided, but it is a remedy to be recom- 
m ended with caution, the patient being fully warned of the probable 
effects. On the other hand, it is perhaps the most speedy and effective 
treatment for an obstinate disease. It has been recently asserted that its 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 83 

internal use gives as favorable if not so rapid results without the dis- 
agreeable concomitants, and with a much smaller amount of the drug, a 
consideration of some importance in dispensary or hospital practice. 



CIMICIFUGA. 

CIMICIFUGA. 

[Snakeroot.] 

Black Snakeroot, Black Cohosh, E. ; Racine d'Actee a Grappes, Fr. ; Schwarze 

Schlangenwurzel, G. 

Contains, when fresh, a volatile oil, a resin, and a bitter neutral sub- 
stance, but it is not known to which of these its activity is due. In large 
doses this drug is followed by severe constitutional symptoms, such as 
dimness of vision, vertigo, nausea and vomiting, subsultus tendinum, and 
increased pulmonary and cutaneous secretion. Its action on the heart is 
said to be like that of digitalis, but less powerful, diminishing its fre- 
quency but increasing its force. " It stimulates the venereal appetite in 
man and promotes the menstrual flow in woman." 

Its uses are as a stomachic tonic, also in fevers and inflammatory dis- 
orders, and in various conditions of weakened heart in order to strengthen 
its action. In rheumatic affections, both acute and chronic, it is said in 
some (but no one can predict what) cases to have a remarkably favorable 
effect. Chorea is mentioned as especially amenable to this treatment. 
Headache, facial and ovarian neuralgia, as well as the pains and other 
nervous symptoms connected with deficient or difficult menstruation, are 
benefited by it. It may be employed in the atonic form of spermatorrhoea 
connected with "irritable weakness." It is useful as an expectorant in 
bronchitis or acute catarrh and in phthisis. The preparation of the fresh 
root should always be used. The fluid extract is a useful officinal prepara- 
tion. 

Dose. — In substance (seldom used), twenty grains, one and one-third 
gramme. A decoction made by the general rule may be given in doses 
of from two-thirds of an ounce to an ounce and a half, twenty to forty-five 
grammes. 

CINCHONA. 

CINCHONA. 

Cinchona, Cortex Chinee, E. ; Quinquina, Fr. ; Chwarinde, G. 



84 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

CINCHONA FLAVA. 

YELLOW CINCHONA. 

[Calisaya Bakk.] 
Calisaya Bark, E. ; Quinquina Calisaya, Fr. 

CINCHONA RUBRA. 

RED CINCHONA. 

[Red Bark.] 
Quinquina Rouge, Fr. ; Rothe Chinarinde, G-. 

No drugs have been more thoroughly studied than the cinchona barks, 
and they have a voluminous literature of their own. Their classification, 
however, to which much attention has been directed, has lost much of its 
importance since their alkaloids have so thoroughly taken their place in 
medical practice and since manufacturers base their estimate of bark 
upon its assay rather than on its appearance. This is especially true since 
it has been found that cultivation and climate change, usually for the bet- 
ter, the proportion of alkaloids, and that species of comparatively little 
value in their native place, become as valuable as others originally esteemed 
much more highly. The cultivation of cinchona trees has assumed con- 
siderable commercial importance in the East Indies, and it is very possible 
that experiment might find a suitable locality for them in this country. 

The active constituents of the various barks are alkaloids of which the 
number is quite large, four being officinal. These are quinina, quinidina, 
cinchonidina, and cinchonina. They may be divided by their optical 
properties into two sets, quinia and quinida being fluorescent, the others 
not. The others are not separated for medical purposes, but are found, 
together with modifications of the quinina and cinchonina produced in the 
course of manufacture, in the amorphous products used under various 
names as cheaper substitutes for the pure alkaloids. Cincho-tannic, kinic, 
and kinovic acids are present in the bark, as well as an amorphous bitter 
called kinovin. Direct experiment has shown that the bark is not the 
best form in which to administer the alkaloids, since the latter are present 
in a comparatively insoluble condition, and, moreover, the amount of inert 
matter which must be taken in order to get an efficient dose of the 
alkaloids is so great that the stomach is likely to refuse it, even if the 
palate does not. The preparations made from the bark itself are used 
chiefly as tonics when small doses are required and great accuracy is not 
essential. 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 85 



CINCHONIDIN/E SULPHAS. 

SULPHATE OF OINCHONIDINE. 

The presence of small quantities of other cinchona alkaloids, although 
in a chemical sense impurities, can hardly be considered so in a thera- 
peutic one. Clinical observation shows that intermittent fever, which may 
be regarded as a sort of test of these alkaloids, can be controlled by sul- 
phate of cinchonidine in about the same doses as are usually given of quinine. 
It produces in the same dose less fulness and pain in the head, tinnitus 
and other unpleasant symptoms. It has been less used in other fevers, 
but there is no reason to doubt that it shares the action of the other cin- 
chona alkaloids. 

Dose. — From a grain to fifteen grains, six centigrammes to one 
gramme (.06 to 1) ; three to sixty grains, twenty centigrammes to four 
grammes (.20 to 4), per diem, in suspension, solution, pill, or wafer. 

CINCHONINA. 

OINCHONINE. 

CINCHONIN/E SULPHAS. 

SULPHATE OF CINCHONINE. 

This alkaloid has been in use many years. It has the same sort of ac- 
tion as the other cinchona alkaloids, but is the least active of the officinal 
four. It may be considered, so far as intermittent fever is concerned, the 
equivalent of quinina in the proportion of three to two. To be strictly 
accurate the dose of the sulphate should be still larger, by about seven to 
six. It is said to produce less effect on hearing and vision, but more 
frontal headache, precordial pain and muscular weakness than quinine. 

Dose. — Fifty per cent, more than quinine or cinchonidine (which see). 

CINNAMOMUM. 

CINNAMON. 

Cortex Cinnamomi Zeylanici — Cortex Cinnamomi Cassiw,¥. G. ; Cin- 
namomum Chinense, Cassia Cinnamomea ; Stick Cinnamon, Cassia 
Bark, E. ; Cannelle de Chine, Cannelle de Ceylon, Fr. ; Zimmt, 
ZimmtJcassie, Chinesescher Zirnmt, Ceylon Zimmt, ITaneel, G. 

Depends upon a volatile oil and tannin for its efficacy. The Ceylon 
cinnamon is the better, both in flavor and medicinal value, but it is more 
difficult to obtain and more expensive. The powdered cinnamon is fre- 
quently adulterated with cassia lignea, a much cheaper substance, but in 
stick cinnamon the adulteration is easily detected ; hence when cinnamon 



86 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

tea or infusion is required by the practitioner he should prescribe it in 
the form of cinnamomi cortex (stick cinnamon). Cinnamon is used as an 
astringent in diarrhoea and in hemorrhages from the bowels or uterus, 
but its controlling influence in the latter hemorrhage is not great. 

Dose. — Ten to twenty grains in powder, sixty-five to one hundred and 
thirty grammes, or in infusion (one part to sixty-four, one and a half per 
cent.), in doses of a tablespoonful every two hours. 

COCCUS. 

COCHINEAL. 

Coccionella, P. G. ; Gochenile, Fr., G. 

This substance is chiefly used to impart a handsome red color to cer- 
tain liquid preparations, and has little, if any, therapeutical value. It is 
the source of carmine. Like many other nearly inert drugs it has had a 
reputation in whooping-cough. 

CODEINA. 

CODEINE. 

This alkaloid exists in opium in about the proportion of 0.3 per cent., 
and dissolves in about seventeen parts of boiling water, forming an alka- 
line solution ; it is also soluble at ordinary temperatures in seven parts of 
amylic alcohol. So-called codeine varies in the strength of its physiological 
action according to the various preparations made by manufacturers. It 
is an hypnotic of varying and uncertain effect, and is inferior in this 
respect to morphine. Its internal administration sometimes causes nausea 
and vomiting with giddiness of the head. Its hypodermic use does not 
generally produce nausea. This drug, in small doses, has a quieting action 
upon nervous excitement, and having thus a beneficial effect upon syphilitic 
restlessness and malaise, is often associated with the constitutional treat- 
ment of this disease, since it does not produce such constipating effects as 
morphia. In toxic doses convulsions, not generally of the tetanic variety, 
precede death. In general it is to be looked upon as an inferior suc- 
cedaneum to morphia. A combination with bromide of potassium is 
sometimes useful. 

Dose. — For quieting effects, one-half grain, three centigrammes (.03), 
three times a day. One -sixth of a grain, one centigramme, causes alarming 
symptoms in children ; one to three grains, six to twenty centigrammes, 
is a convenient dose to cause sleep ; for hypodermic use, one to two grains, 
six to thirteen centigrammes, produce more soporific effects with less 
constitutional symptoms than the preceding dose by the mouth. 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 87 

COLCHICI RADIX. 

OOLOHIOUM ROOT. 

Colchici Cormus, Br. ; Bulbus seu Tuber Colchici, Colchicum Corm — Meadow 
Saffron Boot, E. ; Bulbe de Colchique, de Safran Bdtard, Fr. ; Zeitlosen- 
knollen, G. 

This root is used chiefly for the preparation of the fluid extract and 
wine, and is rarely used in powder or infusion. 

Dose. — Two to eight grains, thirteen to fifty-two centigrammes (.13 
to .52). 

COLCHICI SEMEN. 

COLCHICUM SUED. 

Colchici Semina, Br. ; Semen Colchici, P. G. ; Semences de Colchique, Fr. ; 

Zeitlosensamen, G. 

Both the roots and the seeds of the plant contain the bitter amorphous 
alkaloid colchicia. The absorption of large doses of colchicum into the 
blood, no matter how it may be introduced into the system, will cause in 
animals severe vomiting and purging, sometimes even of blood, and, prob- 
ably from loss of water, the blood becomes thick and dark-colored. After 
death extensive congestion of the alimentary canal and of the kidneys is 
found. Externally upon man its application to the skin produces redness 
and a prickling sensation, and upon the tongue a sense of burning and an 
acrid taste. This drug is long known to have been an useful remedy in 
gout, but its mode of action is still uncertain. Experience has shown, 
however, that its virtues are not dependent upon . large but upon small 
doses, in acute rather than in chronic gout. Authorities differ as to 
its effect upon the organs of elimination, but it is pretty fair to assert that 
moderate doses increase the elimination of uric acid, and in a slight de- 
gree that of urea by the kidneys, while it is not necessary to provoke 
purging to obtain the efficiency of the drug. The use of the remedy 
abates the force and diminishes the frequency of the heart's action, and 
thus in old age must be attended with caution, since a continued use of 
moderate doses required to produce the therapeutic effects of the drug 
may be followed by prostration and sometimes collapse. The effects upon 
the gastro -intestinal canal may be moderated by opium. Administration 
with alkaline diuretics, especially lithia, is to be recommended. 

Dose. — Two to ten grains, thirteen to sixty- four centigrammes (.13 to 
.64). The most commonly used preparation is that of wine of the root or 
seed, though by many the dried cormus is deemed the most efficient. 



88 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 



COLLODIUM. 

COLLODION. 

Collodion, Fr. ; Collodium, G. 

The use of collodium is for surgical wounds and for protection of 
abraded surfaces, especially in fissures of the lips and nipples. Its appli- 
cation to the dry surface causes the adherence of a thin film or pellicle, 
but the ether and alcohol cause a severe burning or smarting pain to 
these fissures or abrasions, which soon passes off. The evaporation of 
ether and alcohol causes a contraction of the wet collodion, and this effect 
may be taken advantage of in cases where a contraction of the tissues is 
desired, as for instance in carbuncular sores, where the application should 
be first made on the outer circumference of the swelling, and thereafter 
on drying, other coats of contracting collodium be applied. Collodium is 
also useful for the solution of certain substances, as cantharides, iodine, 
capsicum, aconitin, veratrin, atropin, tannin, chloride of iron, sulphate of 
iron, carbolic acid, camphor, iodide of zinc or mercury, chromic acid, etc., 
when their topical action is required, though in this case the flexible col- 
lodium may be preferred. All collodions are highly inflammable. 

COLLODIUM CUM CANTHARIDE. 

COLLODIUM WITH CANTHARIDES. 

[Cantharidal Collodion.] 

Collodium cum cantharide is useful when a patient is inclined to re- 
move a blister, and also when the weight or bulk of the ordinary plaster 
is inconvenient. 

COLLODIUM FLEXILE. 

FLEXIBLE COLLODIUM. 

As the flexible collodium does not shrink on drying, it should be used 
in preference to collodium when no contraction of the tissues is desired. 

COLLODIUM STYPTICUM. 

STYPTIC COLLODIUM. 

This solution of tannin may be applied to staunch the bleeding from 
an open wound. 

The great difficulty in the way of the surgical use of all the collodions 
is the slight trace of moisture which it is difficult to remove from the skin, 
and the secretions from the wound or the perspiratory glands forming 
underneath the impervious film and detaching it. 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 89 

COLOCYNTHIS. 

COLOCYNTH. 

Coloquintida — Bitter Apple ; Coloquinte, Fr. ; Koloquinten, G. 

A bitter principle called colocynthin is contained in the colocynth 
in the proportion of one-fourth per cent., and is a violent purgative. 
Colocynth is a powerful drastic hydragogue cathartic, and in large doses 
it produces an increased flow of bile from the bile-duct. In very large 
doses the whole alimentary canal may be violently irritated, causing 
nausea, vomiting, serous or bloody stools accompanied by severe griping 
pains, which may be succeeded by peritonitis or death. Colocynthin 
is one of the very few cathartics which produce some action when injected 
subcutaneously. It is rarely used alone. 

Dose. — Three to eight grains, nineteen to fifty centigrammes (.19 to 
.50), and even ten grains, sixty-five centigrammes, used cautiously. 

CONFECTIO ROS>E. 

CONFECTION OF ROSE. 

Confectio Rosce GalliccB, Br. ; Gonserva Rosarum, Conserve de Rose Rouge, 

Fr. ; Rosenconserve, G. 

Is used simply as a basis for making pills, though its use in aphthag of 
the mouth is not uncommon. 

CONFECTIO SENN/E. 

CONFECTION OF SENNA. 

Electuarium e Sennd, P. G. ; Electuarium Lenitivum — Lenitive Electuary, E.; 
Elect uaire de Sene Compose, Electuaire Lenitif, Fr. ; Sennalatwerge, G. 

A laxative basis for cathartic or purgative pills. In large doses alone 
it acts upon the bowels, and is a useful laxative for pregnant women and 
in habitual constipation. 

Dose. — One or two drachms, four to eight grammes. 

CONIUM. 

CONIUM. 

[Hemlock.] 

Hemlock Fruit, E. ; Fruits de Grande Gigue, Fr. ; Schierlingsfruchte, G. 

The activity of this drug depends upon a liquid volatile alkaloid, conia. 
The present edition of the Pharmacopoeia very wisely drops from its list 



90 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

■ 

the leaves of conium, which furnished a totally untrustworthy class of 
preparations, with the exception of the " succus " prepared from the green 
leaves, and consequently not easily obtained in quantity in this country. 
The action of conium consists in producing motor paralysis without loss 
of consciousness or sensation. In fatal cases convulsions sometimes occur. 
Death takes place by asphyxia from paralysis of the muscles of respiration. 
The earliest symptoms are drooping of the eyelids, sometimes giddiness 
and diplopia, muscular weakness, and a desire to lie down, not necessarily 
to sleep. These effects should be looked for in from half an hour to an 
hour and a half after the administration of the drug by the stomach, or a 
little sooner if given subcutaneously. Patients acquire quite rapidly a 
tolerance of conium. Active and muscular persons resist its action better 
than feeble and sluggish ones, and a certain degree of voluntary resistance 
is also possible. The medical uses are to diminish muscular excitability, 
as in various local spasms, chorea, and mania with great motor excite- 
ment. To relieve pain it has little or no power unless the pain depends 
on spasmodic muscular action. The alleged " resolvent " effects of conium, 
both externally and internally, on cancers and other tumors are, to say 
the least, doubtful. A poultice of the leaves may, of course, have the 
same effect as any warm and moist application. The alkaloid has been 
used hypodermically in the form of acetate. Its dose is stated to be one- 
sixtieth of a grain, one milligramme (.001), but considerably larger ones up 
to one-tenth of a grain, six milligrammes, have been given. The best 
preparation is the fluid extract. The dosage of all the preparations (conia. 
included) should be regulated by the effects, beginning with a safe dose. 

Dose in substance. But few of the books state a dose of the seeds, 
from which it may be inferred that they are seldom used. From the doses 
of the leaves and the preparations given it would be safe to say one to five 
grains, six to thirty-two centigrammes (.06 to .32). This would, in the 
great majority of cases, be entirely inefficient (see the preparations, espe- 
cially the fluid extract). 

COPAIBA. 

COPAIVA. 

Balsamum Copaivce, P. G. ; Balsam Capivi — Balsam Copaiva, E. ; Copahu, 
Oleo-resine (Baume) de Copahu, Fr. ; Copaivabalsam, G. 

Consists of a volatile oil and an acid resin. Copaiva acts especially 
upon the mucous surfaces, by which it is eliminated, increasing their 
various secretions, but after its continuous use or in large doses it may 
provoke irritation of the gastro-intestinal surface, causing nausea and 
diarrhoea. The same is true of the mucous membrane of the bladder 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 91 

and urethra, which may be also irritated, even to producing a flow of 
bloody urine. When copaiba is given to the healthy man in moderate 
doses not long continued, the urine becomes copious and its solid ingre- 
dients diluted. The constituents of the drug can be detected therein. 
The not very infrequent occurrence of an exanthematous cutaneous erup- 
tion closely resembling measles is a circumstance of which the practitioner 
should be aware. 

The balsam of copaiba is most generally used in the treatment of 
catarrh of the mucous membrane both of the bronchi and bladder, with 
its appendages, but it is specially used in chronic gonorrhoea of the man. 
Since it is eliminated by the kidneys and bladder it is not an efficient 
remedy in gonorrhoea of women (vaginitis) unless the urine voided be 
used as a vaginal douche, an expedient which is of more value as a 
physiological experiment than as a practical means of treatment. In 
vesical catarrh it is often a useful remedy, especially if the inflamed mu- 
cous surface be at the neck of the bladder, as in parturient women. 
Copaiva is most conveniently administered in gelatin capsules or in emul- 
sion. The resin has been found more efficient as a diuretic than the bal- 
sam itself. It is also beneficial in catarrh of the rectum or inflamed piles, 
either by the mouth or in suppository. It has been used externally as an 
application to ulcers and fissures. 

Dose. — Ten drops to one drachm, sixty centigrammes to four grammes. 

CORIANDRUM. 

CORIANDER. 

Goriandri Fricctus, Br. ; Fructus Goriandri, P. G. ; Coriander Fruit, E. ; 

Coriandre, Fr. ; Koriander, G. 

Contains a volatile oil. Aromatic, stimulant, and carminative, and use- 
ful as a culinary condiment. It is contained in confectio sennae, mistura 
gentianse, syrup et tinctura rhei, tinctura sennse. 

Dose. — Twenty to sixty grains, one to four grammes. 

CORNUS. 

DOGWOOD. 

Ecorce de Gornouiller & Grandes Fleurs, Fr. ; Grossbluthige Gornelrinde, G. 

Contains a bitter neutral principle. Two other species, C. circinata 
and C. sericea, possess analogous properties. An astringent tonic and feeble 
stimulant to the stomach ; large doses are apt to irritate the stomach and 



92 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OP THE 

produce nausea. Its relations to malarial fevers are not different from 
those of many other bitters and do not at all resemble those of cinchona. 

Dose. — Twenty to sixty grains, one to four grammes, in hot infusion 
or in decoction. 

CREASOTUM. 

OREASOTE. 
Kreosotum, P. G. ; Creosote, Fr. ; Kreosot, G. 

An exceedingly complex substance, containing many hydrocarbons, 
some of which are closely allied to carbolic acid. Creasote is an astringent 
and narcotic. Its action upon the heart, respiration, venous system, and 
secretions closely resembles that of carbolic acid. Its local action is asep- 
tic, styptic, and escharotic ; hence it is an useful application in dental 
caries to arrest a toothache or bleeding from the pulp. Its internal ad- 
ministration is useful in nausea and vomiting caused by reflex irritation, 
as in pregnancy, cholera, sea-sickness, etc. It arrests intestinal hemorrhage, 
chronic gonorrhoea, and gleet. A solution in water of one to one and a 
half per cent, makes an useful wash in salivation, as also in chilblains and 
facial erysipelas, and one-fifth of one per cent, by injection prevents the 
decomposition of urine in the bladder. If intended for use with oxide of 
silver in pills, it should first be mixed with licorice or other powder, or the 
mass will take fire (Squires). 

Dose. — One to three minims, six to eighteen centigrammes (.06 to .18), 
in weak mucilage, broth or aromatic waters, in proportion of one-third of 
one per cent., or one minim to two hundred and forty minims. 

CRETA PR>EPARATA. 

PREPARED CHALK. 

Craie Preparee, Fr. ; Praparirte Kreide, G. 

Prepared chalk is an antacid, and by its mechanical adherence soothes 
the irritated mucous membrane. Its general use for this purpose has been 
somewhat superseded by powdered bismuth, yet it is a valuable remedy 
in diarrhoea from intestinal catarrh, especially when associated with opiates 
and astringents, but the bowels should first be thoroughly evacuated or 
the use of the chalk mixture will do more harm than good. Chalk is a 
good antidote to oxalic acid poisoning. Acids and sulphates are incom- 
patible with chalk. 

Dose. — Ten to sixty grains, sixty-five centigrammes to four grammes. 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 93 



CROCUS. 

SAFFRON. 

Safran, Fr., G. 

Contains a volatile oil and coloring matter. Like other aromatic 
plants, it is a slight gastro-intestinal stimulant. It is stated to have 
caused death, with symptoms of narcotism. Its hot infusion produces 
diaphoresis, and the saffron color is eliminated both by the sweat and 
urine, and from this cause it is a popular remedy in acute exanthematous 
diseases, though its remedial action is at least doubtful. The "saffron 
tea" supposed to "drive out" measles is usually made from carthamus 
tinctorius, or safflower. 

Dose. — Five to twenty grains, thirty to one hundred and thirty centi- 
grammes, in infusion. 

CUBEBA. 

CUBEB. 

Cubebce, P. G. ; Fructus seu Baccce Cubebce, Piper Caiidatum — Gubebs, E. ; 
Cubebe, Poivre a Queue, Fr. ; Kubeben, G. 

Cubeb contains a volatile oil, an indifferent resin, and the resinous 
cubebic acid, the latter of which is probably the most important constitu- 
ent so far as its action on mucous membranes is concerned, while the 
volatile oil is probably the cause of gastro-intestinal symptoms after large 
doses. Its action upon the intestinal tract and the circulation closely re- 
sembles that of other aromatics. It is less likely to derange the digestion 
than copaiba, but if given for a long time or in too large doses it is liable 
to cause nausea and vomiting. It may produce a cutaneous rash like that 
from copaiba. Its active principles are absorbed and eliminated from the 
mucous membranes of the urinary and bronchial passages. It is used 
chiefly in gonorrhoea, being less irritating and probably less efficient than 
copaiba. If the gonorrhoea is in the active inflammatory stage the dose 
should be small, fifteen grains, one gramme, rather than large, thirty 
grains, two grammes. It is also employed as a " local alterative " in 
non-specific affections of the genito-urinary tract. In chronic bronchitis 
and naso-pharyngeal catarrh it is also employed. It probably affects the 
mucous membrane involved, both directly and indirectly, when first 
taken, and afterward on its passage outward in the process of elimina- 
tion. It may be administered in powder mixed with water, with sugar, 
or enclosed in wafer or in troches. The fluid extract or oleoresin may 



94 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

be given in mixture or in capsules. The fruits themselves may be 
chewed to relieve an irritable cough, or be bruised and smoked in a pipe 
or cigarette. 

Dose. — Small, fifteen grains, one gramme ; large, thirty grains, two 
grammes. 

CUPRI ACETAS. 

ACETATE OF COPPER. 

Used chiefly for its astringent properties as an injection for subacute 
gonorrhoea. The subacetate or impure acetate or verdigris is a violent ir- 
ritant poison when ingested. Its local action is stimulant and escharotic. 
For urethral injection the strength should be only one grain to the ounce, 
or one-fifth of one per cent., but the acetate has no especial advantage 
over the sulphate for this disease. It is rarely used internally, in doses of 
one-fourth to one grain, sixteen milligrammes to six centigrammes (.016 
to .06). • . 

CUPRI SULPHAS. 

SULPHATE OF COPPER. 

Cuprum Sulfuricum Purum, P. G. ; Sulfas Cupricus, Cuprum Vitriolatum — ■ 
Blue Vitriol, Bluestone, E. ; Vitriol Bleu, Sulfate de Cuivre, Fr. ; Kupfer- 
vitriol, Blauer-vitriol, Schwefelsaures Kupfer (Kupferoxyd), G. 

Sulphate of copper is a valuable and rapid emetic, acting by a local ir- 
ritation on the walls of the stomach ; hence in removing poisonous contents 
of the stomach it is the most eligible of this class. It is specially valuable 
in phosphorus poisoning, as it forms a comparatively insoluble phosphide 
of copper. It has no specific action in croup, but is much to be preferred 
to tartar emetic. For its local astringent properties upon the mucous 
surfaces it is useful in chronic granular inflammation, especially of the eye- 
lids (conjunctivitis), rectum, urethra, and vagina, and in prurigo genital- 
ium. Its internal use in diarrhoea is well known. In epilepsy and chorea 
it has been attended with some success, but its precise physiological ac- 
tion in nervous disorders is not well understood, and by some authorities 
its benefit is strongly doubted. Sulphate of copper is a poison from its 
local irritant action, but to provoke vomiting one large rather than several 
small doses should be preferred. In cases of irritant poisonous action, 
bland and emollient drinks, as white of eggs and milk, should be used. 
Its local astringent action may be utilized by application of a clean and 



UNITED STATES PHAKMACOPCEIA. 95 

smooth stick of Milestone or by a weak injection (one-fifth of one per cent.) 
in water or lotion. 

Dose. — For emesis, two to ten grains, thirteen to sixty-five centi- 
grammes (.13 to .65), and for its continued astringent action on the gas- 
trointestinal mucous membrane, one-fourth to one-half grain, sixteen to 
thirty-two milligrammes (.016 to .032), used cautiously. 

CYDONIUM. 

QUINCE SEED. 

Semen Gydonwe, P. G. ; Semenees des Goings, Fr. ; Quittensamen, Quitten- 

kerne, G. 

Chiefly useful in the form of mucilage, as a soothing, bland external 
application in abrasions of the skin or fissures of the mucous membrane ; 
also internally as a soothing application to the throat or bowels. Bando- 
line, used in dressing the hair, is a mucilage of quince seeds. 

Dose. — Indefinite. 

CYPRIPEDIUM. 

OYPRIPEDIUM. 

Rhizoma Cyprepedii — Ladies' Slipper Root, E. ; Racine de Gypripede Jaune, 
Valeriane Americaine, Fr. ; Gelbfrauenschuh-wurzel, G. 

A popular soothing remedy for nervous derangements, the benefit of 
which is perhaps due to volatile oils and resins contained in the plant. It 
is compared to valerian, but said to be less powerful. 

Dose. — Fifteen to thirty grains, one to two grammes. The so-called 
cyprepedin of the eclectics is given in doses of from half a grain to three 
grains. 

DECOCTA. 

DECOCTIONS. 

The very considerable number of decoctions in the former editions of 
the Pharmacopoeia is, properly enough, reduced to two, since they cannot 
be kept on hand, are very likely to be substituted by dilute fluid extracts, 
and for some of the purposes for which decoctions are made it is better 
that they should be fresh and warm. The general rule of the Pharma- 
copoeia is amply sufficient whenever it is desired that the pharmacist 
should make the decoction without specific directions, and throws the 
responsibility of the dosage where it belongs — upon the physician. 



96 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

DECOCTUM CETRARI/E. 

DECOCTION OP CETRARIA. 

[Iceland Moss.] 

Tisane (Decode) de Lichen cFIslande, Fr. ; Isldndisch Moos Absud 

(Decoct.), G. 

A little stronger than in the old edition. Bitter and demulcent. 

Dose. — Two to four ounces, one to two wineglassfuls, sixty to one 
hundred and twenty grammes, three or four times a day. 

DECOCTUM SARSAPARILL/E COMPOSITUM. 

COMPOUND DECOCTION OP SARSAPARILLA. 

Decoct um Sarsos Compositum., Br. ; Tisane (Apozeme) Sudorifique, Decode 
de Salsepareille Compose, Fr. ; Zusammengesetzes Sarsaparilla Decoct., G. 

It seems customary to mention in this connection Zittmann's decoction, 
which this resembles in the presence of sarsaparilla but differs from in 
many other respects, especially the absence of mercury. It is diaphoretic 
and is used in chronic rheumatism, syphilis, and chronic skin diseases. 

Dose. — Four to six ounces, two or three wineglassfuls, two hundred 
and forty to three hundred grammes, several times a day. 

DIGITALIS. 

DIGITALIS. 

[Foxglove.] 

Digitalis Folia, Br. ; Folia Digitalis, P. G. ; Digitalis Leaves, Foxglove 
Leaves, E. ; Feuilles de Digitate Pourpree (de Grande Digitate), Fr. ; 
Fingerhutkraut, G. 

The active principles of digitalis have been the subject of much study, 
which has not as yet led to any intelligible and decisive result. It may be 
stated with some confidence that neither the digitalin of the last edition of 
the Pharmacopoeia nor any others of the same name, with one possible 
exception (the crystalline digitalin of Nativelle), is a pure active principle, 
although they may represent pretty accurately, but in varying doses, the 
action of the drug. It seems very probable that digitalis possesses several 
active principles, chiefly glucosides, which are closely allied to each other, 
and some of which are soluble in water and some in alcohol, so that both 
the tincture and infusion are active. Digitalis exerts a peculiar influence 
upon the heart and arteries, small doses reducing the frequency and in- 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 97 

creasing the force of the heart's beat and rendering the pulse slower and 
firmer. Sometimes the earliest effect of digitalis is to render the pulse 
more rapid ; but this condition gives place to that just described, and in- 
deed is seldom observed at all. Larger doses cause vomiting and diarrhoea, 
flashes before the eyes, irregular pulse finally giving place to a frequent and 
feeble one, and death. Fatal poisoning has taken place, both by accident 
and criminally. It should always be remembered in giving digitalis in 
considerable doses, that the change from the strong to the weak pulse may 
take place suddenly, especially on exertion. This is spoken of as the 
"cumulative action." It does not, however, imply any actual accumula- 
tion of the drug in the body. For therapeutic purposes the smaller doses 
are chiefly used, and it is conveniently spoken of as a tonic to the heart 
and arteries. Its most important use is in diseases of the heart, to regu- 
late and strengthen the beat of the ventricles, and to produce a healthy de- 
gree of contractility in the arteries. The indications for its use are most fre- 
quently, met with in valvular disease, but it may be of value in almost any 
affection where the beat is feeble and irregular and the circulation slug- 
gish. It is not of much use in purely nervous palpitation. It is often 
advantageously combined with opium. Its value in reducing dropsy and 
producing diuresis depends upon its increasing the activity of the circu- 
lation, and perhaps the same explanation will apply to its use in headache 
and neuralgia. 

Small doses have been recommended in fevers to act as antipyretics 
by equalizing the circulation, and also to strengthen the heart when, as in 
typhus and typhoid, its beat is weakened. It is not very efficient for the 
first purpose nor very safe for the second. Large doses, like any depres- 
sing poison, will produce a fall of temperature, but this remedy should not 
be applied until safer ones have failed, and until it is very clear that the 
patient is in greater danger from the fever than from the digitalis. Digi- 
talis has been used in very large doses in delirium tremens, and this dis- 
ease seems to confer a certain immunity from its effects. It should be 
restricted to cases where it is called for by the condition of the circulation 
rather than the name of the disease. In frogs digitalis is a very perfect 
antidote to aconite, and one case has been reported where this antagonism 
was apparently shown to exist in aconite poisoning in man. Digitalis is 
sometimes applied externally in the form of a poultice of the leaves or the 
tincture upon the surface of an ordinary poultice. It seems very doubtful, 
however, whether the good effects attributed to such an application in 
suppression of the urine were due to the specific action of the digitalis or 
simply to the impression of heat and moisture. 

Dose. — One or two grains, six to twelve centigrammes (.06 to .12), 
twice or thrice a day. 
7 



98 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

DULCAMARA. 

DULCAMARA. 

[BlTTER-SWEET. ] 

Stipites Dulcamaras, P. G. ; Tiges de Douce-amere (de Morelle Grimpanle), 

Fr. ; Bittersiiss-stengel, G. 

The active principle is solanin, found also in the stems of potato, to- 
mato, and solanum nigrum. Dulcamara possesses feeble narcotic, with 
some diuretic and diaphoretic properties, and a tendency in large doses to 
depress the heart's action. It may cause nausea, faintness, vertigo, and 
convulsive movements. As the decoction of a peck of the herb has been 
taken in one forenoon without fatal results, it cannot be regarded as a 
dangerous poison. The therapeutic applications do not seem to have a 
very intimate connection with the action just described. It has been used 
in chronic skin diseases, as well as in dropsy, icterus, and chronic rheuma- 
tism. Its narcotic properties are probably those which make it useful in 
chronic bronchitis and whooping-cough. 

Dose. — In substance (not used), thirty to sixty grains, two to four 
grammes. A decoction made by the general rule may be given, one to 
two ounces, thirty to sixty grammes, three times a day until some slight 
cerebral effect is noticed. 

ELATERIN. 

ELATERIN. 

Derived from the fruit of Ecbalicum Officinarum, or Squirting Cucum- 
ber — Cucumis Asininus, -Cucumis Agrestis — Wild Cucumber, E. ; Con- 
combre Sauvage (Purgatif d'Ane), Fr. ; Springgurke, Ussels-kurbis, Spritz- 
gurke, G. 

The elaterium heretofore officinal, is a drug of such uncertain strength 
that the dose is stated as from one-eighth of a grain to two grains. An 
active principle, permitting some accuracy in dosage, is obviously a desid- 
eratum, and for this reason elaterin is introduced. It is one of the most 
active known watery purgatives, producing also vomiting and depression. 
It is very useful in dropsy or in cerebral symptoms dependent on conges- 
tion or on ursemia. It may be given in pill, dissolved in alcohol, or in the 
officinal trituration. 

Dose. — One-sixteenth of a grain, four milligrammes (.004), repeated 
every hour or two until free discharges are produced. 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 99 

ELIXIR AURANTII. 

ELIXIR OF ORANGE. 

[Simple Elixir.] 

An excipient and flavoring syrup with alcohol, designed for prescrip- 
tion with extracts and tinctures to cover their taste and displace the num- 
berless non-officinal elixirs. The 

Dose is to be regulated by the amount of alcohol thought desirable 
for the patient to take. 

EMPLASTRA. 

PLASTERS. 

The plasters as directed by the Pharmacopoeia consist, with the excep, 
tion of isinglass plaster, of material to be spread upon sheepskin, chamois, 
leather, linen, muslin (cotton), or paper. A plaster designed for# local 
stimulation or protection is usually spread upon leather, while for surgical 
purposes, where long strips are required, cotton is the best. A margin of 
leather, not spread, should be left around the plaster. Their removal may 
be facilitated by a few drops of turpentine applied at the junction of the 
plaster and (patient's) skin. The therapeutic action of these very popular 
appliances, aside from the surgical uses of adhesive plaster, depends upon 
a certain amount of mechanical support, protection from cold, protection 
from pressure or abrasion, a local astringent, stimulating, or irritant effect, 
and in a very few cases upon the absorption of the drug employed. The 
latter takes place with the plasters containing mercury, and possibly to some 
extent with belladonna plaster. The amount of absorption is, of course, 
increased if they are applied to an abraded surface. 

The number of plasters retained in the Pharmacopoeia is much greater 
than necessary. 

EMPLASTRUM AMMONIACI. 

AMMONIAC PLASTER. 

Slightly irritant. 

EMPLASTRUM AMMONIACI CUM HYDRARGYRO. 

AMMONIAC PLASTER WITH MERCURY. 

Prolonged application may produce the constitutional effects of mer- 
cury. 



100 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

EMPLASTRUM ARNIC/E. 

ARNICA PLASTER. 

Mildly irritating. 

EMPLASTRUM BELLADONN/E. 

BELLADONNA PLASTER. 

To allay neuralgic pains and relieve inflammatory and glandular swel- 
lings. Symptoms of the constitutional action of the drug are said to be 
common, even when it is applied to the sound skin. Severe ones may occur 
if it is applied to an abraded surface, as where the plaster has once been 
roughly removed and reapplied. 

EMPLASTRUM CAPSICI. 

CAPSICUM PLASTER. 

* 

Very irritating. 

EMPLASTRUM FERRI. 

„ IRON PLASTER. 

[Strengthening Plaster.] 

The strength consists chiefly in the name. There is no reason to sup- 
pose that the iron is absorbed. 

EMPLASTRUM GALBANI. 

GALBANUM PLASTER. 

Irritating. 

EMPLASTRUM HYDRARGYRI. 

MERCURIAL PLASTER. 

A mild counter-irritant likely to produce the constitutional effects of 
mercury. Has been used to prevent pitting of the face in small-pox. 

EMPLASTRUM ICHTHYOCOLL/E. 

ISINGLASS PLASTER. 

[Court Plaster.] 

The neatest surgical plaster where great strength is not required and 
the parts are not to be exposed to wet. 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 101 

EMPLASTRUM OPII. 

OPIUM PLASTER. 

Probably there is no specific effect from the opium if the skin is whole, 
and but very little under any circumstances. 

EMPLASTRUM PICIS BURGUNDIC/E. 

BURGUNDY PITCH PLASTER. 

Slightly irritating. 

EMPLASTRUM PICIS CANADENSIS. 

CANADA PITCH PLASTER. 

[Hemlock Pitch Plaster.] 
Slightly irritating. 

EMPLASTRUM PICIS CUM CANTHARIDE. 

PITCH PLASTER WITH CANTHARIDES. 

[Warming Plaster.] 

More irritating than a simple pitch plaster, but is not intended to 
blister. 

EMPLASTRUM PLUMBI. 

LEAD PLASTER. 

[Diachylon Plaster.] 

The basis of many other plasters. Is itself a good protective in bed- 
sores, and to prevent abrasion. 

EMPLASTRUM RESINjE. 

RESIN PLASTER. 

[Adhesive Plaster.] 

This is the surgical adhesive plaster. It is not intended to, but some- 
times does, produce some irritation. 

EMPLASTRUM SAPONIS. 

SOAP PLASTER. 

A good protective, but more likely to slip than lead plaster. 



102 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 



ERGOTA. 

ERGOT. 

[Ergot of Eye.] 

Secale Cornutum, P. G. ; Secale Clamtum, Mater Secalis — Spurred Rye, E. ; 
Ergot, Seigle Ergote, Ble Comu, Fr. ; Mutterkom, Kornmutter, Zapfen- 
korn, G. 

The active principle of ergot is not known. It is, however, known that 
it is volatile and easily decomposed, so that ergot should be fresh and 
its preparations made without heat. They are wisely few in number. 
The so-called ergotins are merely extracts. Ergot is principally known 
for its power of producing uterine contractions. This happens most easily 
when the uterine contents are ready to be expelled, as in normal labor, or 
have been otherwise disturbed, as in abortion, or when they are of abnor- 
mal character, as clots or a fibroid tumor. Contractions should take place 
in from fifteen to thirty minutes after the dose, the effect of which may last 
for two or three hours. It contracts the arterioles as well as the uterus, 
lowering the pulse, increasing the vascular tension, and often causing head- 
ache. The long-continued use of ergoted grain has given rise to epi- 
demics of ergotism, spoken of as gangrenous and spasmodic. This is not ob- 
served, however, even after long-continued medicinal use, and the influence 
of cold and hunger as well as of ergot is apparently necessary to produce 
it. Ergot is often used in obstetrics to promote the expulsion of the child, 
but this procedure is not approved of under ordinary circumstances by 
the best practitioners. It is of more value after labor to produce full con- 
traction of the uterus, the expulsion of clots, and the checking of hemor- 
rhage. In medicine it is employed to expel abnormal uterine contents, as 
clots or a partially dislodged fibroid, to cause contraction of its substance, 
as in subinvolution, and to check the growth of fibroids inaccessible to sur- 
gical interference. 

Its power of contracting the arterioles makes it one of the most effi- 
cient hemostatics, as in hemoptysis, hematuria, and purpura. It is also 
used in cerebral and spinal diseases, congestion, and inflammation, to con- 
tract the blood-vessels. It may be administered as an extemporaneous 
infusion, or a wine or fluid extract, or if the solid form is desired the un- 
oflicinal so-called ergotin may be used. For subcutaneous use ergotin 
dissolved in glycerin and water or a solution of an aqueous extract, the 
fluid extract, or the latter evaporated to dryness without much heat and 
redissolved in water, are employed. There is apt to be irritation or even 
abscess at the point of injection, if a solution with alcohol be used, the risk 
of which may be diminished by inserting the needle more deeply into the 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 103 

muscles than is usually done. The obstetric practitioner should carry 
with him either the powder or the whole ergot, in small well-stopped bot- 
tles, or a fluid extract of known reputation, frequently renewed. 

Dose. — In substance or for immediate infusion, eight to thirty grains, 
one-half to two grammes, repeated in twenty minutes in case of need. Of 
ergotin, one to three grains, six to eighteen centigrammes (06. to .18). 
These doses may also be used once in two or three hours when it is desired 
to continue the action of the drug. The fluid extract is one of the most 
convenient and efficient preparations. 

ERYTHROXYLON. 

ERYTHROXYLON. 

[Coca, or Cuca.] 

Feuilles de Coca, Fr. ; Cocablatter, G. 

This drug contains the alkaloids cocaina and hygrina, and a volatile con- 
stituent which gives a pleasant fragrance to the fresh leaves. The differ- 
ence in specimens of coca is very great, and many leaves are undoubtedly 
sold which have but a trace remaining of their original properties. This 
probably accounts for the great discrepancy in the statements of persons 
who have experimented with this drug here and in Europe. Good coca 
exerts a decided influence upon the nervous system, somewhat akin to 
that of coffee. It has long been reported that the South American Indians 
are able to support long-continued and severe labor on a minimum of 
food provided they have a supply of coca leaves, which they chew with the 
addition of a little alkaline powder. It may fairly be stated that, notwith- 
standing some failures, similar effects have been obtained here and in 
Europe. Although it is a very valuable stimulant for persons undergoing 
unusual bodily or mental fatigue, its strictly therajDeutic value must be 
considered slight. Symptoms showing a resemblance between coca and 
cannabis indica have been described, but certainly very considerable doses 
fail to produce more than a slight feeling of oppression in the head, wake- 
fulness, and perhaps some quickening of the pulse. A long-continued use 
seems to produce something like the mental condition observed after many 
neurotic drugs. Coca may be used as a general tonic, and has been espe- 
cially tried in mental diseases of a depressive type, but without decided 
success. 

Dose. — Half an ounce or an ounce, fifteen to thirty grammes, of the 
leaves may be gradually eaten or made into an infusion to be taken in sev- 
eral doses. 



104 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

EUCALYPTUS. 

EUCALYPTUS. 

Feuilles d' Eucalyptus, Fr. ; Eucalyptus-blatter, G. 

The leaves of this tree contain resins and a volatile oil, the latter of 
which is the active principle. It has a pungent, aromatic odor and taste, 
and is antiseptic. Doses of twenty drops cause some " general stimula- 
tion ; " that is, mental excitement, desire to keep moving, and increased 
appetite. In larger doses there is some muscular debility. The thera- 
peutic uses are few. Eucalyptus was at one time spoken of as a valuable 
substitute for quinia in the treatment of intermittent fever, but this claim 
is now almost universally rejected. The oil has been used, by inhalation 
or dropped on a lump of sugar, in gangrene of the lung and bronchitis. 
Smoking the leaves or burning them in the sick-room is said to relieve 
asthmatic paroxysm depending on cardiac disease. The tincture, as well as 
the leaves themselves, has been used as a local application for hemor- 
rhages, mucous discharges, and ulcers. Some of the preparations can be 
employed to cover the taste of other drugs, as quinia and cod-liver oil. The 
tree, which is of very rapid growth, is reported from many sources to have 
been of great benefit in improving the climate of malarial regions. 

Dose. — In substance, five grains, thirty centigrammes (.30), and up- 
ward, but not used on account of bulk ; the oil, two to five drops ; the 
tincture, fifteen minims, one gramme. 

EUONYMUS. 

EUONYMUS. 

[Wahoo.] 

Cortex Euonymi — Spindle Tree, Burning Bush, E. ; Ecorce de Fusain, ou 
de Bonnet de Pretre, Fr. ; Spindelbaumrinde, G. 

Contains a neutral bitter principle called euonymin ; not the same as 
the euonymine of the eclectics, made by precipitating a strong tincture with 
water, but probably included in it. Euonymus is a hydragogue cathartic, 
and diuretic. Its ancient clinical reputation of cholagogue has been con- 
firmed by recent experiments. 

Dose. — In decoction or infusion, from one to two ounces, thirty to 
sixty grammes ; euonymin (resinoid), from two to five grains, thirteen to 
thirty-two centigrammes (.13 to .32) as a cholagogue cathartic. 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 105 

EUPATORIUM. 

EUPATORIUM. 

[Thoeoughwoet.] 

Boneset, Indian Sage, E. ; Herbe a Fieure, Herbe d'Eupatoire Perfoliee, Herbe 
Parfaite, Fr. ; Durchwachsener Wasserhanf, G. 

Contains a volatile oil and a bitter principle. Small doses, one to two 
ounces of infusion, thirty to sixty grammes, may be used as a tonic ; 
larger ones, four to five ounces, one hundred and twenty to one hundred 
and fifty grammes, taken warm, produce diaphoresis and perhaps cathar- 
sis ; still larger ones, half a litre, a pint, emesis. 

Dose. — In powder, fifteen or thirty grains, one or two grammes (not 
used). Infusion as above. 

EXTRACTA. 

EXTRACTS. 

EXTRACTA FLUIDA. 

FLUID EXTRACTS. 

These preparations are intended to represent, the one class in the solid 
form, the other in the liquid, the drugs from which they are prepared 
deprived of a large amount of inert material, thus euabling them to be 
dispensed in a smaller bulk. As, however, different parcels of a drug are 
likely to vary in composition, so must also these extracts, and while in the 
great majority of cases these variations are not enough to be of practical 
importance, yet with some of the more active drugs the dose is made very 
uncertain thereby, the only safe way of administration being to begin w 7 ith 
a quantity which will not be an overdose, supposing the extract to have 
its maximum strength, and then proceed gradually upward until the 
effective dose is reached. Some of the solid extracts are notoriously un- 
certain and feeble, and it is better, whenever the full action of the drug is 
desired and a pure active principle is obtainable, to use the latter in pref- 
erence. 

The fluid extracts are directed to be made with diluted alcohol, and 
hence contain about one-half the alcoholic strength of the tinctures. Ac- 
cording to the general plan, diluted alcohol is used as the menstruum and 
the percolation is allowed to be continued for fort} T -eight hours. In some 
cases the residue from the first percolate is heated in a steam bath to drive 
off the alcohol, and then diluted alcohol and the eighty per cent, of re- 
served percolate is added to make up the volume. One hundred grammes 



106 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

of the drug is used with which to obtain one hundred cubic centimeters 
of the final product ; hence we have a strength of one cubic centimeter to 
each gramme of the drug, or nearly one grain for each minim. The fluid 
extracts have been carefully experimented upon and are intended to be 
stable products, though in some cases a vegetable deposit will form after 
prolonged standing. This deposit usually consists of glucose and saccha- 
rine crystalline material. In some instances glycerin is directed to be 
added to the alcohol before percolation has commenced. The question of 
stability of the final products and a fair representation of the therapeuti- 
cal value of each drug is yet a matter to be determined by practical expe- 
rience. It is proper to say that the fluid extracts, as made according to 
the processes described in the Pharmacopoeia of 1870, have not met with 
general favor, either from the medical or pharmaceutical professions. 

Incompatibles : iron preparations, emulsions, strong mineral acids, lead, 
silver, and probably many of the vegetable alkaloids, from the fact of the 
large amount of tannin present in solution in the extracts. 

EXTRACTUM ACONITI. 

EXTRACT OF ACONITE. 

It should be remembered that the extract of aconite of the last edition 
was made from the leaves. This is from the root. 

Dose. — One-sixth to one-third of a grain, one to two centigrammes 
(.01 to .02), increased. The French and German Pharmacopoeias use an 
extract from the leaves. 

EXTRACTUM ACONITI FLUIDUM. 

FLUID EXTRACT OF ACONITE. 

Dose. — One-half to two minims, three to twelve centigrammes (.03 
to .12), three or four times a day. In febrile affections smaller doses, one- 
sixth to one-fourth of a drop, may be given every thirty to sixty minutes. 

EXTRACTUM ALOES AQUOSUM. 

AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF ALOES. 

Its stability is somewhat doubtful, and the dose is about the same as 
that of aloes. 

Pose. — One-half grain, three centigrammes (.03), three times a day as 
laxative ; as cathartic, two to six grains, twelve to thirty centigrammes 
(.12 to .30). 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 107 



EXTRACTUM ARNIC/E RADICIS. 

EXTRACT OF ARNICA ROOT. 

Seldom if ever used internally. This preparation is less irritating than 
that made from the flowers, as directed in the last edition. 

Dose. — Stated at five to ten grains, thirty to sixty centigrammes 
(.30 to .60). 

EXTRACTUM ARNIC/E RADICIS FLUIDUM. 

FLUID EXTRACT OF ARNICA ROOT. 

Dose. — Ten to thirty minims, thirty centigrammes to two grammes 
(.30 to 2). 

EXTRACTUM AROMATICUM FLUIDUM. 

AROMATIC FLUID EXTRACT. 

May be used in diarrhoea or colic, or as a vehicle. 
Dose. — Fifteen minims and upward, one gramme. 

EXTRACTUM AURANTII AMARI FLUIDUM. 

FLUID EXTRACT OF BITTER ORANGE FEEL. 

Slightly bitter and tonic. Used as flavoring, especially for the mineral 
acids. Nitrohydrochloric acid, however, dissipates the orange flavor. 

Dose. — One-half to one fluidrachm, two to four grammes or cubic cen- 
timeters. 

EXTRACTUM BELLADONNA ALCOHOLICUM. 

ALCOHOLIC EXTRACT OF BELLADONNA. 

Of very uncertain strength. Softened with water, glycerin or oil it 
may be used as an external application. 

Dose. — One-fourth grain, fifteen milligrammes (.015), in pill, increased 
until an effect is produced on the throat or on the pupil. 

EXTRACTUM BELLADONN/E FLUIDUM. 

FLUID EXTRACT OF BELLADONNA. 

Dose. — One to two minims, six to twelve centigrammes (.06 to .12), 
increased. 



108 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

EXTRACTUM BRAYER>E FLUIDUM. 

FLUID EXTRACT OP BRAYERA. 

More convenient, but perhaps less efficacious than a freshly prepared 
infusion or decoction. 

Dose. — Two drachms to two teaspoonfuls, eight to ten grammes. 
EXTRACTUM BUCHU FLUIDUM. 

FLUID EXTRACT OF BUCHU. 

Dose. — Twenty to forty-five minims, one and a half to three grammes 
or cubic centimeters. 

EXTRACTUM CALAMI FLUIDUM. 

FLUID EXTRACT OF CALAMUS. 

A stomachic, stimulant and flavoring. 

Dose. — Fifteen to sixty minims, one to four grammes. 

EXTRACTUM CALUMB/E FLUIDUM. 

FLUID EXTRACT OF CALUMBA. 

A bitter tonic. 

Dose. — Eight to thirty minims, one-half gramme to two grammes. 

EXTRACTUM CANNABIS INDIC/E. 

EXTRACT OF INDIAN CANNABIS. 

This is the preparation usually employed to obtain the effects of can- 
nabis. Unfortunately it is of very variable strength, and a minimum 
dose should be used to begin with. 

Dose. — One-third grain, two centigrammes (.02), increased. 
EXTRACTUM CANNABIS INDIC/E FLUIDUM. 

FLUID EXTRACT OF INDIAN CANNABIS. 

This is a new preparation, and as the cannabis has not often been 
used in substance, and there is no fixed ratio by which to compare this to 
the solid extract, which is itself uncertain, the exact dosage must be estab- 
lished by experiment. 

A safe commencing dose would probably be from five to ten minims, 
thirty to sixty centigrammes (.30 to .60). 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 109 

EXTRACTUM CAPSICI FLUIDUM. 

FLUID EXTRACT OP CAPSICUM. 
Dose. — Two to ten minims, twelve to sixty centigrammes (.12 to .60). 

EXTRACTUM CASTANE/E FLUIDUM. 

FLUID EXTRACT OF CASTANEA. 

Intended to take the place of the domestic infusion in the treatment of 
whooping-cough. 

Dose. — One-half to one fluidrachm, two to four grammes. Great ac- 
curacy in dosage is not required. 

EXTRACTUM CHIMAPHIL/E FLUIDUM. 

FLUID EXTRACT OF CHIMAFHILA 

Astringent, bitter, diuretic. For most purposes a decoction or infusion 
is probably better than this preparation, which if used should be largely 
diluted. 

Dose. — One fluidrachm, four grammes. 

EXTRACTUM CHIRAT>E FLUIDUM. 

FLUID EXTRACT OF CHIRATA. 

A bitter tonic. 

Dose. — Fifteen to thirty minims, one to two grammes. 

EXTRACTUM CIMICIFUG^E FLUIDUM. 

FLUID EXTRACT OF CIMICIFUGA. 
Dose. — Thirty to sixty minims, two to four grammes. 

EXTRACTUM CINCHONA. 

EXTRACT OF CINCHONA. 

Contains all the active principles of cinchona. It is doubtful whether 
it possesses any advantages over the alkaloids. 

Dose. — Eight to fifteen grains, one-half to one gramme. The dose 
will be limited chiefly by the bulk of the preparation. 



110 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 



EXTRACTUM CINCHON/E FLUIDUM. 

FLUID EXTRACT OP CINCHONA. 

Contains all the active principles of the bark. Used chiefly for the 
tonic effects of the bark or where only small doses of the alkaloids are 
desired. As an antiperiodic it could be used in case of emergency, but the 
dose would be inconveniently large. 

Dose. — As a tonic, one fluidrachm, four grammes. 

EXTRACTUM COLCHICI RADIC5S. 

ACETIC EXTRACT OF COLCHICUM. 

For prescription in pills. May be combined with a cathartic. 

Dose. — One-half grain to two grains, three to twelve centigrammes 
(.03 to .12). 

EXTRACTUM COLCHICI RADICIS FLUIDUM. 

FLUID EXTRACT OF COLCHICUM ROOT. 
Dose. — Two to five minims, twelve to sixty centigrammes (.12 to .60). 

EXTRACTUM COLCHICI SEMINIS FLUIDUM. 

FLUID EXTRACT OF COLCHICUM SEED. 
Dose. — Two to ten minims, twelve to thirty centigrammes (.12 to .30). 

EXTRACTUM COLOCYNTHIDIS. 

EXTRACT OF COLOCYNTH. 

Seldom, if ever, used alone. The 

Dose would be from one-half to one grain, three to six centigrammes 
(.03 to .06), as a laxative ; twice or three times as much for a purgative. 

EXTRACTUM COLOCYNTHIDIS COMPOSITUM. 

COMPOUND EXTRACT OF COLOCYNTH. 

Varies very slightly in the proportion of its constituents from that of 
the former edition, but not enough to affect the dose. Much used as an 
active cathartic, often combined with others. 

Dose. — Five to twenty grains, thirty to one hundred and twenty cen- 
tigrammes (.30 to 1.20). 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA, 111 

EXTRACTUM CONN ALCOHOLICUM, 

ALCOHOLIC EXTRACT OF CONIUM. 

Probably more active than that of the last edition, which was made of 
the leaves and was extremely likely to be inert. 

Dose. — Two grains, twelve centigrammes (.12), will probably be per- 
fectly safe to begin with, and should be increased until physiological effects 
are manifest. 

EXTRACTUM CONII FLUIDUM. 

FLUID EXTRACT OF CONIUM. 

Dose. — Fifteen minims, one gramme, as the first dose to an adult, 
which may be repeated in three hours with the addition of five minims if, 
as will probably happen, there are no effects from the first. 

EXTRACTUM CORNUS FLUIDUM. 

FLUID EXTRACT OF CORNUS. 
A bitter. 

Dose. — One fluidrachm, four grammes. 

EXTRACTUM CUBEB^E FLUIDUM. 

FLUID EXTRACT OF CUBEB. 

Contains the cubebic acid, which is the most important therapeutic 
ingredient of cubeb, but a considerable portion of the volatile oil must be 
lost. It is used in the same way as cubeb, but is probably less active in 
the same dose than the drug in substance or than the oleoresin. 

Dose. — Eight to thirty minims, one-half to two grammes (.5 to 2). 
EXTRACTUM CYPRIPEDII FLUIDUM. 

FLUID EXTRACT OF CYPRIPEDIUM. 

May be used as a nervine or inferior substitute for valerian. 
Dose. — Fifteen minims, one gramme (1). 

EXTRACTUM DIGITALIS. 

EXTRACT OF DIGITALIS. 

A somewhat unnecessary preparation, as the efficient dose of digitalis 
in substance is not inconveniently large and is more trustworthy than its 



112 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 



extract. The non-officinal digitalin is in fact a sort of concentrated ex- 
tract. 

Dose. — One-fourth to one-third grain, one and a half to two centi- 
grammes (.015 to .02). 

EXTRACTUM DIGITALIS FLUIDUM. 

FLUID EXTRACT OF DIGITALIS. 

Less used than the tincture or infusion. 

Dose. — One or two minims or drops, six to twelve centigrammes (.06 
to .12). 

EXTRACTUM DULCAMAR/E FLUIDUM. 

FLUID EXTRACT OF DULCAMARA. 
Dose. — One nuidrachm, four grammes, diluted. 

EXTRACTUM ERGOTiE. 

EXTRACT OF ERGOT. 

This extract may be considered to correspond to the ergotin of Bon- 
jean. It is useful if it becomes necessary to administer ergot in a solid 
form ; or its aqueous solution may be used for subcutaneous injection. 

Dose. — Three to twelve grains, twenty to eighty centigrammes (.20 
to .80), in pills, which should be freshly made. 

EXTRACTUM ERGOT>E FLUIDUM. 

FLUID EXTRACT OF ERGOT. 

Is the most trustworthy preparation, except an extempore infusion of 
freshly powdered ergot ; but should not be used subcutaneously. 

Dose. — Thirty to sixty minims, two to four grammes. 

EXTRACTUM ERYTHROXYLI FLUIDUM. 

FLUID EXTRACT OF ERYTHROXYLON. 

If made from leaves of good quality is quite as likely to preserve the 
effects as the leaves themselves, which change by keeping. 

Dose. — One to four fluidrachms, four to sixteen grammes. 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 113 



EXTRACTUM EUCALYPTI FLUIDUM. 

FLUID EXTRACT OF EUCALYPTUS. 

Dose. — Five to fifteen minims, thirty centigrammes to one gramme 
(.30 to 1), on sugar or in capsule. 

EXTRACTUM EUONYMI. 

EXTRACT OF EUONYMUS. 

Intended to enable the physician to administer the active principles of 
euonymus in a solid form and with less bulk than the bark itself. As it 
is a new preparation, some experience is necessary before fixing with pre- 
cision the 

Dose, which may be considered provisionally as from two to five 
grains, thirteen to thirty-two centigrammes (.13 to .32). 

EXTRACTUM EUPATORII FLUIDUM. 

FLUID EXTRACT OF EUFATORIUM. 

Dose. — Fifteen to thirty minims, one to two grammes or cubic centi- 
meters. 

EXTRACTUM FRANGUL/E FLUIDUM. 

FLUDD EXTRACT OF FRANGULA. 

A useful laxative. May be made more agreeable by prescription with 
an equal quantity of elixir aurantii or other aromatic. 

Dose. — Half a teaspoonful to a teaspoonful, two to five grammes, re- 
peated if necessary. 

EXTRACTUM GELSEMII FLUIDUM. 

FLUID EXTRACT OF GELSEMIUM. 

Used in neuralgia, especially facial. Death has taken place in man 
from a tablespoonful, and in another case from two teaspoonfuls ; in a 
woman from three teaspoonfuls. A drachm has caused very serious symp- 
toms. 

Dose. — Five to twenty minims, thirty to one hundred and twenty 
centigrammes (.30 to 1.20), cautiously repeated until the earlier physio- 
logical effects are manifest. 
8 



114 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 



EXTRACTUM GENTIAN/E. 

EXTRACT OF GENTIAN. 

The effect of any amount which can be given in an ordinary pill is 
simply that of a bitter tonic, and the dose is unimportant. 

EXTRACTUM GENTIAN/E FLUIDUM. 

FLUID EXTRACT OF GENTIAN. 

A bitter tonic. 

Dose. — Eight to thirty minims, half a gramme to two grammes. 
EXTRACTUM GERANII FLUIDUM. 

FLUID EXTRACT OF GERANIUM. 

A mild astringent. 

Dose. — One-half a nuidrachm to one fluidrachm, two to four cubic 
centimeters. 

EXTRACTUM GLYCYRRHIZ/E. 

EXTRACT OF GLYCYRRHIZiE. 

[Extract of Liquorice.] 

This is a useful demulcent, used to allay cough. It is also used as an 
excipient in pills and troches. The commercial extract has a certain 
amount of acrid taste, which is not so marked in the " purified extract." 

Dose . — Indefinite. 



EXTRACTUM GLYCYRRHIZ/E FLUIDUM. 

FLUID EXTRACT OF GLYCYRRHIZiE. 

This is an excellent preparation for covering the taste of bitter, acrid, 
and saline medicines. 

Dose. — Indefinite. 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 115 

EXTRACTUM GLYCYRRHIZjE PURUM. 

PURE EXTRACT OF GLYCYRRHIZ-E. 

Its uses and dose are the same as those of the commercial extract, but 
it is a little more acceptable to a sensitive palate. 

EXTRACTUM GOSSYPII RADICIS FLUIDUM. 

FLUID EXTRACT OF COTTON ROOT. 

Dose. — Thirty minims to three drachms, two to twelve cubic centi- 
meters. 

EXTRACTUM GRINDELI>E FLUIDUM. 

FLUID EXTRACT OF GRINDELIA. 

The Dose internally for the relief of asthma is from fifteen minims 
to a fluidrachm, one to four cubic centimeters. Externally, as an appli- 
cation in eczema and ivy-poisoning, it may be diluted ten times. 

EXTRACTUM GUARAN/E FLUIDUM. 

FLUID EXTRACT OF GUARANA. 

This is an astringent, but owes its efficacy in the relief of headache to 
the caffeine it contains. 

The Dose is from fifteen minims to a fluidrachm, with elixir of orange 
or other flavoring. 

EXTRACTUM H/EMATOXYL1. 

EXTRACT OF HJEMATOXYLON. 

An astringent and coloring matter, used in the diarrhoea of children. 
Its color in the stools should not be mistaken for blood. 

Dose. — Five to twenty grains, thirty-two to one hundred and thirty 
centigrammes (.32 to 1.30). 

EXTRACTUM HAMAMELIDIS FLUIDUM. 

FLUID EXTRACT OF HAMAMELIS. 

The uses of this preparation are those of the drug itself. It is astrin- 
gent, and has also been used in febrile affections, congestions, and hem- 
orrhages. 

Dose. — Fifteen minims to two drachms, one to eight cubic centimeters. 



116 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

EXTRACTUM HYDRASTIS FLUIDUM. 

FLUID EXTRACT OP HYDRASTIS. 

A bitter. 

Dose. — One fluidrachm, four grammes, two or three times a day, be- 
fore meals. 

EXTRACTUM HYOSCYAM1 ALCOHOLICUM. 

ALCOHOLIC EXTRACT OF HYOSCYAMUS. 

A very untrustworthy preparation. It is often used as a supposed cor- 
rigent in pills, but is probably absolutely without value in this way. As, 
however, it is possible that an active preparation may by accident be ob- 
tained, it is safer to begin with a 

Dose of two grains, twelve centigrammes, to be rapidly increased. 
EXTRACTUM HYOSCYAM! FLUIDUM. 

FLUID EXTRACT OF HYOSCYAMUS. 

Much more efficient than the solid extract. 

Dose. — Five to ten minims, thirty to sixty centigrammes (.30 to 
.60). 

EXTRACTUM IPECACUANH/E FLUIDUM. 

FLUID EXTRACT OF IPECAC. 

Used in small doses in cough mixture, but not a very important prep- 
aration. 

Dose. — Emetic, twenty-five to thirty minims, one to two grammes ; 
expectorant, five minims, thirty centigrammes. 

EXTRACTUM IRIDIS. 

EXTRACT OF IRIS. 

Cholagogue. 

Dose. — Two to four grains, twelve to twenty-four centigrammes (.12 
to .24), in pill. 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 11 7 

EXTRACTUM JUGLANDIS. 

EXTRACT OF JUGLANS. 

A mild cathartic of inconveiiient bulk for pills. 

Dose. — Twenty to thirty grains, one hundred and thirty centigrammes 
to two grammes (1.30 to 2). 

EXTRACTUM KRAMERI/E. 

EXTRACT OF KRAMERIA. 

Extractum Eatanhce, P. G. ; Extrait de Batanhia, Fr. ; Batanha-Extrakt, G. 

An astringent in large doses, a bitter tonic in small doses. 

Dose. — Five to twenty-grains, thirty-two centigrammes to one and 
one-third gramme (.32 to 1.30). For enema in ulcerated or fissured rec- 
tum, a thee or four per cent, solution. 

EXTRACTUM KRAMERI/E FLUIDUM. 

FLUID EXTRACT OF KRAMERIA. 
Dose. — Eight to sixty minims, one-half to four cubic centimeters. 

EXTRACTUM LACTUCARII FLUIDUM. 

FLUID EXTRACT OF LACTICARIUM. 

A feeble hypnotic. Used more generally as a placebo. 
Dose. — Three to sixty minims, two-tenths to four cubic centimeters 
(.20 to 4). 

EXTRACTUM LEPTANDRA. 

EXTRACT OF LEPTANDRA. 

A new preparation. An irritant cathartic in large doses. This ex- 
tract would probably be of no greater strength than the impure resin 
leptandrin. 

Dose. — Two to four grains, thirteen to twenty-six centigrammes (.13 
to .26). 

EXTRACTUM LEPTANDR/E FLUIDUM. 

FLUID EXTRACT OF LEPTANDRA. 

Dose. — Thirty to sixty minims, two to six grammes. 



118 



THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 



EXTRACTUM LOBELI/E FLUIDUM. 

FLUID EXTRACT OF LOBELIA. 

Emetic, expectorant and cardiac depressant. Continued use increases 
the depressing action on the heart. 

Dose. — As an emetic, five to twenty grains, thirty to one hundred and 
thirty centigrammes (.30 to 1.30) ; as an expectorant, one to five grains, 
six to thirty centigrammes (.06 to .30). 

EXTRACTUM LUPULIN/E FLUIDUM. 

FLUID EXTRACT OF LUPULIN. 

A stomachic tonic and feeble hypnotic. 

Dose. — Ten to thirty minims, sixty to one hundred and twenty centi- 
grammes (.60 to 1.20). The extract should be mixed with a little brandy 
and dropped in water, as, if the water is poured upon the extract, the pre- 
cipitate formed adheres closely to the sides of the glass. 

EXTRACTUM MALTI. 

EXTRACT OF MALT. 

Malt extract either in its thick liquid condition, which is officinal, or 
in granulated form (as known in Mellin's or Horlick's food), has not only 
nutrient properties on account of its glucose, but also on account of its 
containing diastase acts as a digestive ferment. Its admixture to milk 
and oleaginous foods assists their digestion and assimilation, and tends to 
relieve constipation. No especial dose need be prescribed, though any 
larger than a tablespoonful is apt to relax the bowels. It forms a conve- 
nient and palatable addition to ferruginous and bark preparations, one- 
third of the bulk of which may be prescribed to form a syrupy mixture. 



EXTRACTUM MATICO FLUIDUM. 

FLUID EXTRACT OF MATICO. 

This extract may be used as a hemostatic, and also as an alterative or 
stimulant in chronic affections of the urinary passages. 

Dose. — One-half to two or three fluidrachms, two to twelve cubic 
centimeters. 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. H9 



EXTRACTUM MEZEREI. 

EXTRACT OF MEZEREUM. 
Used to prepare compound mustard liniment. 

EXTRACTUM MEZEREI FLUIDUM. 

FLUID EXTRACT OF MEZEREUM. 

Used chiefly externally as a counter-irritant and blistering substance. 
Its internal use is violently irritating to the stomach. 

Dose. — One to ten minims, six to sixty centigrammes (.06 to .60). 
EXTRACTUM NUCIS VOMIC/E. 

EXTRACT OF NUX VOMICA. 

A stimulant to nerve-centres, and especially to the unstriped muscular 
fibres of the intestinal tract. Often used in combination in laxative pills 
for habitual constipation. 

Dose. — One-third to one grain, two to six centigrammes (.02 to .06). 
EXTRACTUM NUCIS VOMIC/E FLUIDUM. 

FLUID EXTRACT OF NUX VOMICA. 

The extract is of uncertain strength, but a safe dose is from one to 
five minims, six to thirty centigrammes (.06 to .30), given in malt extract 
or water, in debilitated conditions of the large bowel. 

EXTRACTUM OPII. 

EXTRACT OF OPIUM. 

Dose. — One-fourth to a grain, sixteen milligrammes to six centir 
grammes (.016 to .06) ; about half that of opium. 

EXTRACTUM PAREIR/E FLUIDUM. 

FLUID EXTRACT OF PAREIRA. 

May be used in chronic inflammations of the urinary passages. 
Dose. — Thirty to sixty minims, two to four grammes.. 



120 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

EXTRACTUM PHYSOSTIGMATIS. 

EXTRACT OF PHYSOSTIGMA. 

Antispasmodic, the virtues depending upon its active principle eserine, 
or, physostigma. The dose should be regulated by watching for the phy- 
siological effects. 

Dose. — One-sixteenth to one-fourth grain, four to sixteen milli- 
grammes (.004 to .016), three times daily. For subcutaneous injection in 
tetanus these doses may be dissolved in water. 

EXTRACTUM PILOCARPI FLUIDUM. 

FLUID EXTRACT OF PILOCARPUS. 

Represents the activity of jaborandi. The smaller doses mentioned 
will be somewhat diuretic, the larger powerfully diaphoretic and siala- 
gogue. 

Dose. — Five to sixty minims, thirty centigrammes to four grammes, 
frequently repeated, every half hour till the effects are manifest. The 
fluid extract is not so trustworthy as the alkaloid pilocarpin, or as a de- 
coction of leaves of good quality. 

EXTRACTUM PODOPHYLLI. 

EXTRACT OF PODOPHYLLUM. 

Probably of the same character as the so-called resinoid " podo- 
phyllum," though much less concentrated. An irritant cathartic. 

Dose. — Five to fifteen grains, thirty-two centigrammes to one gramme 
(.32 to 1). 

EXTRACTUM PODOPHYLLI FLUIDUM. 

FLUID EXTRACT OF PODOPHYLLUM. 

Dose. — Ten to twenty grains, sixty-four to one hundred and thirty 
centigrammes (.64 to 1.30). 

EXTRACTUM PRUN1 VIRGINIAN/E FLUIDUM. 

FLUID EXTRACT OF WILD CHERRY. 

Bitter tonic, and slightly sedative in its action, from the presence of a 
small amount of dilute hydrocyanic acid. 

Dose. — Thirty to sixty minims, two to four grammes or cubic centi- 
meters. 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 121 

EXTRACTUM QUASSI/E. 

EXTRACT OF QUASSIA. 

An excellent stimulant to the appetite in debilitated conditions without 
organic disease. 

Dose. — Three to five grains, eighteen to thirty-two centigrammes (.18 
to .32). 

EXTRACTUM QUASSI/E FLUIDUM. 

FLUID EXTRACT OF QUASSIA. 

Dose. — Thirty to sixty minims, two to four grammes or cubic centi- 
meters. 

EXTRACTUM RHEL 

EXTRACT OF RHUBARB. 

Dose. — For catharsis ten grains, sixty -four centigrammes ; for stom- 
achic and astringent action in catarrhal conditions of the stomach and 
bowels, three to six grains, twenty to forty centigrammes. 

EXTRACTUM RHEI FLUIDUM. 

FLUID EXTRACT OF RHUBARB. 

Dose. — As a stomachic tonic, one to five grains, six to thirty centi- 
grammes ; as laxative, five to ten grains, thirty to sixty centigrammes after 
food ; as purgative, ten to forty grains, sixty centigrammes to two and a 
half grammes. 

EXTRACTUM RHOIS GLABR/E FLUIDUM. 

FLUID EXTRACT OF RHUS GLABRA. 

An acid and astringent wash for aphthae of mouth or catarrhal pharyn- 
gitis, also for dressing of wounds and ulcers. For internal use in catar- 
rhal affections of stomach and bowels. 

Dose. — One to two drachms, four to eight cubic centimeters. 
EXTRACTUM ROS/E FLUIDUM. 

FLUID EXTRACT OF ROSE. 

Used in preparations only, or in sore mouth as a wash. 



122 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

EXTRACTUM RUBI FLUIDUM. 

FLUID EXTRACT OF RUBUS. 

A valuable astringent in summer diarrhoea. 

Dose. — Thirty to sixty grains, two to four cubic centimeters. 

EXTRACTUM RUMICIS FLUIDUM. 

FLUID EXTRACT OF RUMEX. 

Astringent, laxative, and reputed "alterative," not unlike rhubarb or 
sarsaparilla. Sometimes used externally as a feeble astringent in atonic 
skin diseases. 

Dose. — Thirty to sixty minims, two to four cubic centimeters. 
EXTRACTUM SABIN/E FLUIDUM. 

FLUID EXTRACT OF SAVINE. 

Contains the volatile oil, resin, and tannic acid of the drug. An em- 
menagogue and vermifuge, but in large doses its irritating effects are 
dangerous to life, especially in feeble patients. 

Dose. — Five to fifteen minims, thirty-two centigrammes' to one 
gramme (.32 to 1). 

EXTRACTUM SANGUINARI/E FLUIDUM. 

FLUID EXTRACT OF SANGUINARIA. 

An expectorant, rarely used alone. Large doses cause emesis and 
constitutional depression. A stomachic stimulant. 

Dose. — One to five minims, six to thirty centigrammes (.06 to .30), as 
expectorant and stimulant ; as emetic, ten to sixty minims, sixty-four to 
one hundred and thirty centigrammes (.64 to 1.30), used cautiously. 

EXTRACTUM SARSAPARILL/E COMPOSITUM 

FLUIDUM. 

COMPOUND FLUID EXTRACT OF SARSAPARILLA, 

A convenient vehicle in which to prescribe mercury or iodide of 
potassium in syphilis, or as an adjuvant to medicines used in atonic con- 
ditions of the digestive tract. 

Dose. — Thirty to sixty minims, two to four cubic centimeters. It 
should be noted that three per cent, of the mixed powder is mezereum. 



UNITED STATES . PHARMACOPOEIA. 12?) 

EXTRACTUM SARSAPARILL/E FLUIDUM. 

FLUID EXTRACT OF SARSAFARILLA. 

A stomachic tonic. 

Dose. — Thirty to sixty minims, two to four cubic centimeters. 

EXTRACTUM SCILLjC FLUIDUM. 

FLUID EXTRACT OF SQUILL. 

Expectorant and diuretic ; generally used in combination. 

Dose. — One to two minims, six to thirteen centigrammes (.06 to .13). 

EXTRACTUM SCUTELLARIA FLUIDUM. 

FLUID EXTRACT OF SCUTELLARIA. 

A feeble sedative nervine. 

Dose. — One to two drachms, four to eight cubic centimeters. 

EXTRACTUM SENEG/E FLUIDUM. 

FLUID EXTRACT OF SENEGA. 

Contains saponin ; expectorant and feeble diuretic. In large doses it 
provokes emesis and catharsis. It is a feeble emmenagogue in passive 
congestions of the organs of generation. 

Dose. — Eight to twenty minims, one-half to one and one-third gramme 
(.5 to 1.30). 

EXTRACTUM SENNA FLUIDUM. 

FLUID EXTRACT OF SENNA. 

An efficient laxative, though it often induces griping pain and nausea, 
especially in large doses. It is not usually prescribed alone, but in com- 
bination with aromatic and carminative drugs, or salines. 

Dose. — As laxative, one drachm, four cubic centimeters ; as a cathar- 
tic, two or more drachms, eight cubic centimeters and upward. 

EXTRACTUM SERPENTARI/E FLUIDUM. 

FLUID EXTRACT OF SERPENTARIA. 

As the use of this drug is generally indicated in feeble conditions where 
cinchona and alcohol are beneficial, the compound tincture of cinchona 



124 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

(Huxhain's), which contains serpentaria, is usually prescribed. The fluid 
extract may also be used in fevers (typhoidal), in depression with feeble 
pulse, in combination with carbonate of ammonia. 

Dose. — Ten to thirty minims, sixty-four centigrammes to two grammes 
(.64 to 2). 

EXTRACTUM SPIGELI/E FLUIDUM. 

FLUID EXTRACT OF SPIGELIA. 

Used in combination with other drugs, senna, for instance, as a vermi- 
fuge for lumbricoid ascarides, which it narcotizes rather than destroys. 
The formerly officinal fluid extract of spigelia and senna was made by the 
addition of six ounces of fluid extract of senna to ten of fluid extract *of 
spigelia, with a little anise and caraway. 

Dose. — Ten to twenty minims, sixty-four to one hundred and thirty 
centigrammes, for children, and one to two fluidrachms, four to eight 
cubic centimeters, for adults. 

EXTRACTUM STILLINGI>E FLUIDUM. 

FLUID EXTRACT OF STILLINGIA. 

Used sometimes as an alterative, but its medicinal virtues are not well 
established. 

Dose. — Fifteen to thirty minims, one to two grammes. 



EXTRACTUM STRAMONII. 

EXTRACT OF STRAMONIUM. 

Antispasmodic and mydriatic, of especial value in bronchitic or hay 
asthma, and a local application, apparently acting as an anodyne. Like all 
extracts, somewhat uncertain. The dose should be at first small enough 
to be safe, and gradually increased. 

Dose. — One-half a grain, three centigrammes (.03), to begin with. 



EXTRACTUM STRAMONII FLUIDUM, 

FLUID EXTRACT OF STRAMONIUM. 
Dose. — One minim, six centigrammes, cautiously increased. 



UNITED STATES PHAKMACOPOEIA. 125 



EXTRACTUM TARAXACI. 

EXTRACT OF TARAXACUM. 

Stomachic tonic, mild laxative, and feeble cholagogue. Often used as 
a vehicle for more active drugs in pill. 

Dose. — Thirty to sixty grains, two to four grammes, dissolved in 
water. In pill the dose is limited by the inconvenient size. 

EXTRACTUM TARAXACI FLUIDUM. 

FLUID EXTRACT OF TARAXACUM. 

Dose. — Thirty minims to two fluidrachms or more, two to eight 
grammes or cubic centimeters. 

EXTRACTUM TRITICI FLUIDUM. 

FLUID EXTRACT OF TRITICUM. 

A feeble diuretic and emollient drink in febrile conditions ; a more 
popular remedy in France than in this country. Used in disorders of the 
bladder and urinary passages. It is doubtful if this preparation advanta- 
geously replaces the infusion. 

Dose. — One fluidrachm to a fluid ounce, four to thirty cubic centi- 
meters, considerably diluted. 

EXTRACTUM UV/E URSI FLUIDUM. 

FLUID EXTRACT OF UVA URSI. 

Astringent, tonic, and diuretic, sometimes used as an emmenagogue 
and in disorders of the urinary passages. 

Dose. — Thirty to sixty minims, two to four cubic centimeters, largely 
diluted. 

EXTRACTUM VALERIANAE FLUIDUM. 

FLUID EXTRACT OF VALERIAN. 

Used as a soothing remedy in hysteria. A so-called antispasmodic. 
Dose. — Fifteen to thirty minims, one to two cubic centimeters. 



126 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

EXTRACTUM VERATRI VIRIDIS FLUIDUM. 

FLUID EXTRACT OF VERATRUM VIRIDE. 

Emetic and expectorant, but not used as such. It also reduces fre- 
quency of pulse and respiratory movements. Should be used cautiously, 
as large doses occasion constitutional depression and grave symptoms. 

Dose. — One to four minims, six to twenty-six centigrammes (.06 to .26). 
EXTRACTUM VIBURNI FLUIDUM. 

FLUID EXTRACT OF VIBURNUM. 

Viburnum has the reputation of soothing irritability of uterine mus- 
cular fibres, and is very conveniently represented in this preparation. 
Used especially in dysmenorrhea and other abdominal pains. 

Dose. — Thirty to sixty minims, two to four cubic centimeters. 
EXTRACTUM XANTHOXYLI FLUIDUM. 

FLUID EXTRACT OF XANTHOXYLUM. 

A feeble stimulant and diaphoretic. 

Dose. — Thirty to sixty minims, two to four cubic centimeters, repeated 
every three or four hours. 

EXTRACTUM ZINGIBERIS FLUIDUM. 

FLUID EXTRACT OF GINGER. 

A stimulating irritant to the gastro-intestinal mucous membrane. Is 
used to relieve flatulent colic and abdominal pains. 

Dose. — Ten to thirty minims, one-half to two cubic centimeters. 

FEL BOVIS. 

OX-GALL. 

FEL BOVIS INSPISSATUM. 

INSPISSATED OX-GALL. 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 127 



FEL BOVIS PURIF1CATUM. 

PURIFIED OX-GALL. 

Fel Tauri Depuratum, P. G. ; Fel Bo vis Purificatum, Extract um Fell is 
Bovini — Purified Ox- Gall, E. ; Fiel de Bosuf Purifie, Ft. ; Gereinigte 
Ochsengalle (Bindsgalle), G. 

In the preparation of inspissated ox-gall nothing is removed but water 
and mechanical impurities ; in the purified, nothing but these and a little 
mucus. Hence they contain cholesterine, the biliary coloring matters, 
and the biliary acids. A preparation freed, or nearly so, from coloring 
matter, is known as choleate of soda. The two latter preparations are 
alone used in practice. 

The use of these preparations in medicine was obviously suggested by 
the fact of bile being normally present in the intestinal canal to assist 
digestion ; but it should be remembered that while the normal bile is 
poured directly into the duodenum from the bile-duct, the medicinal prep- 
aration is obliged to find its way thither through the acid media of the 
stomach, where it is likely to interfere with the digestion. Possibly its 
administration in capsules may allow it to pass through the stomach un- 
dissolved and perform its functions in the duodenum. Bile is used in 
chronic constipation and its attendant dyspepsia, but it is doubtful if it 
possesses special advantages over other mild and bitter laxatives, notably 
aloes. One hundred parts of bile are represented by fifteen of the inspis- 
sated, and somewhat less of the purified. There is a dry decolorized Ger- 
man preparation, of which seven parts correspond to one hundred of bile. 

Dose. — Eight to fifteen grains, one-half to one gramme, in capsule or 
coated pill. 

FERRUM. 

IRON. 

Mars, Fer, Fr. ; JEisen, G. 

The iron wire of the Pharmacopoeia is used simply to prepare the nu- 
merous ferruginous, chalybeate, or martial, salts. The iron salts used in 
medicine are essentially the same in their general or constitutional action, 
and approximately so in their local effect on the alimentary canal. Some 
are, however, slightly, if at all, irritant, unless in very excessive quantities, 
while others have quite a decided action of this kind. All the soluble 
preparations have an inky taste, more or less pronounced, and blacken the 
teeth. This blackness may be removed by the tooth-brush, and is not due 
to the same action as the injurious effect of some of the acid preparations. 



128 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

Many undergo a change to ferrous chloride before being absorbed, the 
metallic preparations, the oxides, and carbonates being dissolved in the 
hydrochloric acid of the gastric juice, while others, like the ferric salts, 
undergo a partial reduction. The iodide and ferrocyanide, and perhaps 
others are absorbed unchanged. Of any dose of iron administered by the 
mouth, a considerable portion escapes absorption and colors the stools 
black from the formation of tannates and sulphides. The fasces of nursing 
children are not colored by iron. Either in the stomach before absorp- 
tion, or in the blood afterward, the ferrous chloride unites with albumen 
to form a double albuminate of iron and sodium. Non-irritating and non- 
styptic preparations may be administered subcutaneously. Iron is elimi- 
nated chiefly by the glands of the intestinal canal, and especially the liver ; 
but a small portion makes its appearance in the other secretions, as the 
urine, saliva, sweat, milk, and tears. Small doses of the insoluble and 
less irritating preparations of iron produce at first no marked symptoms, 
except some improvement of appetite and a tendency to constipation. If 
the treatment is long continued, or larger quantities, and the more irritating 
preparations are used, there appears, according to the susceptibility of 
the patient, decided gastric irritation, as shown by a furred tongue, a sen- 
sation of weight in the stomach after eating, or gastralgia and pyrosis. 
Constipation and headache are the more common symptoms. In health, 
there is usually no marked effect upon the blood, although it appears 
possible to produce a certain amount of plethora in some cases, but in 
many forms of anaemia the increase of red corpuscles and of haemoglobin 
is very marked under martial medication. The iron ingested in the course 
of any ferruginous treatment is much in excess of the amount appropri- 
ated by the blood- corpuscles, and as the quantity of iron contained in any 
ordinary diet seems to be sufficient, if properly digested and absorbed, 
for the needs of the economy, it is held by some therapeutists that iron 
acts rather as a stimulant to the blood-forming function, than as a direct 
food to the corpuscles themselves. Whatever theory of the modus ope- 
randi is held, however, the fact remains that the iron preparations, if prop-- 
erly used, exercise a peculiar and decided effect in restoring, not only the 
normal proportions of the red corpuscles, but of the haemoglobin, to the 
blood. Although the one therapeutic indication for the use of iron is 
anaemia, this symptom, as induced by different diseases, does not always 
yield with equal readiness to the treatment. This is in part due to the 
differing power of the digestive organs in appropriating the nourishment 
offered them, and their varied irritability, and in part probably to essen- 
tial changes in the constitution of the blood in addition to mere anaemia. 

It is well known that in impaired digestion and deficient interstitial 
nutrition accompanying certain blood diseases which produce anaemia or 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 129 



a diminution of the red blood -corpuscles, for instance, the syphilitic and 
cancerous cachexiae, iron will not, as a rule, repair the anaemic condition, 
whilst in the former disease, certainly, mercury and iodide of potassium, 
and in the latter, sometimes, carbonate of ammonia or potassa, will im- 
prove the anaemia. 

Clinical experience shows clearly that in certain forms of anaemia with- 
out apparent organic disease, as, for instance, chlorosis, no improvement 
follows an injudicious use of iron, the constitutional effects of which prove 
so inconvenient that the treatment cannot be pursued. In these cases 
very minute doses of iron preparations, not theoretically best suited for 
direct absorption, produce beneficial results upon the anaemia ; for in- 
stance, reduced iron or Quevenne's iron by hydrogen, as well as dialyzed 
iron solution (not officinal), may, when properly administered with food, 
increase the percentage of blood-corpuscles in the system, while the use 
of the tincture of chloride of iron or the double salt of citrate of iron and 
quinine in ordinary doses may increase the constitutional disturbance. It 
is a fair statement that the more pernicious and extreme the anaemia, the 
smaller should be the dose, and the less stimulating the preparations used 
in the commencing treatment, and that as improvement continues the size 
of the dose or the form of combination may be changed. So also may it 
be said that with a furred tongue and gastric and hepatic inaction iron is 
contra-indicated in large doses, while yet the relief to these symptoms and 
their concomitant constipation may prove an indication for its careful ad- 
ministration. The ordinary beneficial effect of ferruginous treatment 
should be an improved digestion and assimilation of food and relief to 
anaemia and tissue formation, as shown by improved color to the mucous 
membranes and increase of weight. This effect should be followed by in- 
creased muscular and mental vigor. 

Iron salts are frequently combined with other tonics, both in officinal 
and unofficinal preparations and in extemporaneous prescriptions, as with 
quinia, strychnia, quassia, gentian, phosphates, hypophosphates, lime, 
soda, and potash, and also with cathartics, as sulphate of magnesia, 
Rochelle salt, aloes, rhubarb, and others. The number of iron prepara- 
tions besides the officinal is immense ; but they are superfluous, since 
the Pharmacopoeia describes more than enough to fulfil all rational indi- 
cations. 

Besides the preparations given in the immediately succeeding pages, 
there will be found under the appropriate headings the following : Em- 
plastrum Ferri, Liquor Ferri Acetatis, Liquor Ferri Chloridi, Liquor 
Ferri Citratis, Liquor Ferri et Quiniae Citratis, Liquor Ferri Nitratis, 
Liquor Ferri Subsulphatis, Liquor Ferri Tersulphatis, Massa Ferri Car- 
bonatis, Mistura Ferri Composita, Mistura Ferri et Ammonii Acetatis, 
9 



130 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 



Pilulas Aloes et Ferri, Pilulge Ferri Carbonatis, Pilule Ferri Composite, 
Pilulse Ferri Iodidi, Syrupus Ferri Bromidi, Syrupus Ferri Iodidi, Syrupus 
Ferri, Quininas, et Strychninse Phosphatum, Syrupus Hypophosphitum 
cum Ferro, Tinctura Ferri Acetatis, Tinctura Ferri Chloridi, Trochischi 
Ferri Subearbonatis, Vinum Ferri Amarum, Vinum Ferri Citratis. 



FERRI CARBONAS SACCHARATUS. 

SAOCHARATED CARBONATE OF IRON. 

[Saccharated Ferrous Carbonate.] 

Ferrum Carbonicum Saccharatum, P. G. ; Carbonas Ferrosus Saccharatus — 
Saccharure de Froto-carbonate de Fer, Fr. ; Zuckerhaltiges Kohlensaures 
Eisen, G. 

The Pharmacopoeia requires that this preparation shall have at least 
fifteen per cent, of ferrous carbonate, while in the edition of 1870, thirty- 
seven per cent, was required. The German Pharmacopoeia requires twenty 
per cent. ; the Russian, ten per cent, of ferrous carbonate. The addition 
of sugar is for the purpose of preventing oxidation of the ferrous carbo- 
nate. This preparation is soluble in warm dilute hydrochloric acid, with 
the evolution of carbonic acid gas. Its local action is not astringent, but 
is that of a slight stimulant to the digestive tract. It forms, therefore, a 
useful tonic in enfeebled digestion. 

Dose. — Five to thirty grains, thirty-two centigrammes to two grammes, 
with food. 

FERRI CHLORIDUM. 

CHLORIDE OF IRON. 

[Ferric Chloride.] 

Ferrum Sesquichloratum, P. G. ; Ferrum Muriaticum Oxijdatum, Chloridum 
seu Ghloruretum Ferricum, Ferri Perchloridum — Sesquichloride [Per chlo- 
ride) of Iron, Ferric Chloride, E. ; Perchlorure de Fer, Chlorure Ferrique, 
Fr. ; Fisenchlorid, G. 

This salt is never used internally as a medicine, because its local action 
is very astringent. Its topical action upon a bleeding surface causes coagu- 
lation of blood, and hence its use as a haemostatic. The local application 
in uterine hemorrhage, and the injection into aneurismal sacs is strongly 
condemned by many authorities, the former on account of danger from 
absorption of effete matters from decomposing clots in utero, the latter 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 131 

from the danger of sending coagula into the systemic circulation. A sim- 
ilar risk in injection into varicose veins may be prevented by compression 
of the veins on each side of the varicose enlargements. Ferric chloride 
absorbs water from the air and deliquesces, and may thus be directly ap- 
plied in full strength to the bleeding surface, or a solution of five per cent, 
may be used on lint, or as a wash over a bleeding surface. If used in the 
uterus, swabbing is better than injection, or if the latter method be em- 
ployed, the clots formed should be turned out as soon as safety will 
permit. 



FERRI CITRAS. 

CITRATE OP IRON. 

Ferrum Citricum Oxydatum, P. G. ; Citras Ferricus — Ferric Citrate, E. ; 
Citrate de Sesquioxyde de Fer } Citrate Ferrique, Fr. ; Citronensaures 
Fisenoxyd, Eisencitrat, G. 

In the edition of 1870 the citrate of iron was not formed with ammonia. 

This preparation of iron is a mild stimulant, and in an aqueous solu- 
tion produces little irritation, and may be administered to persons with 
delicate stomachs or to children. This " scale salt," however, is more 
commonly used in the combination of citrate of iron and quinine, or in 
the citrate of iron and ammonium, which latter is more readily soluble in 
water. 

Dose. — Two to five grains, twelve to thirty-two centigrammes (.12 
to .32). 



FERRI ET AMMONII CITRAS. 

CITRATE OP IRON AND AMMONIUM. 

[Ammonio-Ferric Citrate.] 

Ferri et Ammonias Citras, Br. ; Ferrum Citricum Ammoniatum, P. G. ; 
Ferri Ammonio- Citras, Ferro- Ammonium Citricum — Ammonio- Citrate 
of Iron, Soluble Citrate of Iron, E. ; Citrate de Feret d'Ammoniaque (de 
Fer Ammoniacal), Citrate Ferrique Ammoniacal, Fr. ; Citronensaures 
Fisenoxyd- Ammonium (Ammoniak), G. 

Dose. — Two to five grains, twelve to thirty- two centigrammes. 



132 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

FERRI ET AMMONII SULPHAS. 

SULPHATE OF IRON AND AMMONIUM. 

[Ammonio-Ferric Sulphate — Ammonio-Ferric Alum.] 

Ferricum Sulfuricum Oxy datum Ammoniatum, P. G. ; Ferrum Ammonio- 

Sulphuricum, Ferri Ammonio- Sulphas, Sulphus Ammonico-Ferricus — 

Ammonio- Ferric Alum, E. ; Sulfate de Fer et d'Ammoniaque, Sulfate 

de Fer (Ferrique) Ammoniacal, Alun de Fer Ammoniacal, Fr. ; Scheme- 

felsaures Eisenoxyd- Ammonium, Ammoniakalischer Fisenalaun, G. 

This is the least astringent of the salts of iron formed with sulphuric 
acid, but is much more astringent than any of the citrates or lactates. 

Dose. — Three to fifteen grains, eighteen centigrammes to one gramme. 
FERRI ET AMMONII TARTRAS. 

TARTRATE OF IRON AND AMMONIUM. 

[Ammonio-Ferric Tartrate.] 

This preparation contains an equivalent of about twenty-five per cent, 
of ferric oxide, and is freely soluble in water. Its irritant properties are 
slight. 

Dose. — Five to twenty grains, thirty-two to one hundred and thirty 
centigrammes. 

FERRI ET POTASSII TARTRAS. 

TARTRATE OF IRON AND POTASSIUM. 

[Potassio-Ferric Tartrate.] 

Ferrum Tartaratum, Br. ; Tartarus Ferratus, P. G. ; Ferri Potassio-Tartras, 
Ferrum Tartarizatum, Tartras Ferrico-Kalicus, etc. — Tartrate deFeretde 
Potasse, Tartrate Ferrico-Potassique, Tartre Chalybe, Tartre Martial, Fr. ; 
Weinsaures Eisenoxyd-Kali, Eisenmeinstein, G. 

This scaled preparation contains a little more ferric oxide than the 
preceding, and has the further advantage of being the least disagreeable 
in taste of all the ferruginous preparations. It does not cause constipa- 
tion, from the fact that its local action is very slightly astringent. If ne- 
cessary it may be well combined in prescription with the tartrate of potas- 
sium and sodium. 

Dose. — Five to ten grains, thirty-two to sixty-five centigrammes. 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 133 



FERRI ET QUINI/E CITRAS, 

CITRATE OF IRON AND QUININE. 

Chininum Ferro-Citricum, P. G. ; Citras Ferrico-Quinicus — Citrate de Fer et 
de Quinine, Fr. ; Citronensaures Eisen Chinin, G. 

In the present edition, this double salt is not formed with the addition 
of ammonia as in the edition of 1870, and in this respect resembles the 
formula of the German Pharmacopoeia. Its action is not exactly that of 
either iron or quinine, but is astringent and stimulant to the digestive 
tract. In some persons, the astringent action predominates, producing 
constipation, while in others the stimulating properties may be so violent 
as to produce gastro-intestinal irritation, even to the production of nausea 
and diarrhoea. The Pharmacopoeia also gives a formula for a solution of 
the above salt, but its chief advantage consists in its slow but perfect solu- 
bility, so that it is nearly tasteless when given in pill, or even powder. 

Dose. — Three to five grains, eighteen to thirty centigrammes, in pill. 
FERRI ET STRYCHNIN/E CITRAS. 

CITRATE OF IRON AND STRYCHNINE. 

Citrate de Fer et de Strychnine, Fr. ; Citronensaures Eisen- Strychnin, G. 

As this preparation contains one per cent, of strychnine, caution is re- 
quired in its administration. The stimulating properties of strychnine 
upon the unstriped muscular fibres of the intestinal canal and upon the 
general nervous system are added to the astringent and stimulating prop- 
erties of iron. This scaled preparation is quite soluble in water. 

Dose. — One to three grains, six to eighteen centigrammes, used 
cautiously. 

FERRI HYPOPHOSPHIS. 

HYFOFHOSPHITE OF IRON. 

[Ferric Hypophosphite.] 

Ferri Hypophosphorosum, Hypophosphis Ferricus — Hypophosphite de Fer, 
Fr. ; Unterphosphorigsaures Eisenoxyd, G. 

This preparation is new to the United States Pharmacopoeia. The 
value of the action of hypophosphites as an aid to nutrition is variously 
estimated by the medical profession. The earnest advocates for their use 
commend in the highest terms their usefulness in early phthisis and in 



134 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

neurasthenia. The combination with iron theoretically would add value 
to the medicinal stimulating properties of a salt formed by hypophos- 
phorus acid. This addition will contain all the advantages claimed of the 
proprietary syrups or elixirs of the hypophosphites, as it will be easy to 
order by prescription a proper and legitimate substitute of known 
strength for these preparations. If prescribed in solution, dilute hydro- 
chloric acid may be added or a solution of citrate of sodium. It may be 
given in powder or pills. 

Dose. — Five to ten grains, thirty-two to sixty -five centigrammes. 
FERRI IODIDI SACCHARATUM. 

SAOCHARATED IODIDE OF IRON. 

[Saccharated Ferrous Iodide.] 

Ferrum Iodatum Saccharatum, G. 

This is also a new preparation, being a dry form of the well-known 
syrup of the iodide of iron, sugar of milk being substituted for cane- 
sugar. The addition of sugar is for the purpose of preserving the iodide 
from decomposition ; but it must be remembered that sunlight reduces 
the iodide to the condition of a subiodide. This preparation may be 
used in combination with quinine and elixir simplex vel aurantii, and 
thus prove an excellent tonic in diseases due to an arrest of interstitial 
nutrition, in which iodide of potassium may prove an inconvenient remedy 
on account of its action on the skin or its disagreeable after-taste. Its 
hygroscopic properties make it difficult of administration in the dry form 
in damp weather. 

Dose. — Five to twenty-five grains, thirty-two centigrammes to one 
hundred and seventy-five grammes (.32 to 1.75), in pill form or in elixir. 

FERRI LACTAS. 

LACTATE OF IRON. 

[Ferrous Lactate.] 

Ferrum Lacticum, P. G. ; Lactas Ferrosus — Lactate de Fer, Fr. ; Milchsaures 

Fisenoxydtd, Eisenlactat, G. 

This preparation of iron is the result of a theoretical assumption that 
iron is naturally converted by digestion in the stomach into this salt, but 
this assumption, as shown in the general article on Iron, is erroneous. It 
is, however, an easily absorbable and but slightly disagreeable preparation. 
Its action is that of a feeble stimulant but not an irritant or astringent in 






UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 135 

moderate doses. Its aqueous solution is liable to oxidation, hence the 
most convenient form of administration is in pill form or in a syrup. 

Dose. — One to three grains, six to twenty centigrammes (.06 to .20). 

FERR1 OXALAS. 

OXALATE OF IRON. 

[Ferrous Oxalate.] 

The special advantages of this preparation, unless its comparative in- 
solubility be reckoned such, are not clear. 

Dose. — Two to three grains, twelve to twenty centigrammes (.12 to .20), 
in pill form. 

FERRI OXIDUM HYDRATUM. 

HYDRATED OXIDE OP IRON. 

[Feekic Hydrate.] 

Ferri Peroxidum Humidum, B. ; Antidotum Arsenici, P. G. ; Hydras Fer- 
ricus — Moist Peroxide of Iron, E. ; Peroxyde de Fer Hydrate Humide, 
Hydrate de Peroxide de Fer Gelatineux, Fr. ; Feuchtes Eisenoxyhydrat, 
Gegengift der Arsenigen Sdure, G. 

This preparation is chiefly used as a chemical antidote to arsenic, the 
efficacy of which depends mainly upon its recent preparation and its liberal 
administration, whereby the arsenic mass is mechanically enwrapped, con- 
verted into the relatively insoluble arsenite of iron, and thus rendered in- 
soluble in the stomach ; this admixture of arsenic and iron should therefore 
be, as soon as possible, removed from the stomach by provoking emesis or 
by the stomach-pump. A teaspoonful or a tablespoon ful of the recently pre- 
pared moist " brown -red magma " should be stirred up in water and fre- 
quently administered, until there is a fair presumption of the chemical 
admixture of iron and arsenic. The necessary solutions are supposed to 
be kept always ready for combination. The following new and more con- 
venient antidote to arsenic is taken from the German Pharmacopoeia. 

FERRI OXIDUM HYDRATUM CUM MAGNESIA. 

HYDRATED OXIDE OF IRON WITH MAGNESIA. 

This diluted solution of tersulphate of iron and aqueous magnesia 
mixture should be prepared just before administration, and given as de- 



136 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

scribed in the previous article. It has the advantage over the previous 
preparation that the excess of the alkaline precipitant is not only not irri- 
tant but is itself an antidote to arsenic. 



FERRI PHOSPHAS. 

PHOSPHATE OF IRON. 

[Ferric Phosphate.] 

Ferrum Phosphoricum, P. G-. ; Phosphas Ferroso-Ferricus — Ferroso- Ferric 
Phosphate, E. ; Phosphate de Fer, Phosphate Ferroso-Ferrique, Fr. ; 
Phosphorsaures Eisenoxydul, G. 

This is a very common and useful adjuvant to laxative pills, by which 
tone may be supplied to the torpid intestinal walls, so that the reactionary 
constipation ordinarily following the frequent use of cathartic drugs is 
somewhat obviated. The manufacture of pills with this salt is not so con- 
venient nor so expeditious as with the dried sulphate of iron. The edition 
of 1870 required the use of sulphate of iron in this preparation, while the 
present edition specifies the citrate instead. The consequence of this 
change in formula makes the present phosphate of iron freely soluble in 
water, whilst that of 1870 was insoluble. 

Dose. — Five to ten grains, thirty- two to sixty -five centigrammes (.32 
to .65), in pill or solution. 

FERRI PYROPHOSPHAS. 

PYROPHOSPHATE OF IRON. 

[Ferric Pyrophosphate.] 

Ferrum Pyrophosphoricum cum Ammonio-Citrico, P. G. ; Pyrophosphate 
of Iron with Ammonium Citrate, E. ; Pyrophosphate de Fer Gitro-Am- 
moniacal, Fr. ; Pyrophosphorsaures Eisenoocyd mit Citronensaurem 
Ammonium, G. 

The present formula diners from that of the previous edition by mak- 
ing the salt directly from the citrate of iron, whereas in the older formula 
sulphate of iron and citric acid were used. The present formula gives a 
salt as soluble as in the former edition. This salt in solution is almost 
tasteless and unirritating to the intestinal canal, and does not cause con- 
stipation. 

Dose. — Two to five grains, thirteen to thirty-two centigrammes (.13 
to .32), in pill or solution. 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 137 

FERRI SULPHAS. 

SULPHATE OF IRON. 

[Ferrous Sulphate.] 

Ferrum Sulphuricum Purum, P. G. ; Sulfas Ferrosus, Ferrum Vitriolatum 
Purum, Vitriolum Martis Purum — Ferrous Sulphate, Green Vitriol, Cop- 
peras, E.; Sulfate de Fer, Sulfate Ferreux, Fr. ; Schwefelsaures Eisen- 
oxydul, G. 

The chief use of this salt is in the preparation of the dried sulphate, 
precipitated sulphate of iron, compound mixture of iron, and compound 
pills of iron. It is not often used alone, as its irritant action is too pro- 
nounced. 

Dose. — One to three grains, six to nineteen centigrammes (.06 to. 19). 



FERRI SULPHAS EXSBCCATUS. 

DRIED SULPHATE OF IRON. 

[Dried Ferrous Sulphate.] 

Ferrum Sulfuricum Siecum, P. G. ; Sulfate de Fer Desseche, Fr. ; Ent- 
wdsserte Schwefelsaures Eisenoxydul, G. 

Both this and the preceding sulphate are the most astringent and ir- 
ritating ferrous salts, and gastric pain and distress are apt to follow their 
use in large doses, yet when the astringent and irritating effects are de- 
sired, as in hemorrhage, they are very desirable forms of iron, for in- 
stance in hemorrhage from the rectum, without concomitant inflammatory 
process. 

In anaemia attended by constipation from a feebly sensitive condition 
of the mucous membrane in the lower portion of the bowel, a small dose 
of sulphate of iron makes a desirable adjuvant to a laxative pill. 

Dose. — One-half to two grains, three to twelve centigrammes (.03 to 
.12), in pill form. 

FERRI SULPHAS PR/ECBPITATUS. 

PRECIPITATED SULPHATE OF IRON. 

[Precipitated Ferrous Sulphate.] 

This is a new form of sulphate of iron, but whether it has any especial 
advantage over the preceding will have to be determined by clinical expe- 
rience. Its dose should be about the same. 



138 



THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 



FERRI VALERIANAS. 

VALERIANATE OF IRON. 

[Fekric Valerianate.] 

Ferrum Valerianicum— Valerianate de Fer, Fr. ; Baldriansaures Eisen- 

oxyd, G. 

This is rather a convenient form of administering valerianic acid in its 
saline condition, but it is doubtful whether its medicinal virtues are any 
greater than in any other of its salts. A description of the medicinal use 
of valerian acid will be found under that head. It has the advantage of 
administering a disagreeable volatile medicine in pill form. It should not 
be prescribed in solution with strong acids. 

Dose. — One to three grains, six to twenty centigrammes (.06 to .20). 

FERRUM. 

IRON. 

See title next preceding Ferri Carbonas Saccharatas. 



FERRUM REDUCTUM. 

REDUCED IRON. 

[Ferkum Redactum, 1870.] 

Ferrum Redactum, P. G. ; Ferrum Hydrogenio Beductum, Ferrum Ope 
Hydrogenii Paratum — Iron reduced by Hydrogen, Iron by Hydrogen, E. ; 
Fer reduit par V Hydrogene, Fr. ; Reducirtes Eisen, G. ; Quevenne's Iron. 

This pulverulent preparation is, when free from impurities of sulphur, 
a very convenient form of administering iron, especially to chlorotic fe- 
males, and in males in whom the stronger and more astringent prepara- 
tions induce gastro-intestinal derangements. The best mode of adminis- 
tration is in powder, concealed, if it be desired, in wafers. It is also a 
convenient way of introducing iron into a pill. The fact must be remem- 
bered that in severe ansemia or chlorosis the first doses of iron should be 
very minute — smaller than those which cause the constitutional symp- 
toms of iron intoxication — such as a stricture in the temples or chest, 
flushings of the face, or fulness of the head. It will be observed that if 
these symptoms be watched and avoided by diminishing the dose and 
then afterward cautiously increasing the amount, the anaemia will rapidly 
improve, unless it be from some organic disease. 

Dose. — One-fourth to five grains, sixteen milligrammes to thirty-two 
centigrammes (.016 to .32), in powder or pill form. 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 139 

FICUS. 

FIG. 

Caricce, P. G. ; Ficus Passa, Fici, Fructus Caricce, Figue, Fr. ; Feige, G. 

Figs contain more than half their weight of glucose, as well as gum 
and fat, and hence possess some nutritive value. They form an excellent 
laxative, if taken fasting in the morning, and this action is probably caused 
by irritation of the intestinal mucous membrane by the seeds and skins. 
They are apt to cause slight colicky pains and flatulence. They also can 
be made into cataplasms for boils or abscesses, owing to the mucilage 
contained in their pulp. 

FCENICULUM. 

FENNEL. 

Fceniculi Fructus, Br. ; Semen Fceniculi, Fennel Fruit or Seeds, E. ; Senten- 
ces de Fenouil, Fr. ; Fenchelsamen, G. 

Its activity is due chiefly to its volative oil. Used to allay slight pains 
and flatulence in stomach or bowels. It may be given in infusion or decoc- 
tion of the bruised seeds, of which one or two teaspoonfuls may be given 
to an infant, and a wineglassful to an adult. 

Dose. — In substance, indefinite. 

FRANGULA. 

FRANGULA. 

[BUCKTHOKN.] 

Cortex Frangulce, P. G. ; Alder Buckthorn, Blade Alder, E. ; Bourdaine, 
B our gene, Fr. ; Faulbaumrinde, G. 

A mild cathartic, which in large doses may cause from its irritation 
griping intestinal pains, so that it may be well administered with rhu- 
barb or some other cathartic, by which the efficiency of each is improved. 
It resembles senna, both chemically and in its mode of action. The 
coloring matter passes into the urine. 

Several species of rhamnus have been used in medicine as cathartics. 
The syrup prepared from the berries of rhamnus catharticus is obsolete 
in medical practice, but has still some popular repute. Rhamnus Pursh- 
iana is a recent candidate for medical favor under the title of cascara 
sagrada. 

Rhamnus frangula is used chiefly in the form of a fluid extract, pre- 



140 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

pared from dried bark, which is much milder in its action than the fresh. 
It is a useful mild cathartic or laxative. 

Dose. — Two drachms to an ounce, eight to thirty grammes, in decoc- 
tion with some aromatic syrup. 

GALBANUM. 

GALBANUM. 

Gummi-Besina Galbanum — Galbanum, Fr. ; Mutterharz, Galban, G. 

A gum resin containing a volatile oil. Externally it is irritant. In- 
ternally it probably exercises an influence akin to that of assafoetida and 
ammoniac, but is seldom used alone. It is an ingredient of several 
plasters. 

Dose. — Five to twenty grains, thirty to one hundred and twenty centi- 
grammes (.30 to 1.20), in emulsion or pill. 

GALLA. 

NUTGALL. 

Gallce, P. G. ; Galla Halepense, vel Turcica, vel Levantica, vel Tinctoria, vel 
Quercina — Galls, E.; Noix de Galle, Galle de Chene, Fr.; Galldpfel, G. 

Owes its medicinal virtue chiefly to sixty per cent, of gallo-tannic acid. 
It also contains two or three per cent, of gallic acid, together with other 
less active constituents. It is at present comparatively little used in medi- 
cine, the less bulky tannic acid being substituted for it. It may, how- 
ever, be locally applied for the same purposes as tannic acid in the form 
of ointment, powder, or infusion, one ounce to one pint (thirty grammes 
to half a litre), which latter may also be given internally. 

Dose. — Ten to twenty grains, sixty to one hundred and twenty centi- 
grammes. 

GAULTHERIA. 

GAULTHERIA. 

Folia Gaultherioe — Wintergreen, Teaberry, Partridgeberry, Boxberry, 
Checkerberry, E. ; Feuilles de Gaultherie (de Palommier), The du Canada, 
The de Terre-neuve, Fr. ; Canadischer Thee, Bergthee, G. 

Contains a very agreeable volatile oil, found also in several other plants, 
especially the black birch (Be tula lenta), as well as a substance something 
like gallic acid and several neutral constituents common to many of the 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 141 

Ericaceae. It possesses the mildly stimulating properties of the aromatics, 
with a little astringency. It may be used in hot infusion to promote the 
secretion of the menses and milk, and in cold infusion for diarrhoea. 

Dose. — Indefinite. 

GELSEMIUM. 

GELSEMIUM. 

Radix Gelsemii — Yellow Jessamine, E. ; Racine de Jasmin Jaune, Fr. ; Gel- 

ber Jasmin- Wurzel, G. 

Contains an alkaloid, gelsemia, and a glucoside, gelseminic acid (iEscu- 
lin). It affects chiefly the motor nervous system, in large doses produ- 
cing great muscular prostration, dilated pupils, spasms of the pharynx and 
larynx, some diminution of general sensibility, slow and irregular respi- 
ration, and a slow, irregular, and feeble pulse. Death takes place by 
apnoea. Morphia subcutaneously is the best antidote. The early symp- 
toms, beyond which it is not carried for therapeutic purposes, are droop- 
ing of the eyelids, diplopia, and some muscular debility. The medical 
uses are few. Although it has been considerably used in fever on account 
of its reducing the pulse and temperature, it is much less so now, as there 
is no sufficient reason to attribute to it any favorable action on the disease 
itself. It is now used in facial, ovarian, and intercostal neuralgia and dys- 
menorrhoea. It is of benefit in many spasmodic affections and in various 
disorders attended with motor excitement. 

Dose. — Would be, if used in substance, three to ten grains, twenty to 
sixty centigrammes (.20 to .60), every two hours, but the fluid extract 
and tincture are much more employed. 

GENTIANA. 

GENTIAN. 

Genliance Radix, Br.; Radix Gentiance, P. G. ; Radix Gentiance Rubrce (vel 
Luteoe vel Majoris) — Gentian Root, E. ; Racine de Gentiane {de Gentiane 
Jaune), Fr. ; Enzianwurzel, Bitterwurzel, Rother (Gelber) Enzian, G. 

Several other members of this family possess similar properties, but 
are not officinal. Gentian contains, as an active principle, gentiopicrin, 
also enough sugar to form by fermentation a potable spirit. It is a sim- 
ple bitter, used in gastric debility. 

Dose. — In powder, eight to thirty grains, one-half to two grammes, 
but the preparations are universally employed. The root may be chewed 
as a substitute for tobacco. 



142 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

GERANIUM. 

GERANIUM. 

[Cranesbill.] 

Cranesbill Root, E. ; Racine de Bec-de-grue Tachete, Racine de Pied-de-Cor- 
neille, Fr. ; Fleckstorchschnabel-Wurzel, G. 

Contains thirteen to seventeen per cent, of tannin. "Used as a mild and 
not disagreeable astringent in diarrhoea, especially of children. It may be 
given in substance, in the officinal preparations, or boiled in milk. 

Dose. — In substance, fifteen to forty-five grains, one to three grammes. 

GLYCERINUM. 

GLYCERIN. 

Glycerinum, Br., P. G. ; Glycerine, E. ; Glycerine, Fr. ; Glycerin, Oel- 

silss, G. 

Glycerin owes most of its medicinal value to its great affinity for water 
and its very slight volatility. The purest and most concentrated produces 
but little irritation of the skin, but upon a surface deprived of its epithe- 
lium it causes a sensation of burning and prickling, on account of the with- 
drawal of water, and on mucous membranes it may even cause inflamma- 
tion. A moderate degree of dilution, however, entirely prevents these 
effects. Internally, moderate, or even quite large doses (eight to fifteen 
grammes) produce no marked effects, except occasional purgation. It 
seems to be possible to administer, by subcutaneous injection, enough of it 
to poison a dog ; but reckoning the dose in proportion to weight, it would 
require nearly a quart to produce fatal effects in man. The internal uses 
of glycerin are few. It does not appear to be appropriated as a nutri- 
ment or to produce in ordinary doses any useful effect. It has been pro- 
posed for use in diabetes in order to reduce the amount of sugar in the 
urine, or rather to hinder the transformation of starch into sugar, but 
there is no proof that it actually does this. It may, however, be used as 
an article of diet in this disease for sweetening tea, jelly, and other foods, 
since, while giving the desired taste, it is not converted into sugar. It is 
said that a teaspoonful or two, every few hours, is of service in correcting 
flatulence. It is very largely used as a vehicle for many drugs. It is well 
to introduce it into solutions intended to be preserved for hypodermic use, 
because it promotes the solubility of many alkaloids, and also checks de- 
composition. The digestive ferments are preserved by it from decompo- 
sition, while retaining their physiological effects, so that a glycerin extract 
of the pancreas, for instance, can be used to assist in human digestion. 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 143 

Vaccine lymph can also be kept in this way. It may be applied, more or less 
diluted, to any portion of the body which it is desired to keep moist, as an 
ingredient of lotions or poultices, as in the ear or to the skin, or in dryness 
of the mouth, nasal passages, or pharynx. It can be used as a spray. Its 
affinity, when concentrated, for water makes it almost a depleting agent, 
as when applied on a cotton tampon to the cervix uteri. Several glycer- 
ites or giyceroles are officinal, but the strength of these, as well as the 
composition of these and others, is just as well left to extemporaneous 
prescription. 

GLYCERITUM AMYLI. 

GLYCERITE OF STARCH. 

Glycerinum Amyli, B. ; Glycerine of Starch, Glycamyl, Plasma, E. ; Glycere 
d'Amidon, Glycerat Simple {d'Amidon), Fr. ; Sttlrke-Glycerit, G. 

Used as a vehicle for external applications. May be mixed with astrin- 
gents, alkaloids, and many salts, and used like ointments, over which it 
has the advantage that it can be easily washed off. 

GLYCERITUM VITELLI. 

GLYCERITE OF YOLK OF EGG. 

[Glyconin.] 

Used as a local application in burns, erysipelas, etc. Also as a cos- 
metic. 

GLYCYRRHIZA. 

LIQUORICE. 

Glycyrrhizce Badix, Br. ; Badix Liquiritice Glabrae, P. G. ; Badix Glycyr- 
rhizce Hispanicoe — Licorice Boot, Spanish Liquorice Boot, E. ; Beglisse, 
Bois de Beglisse, Bois Doux, Bacine Douce, Fi\; Spanisches Siissholz, 
Spanische Siissholz- Wurzel, G. 

Contains a resinous, oily matter, to which the slightly acrid taste is 
due, sugar, and a peculiar sweet substance, giycyrrhizin, represented in 
the next preparation. It can hardly be said to have a physiological ac- 
tion, except a very mildly laxative one. The commercial extract is said 
not to be well borne by some persons, giving rise to urticaria. It is used 
in decoction (boiled but a very short time) as a demulcent. Liquorice and 
its preparations are largely employed as corrigents to saline and bitter 
medicines, so largely, in fact, that it is difficult to say, in most cases, how 
much is attributable to each constituent. 

Dose it can hardly be said to have. 



144 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

GLYCYRRHIZINUM AMMONIATUM. 

AMMONIATED GLYOYRRHIZIN. 

The sweet principle of liquorice rendered soluble by ammonia. Used 
as a corrigent and flavoring. Possibly useful as a mild expectorant. 

GOSSYPII RADICIS CORTEX. 

COTTON-ROOT BARK. 

Cotton-Boot Bark, E. ; Ecorce de Bacine de Cottonnier, Fr. ; Baumwollen- 

Wurzelrinde, G. 

Used for its action on the uterus in normal labor, and as an aborti - 
facient ; also in dysmenorrhcea and suppression of the menses. 

A decoction (four ounces in a quart of water boiled to a pint) is given 
as an oxytocic in the dose of a wineglassful. It is not used in substance. 

GOSSYPIUM. 

COTTON. 

[Pueified Cotton — Absokbent Cotton.] 

Bombyx, Lana (Lanugos. Bill) Gossypii — Coton, Fr. ; Baumwolle, G. 

In its ordinary commercial state cotton absorbs water very slowly, only 
the outside of a small mass becoming wet. Absorbent cotton has been 
freed from fatty matter, and a mass of it becomes wet through at once. 
Cotton may be carbolized, borated, or salicylated by soaking in the proper 
solution and drying, and is then used for antiseptic dressings. 

GRANATUM. 

POMEGRANATE. 

Cortex Badicis Granati, P. G. ; Ecorce de la Bacine de Grenadier (de Balau- 
stier), Fr. ; Granat-Wurzelrinde, G. 

Contains twenty-two per cent, of tannic acid and an aromatic oily alka- 
loid, pelletierina, which forms crystallizable salts with acids, and repre- 
sents the anthelmintic properties of the drug. A decoction of sixty 
grammes has caused eructations, nausea, giddiness, indistinctness of 
vision, fainting, numbness, and cramps, and even convulsions, as well as 
copious stools. It is used in diarrhoea and leucorrhcea, as well as externally 
to ulcers, on account of its astringency. To remove the various kinds of 
tape-worm, the decoction just mentioned may be given in three or four 
doses within an hour. The addition of ginger syrup is said to diminish 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 145 

the tendency to vomiting. If the bark is old and dry, the addition of a 
purgative may be necessary. The bark of the tree and the flowers are 
said to be efficacious. An East Indian extract prepared from the fresh 
bark is well spoken of. 

Dose. — In substance, twenty to thirty grains, thirteen centigrammes 
to two grammes (.13 to 2). 

GRINDELIA. 
GRINDELIA. 

The active principles are a resin and a volatile oil, which have not, 
however, been carefully studied separately. The preparations are used 
chiefly in asthma, which in many cases they relieve rapidly. It is useful 
also in whooping-cough and bronchitis. The fluid extract diluted ten 
times is a soothing local application in poisoning by ivy (Rhus toxicoden- 
dron) and in some skin diseases attended with itching and burning. In 
substance it is not used. 

GUAIACI LIGNUM. 

GUIAOUM WOOD. 

Lignum Guajaci, P. G. ; Lignum Sanctum (vel Benedictum, vel Vitce) — 
Lignum Vitce, E. ; Bois de Gayac (de Ga'iac), Fr. ; Guajakholz, Poch- 
holz, Franzosenholz, G. 

GUAIACI RESINA. 

GUAIAC. 

Resina Guajaci, P. G. ; Guaiacum — Guaiacum Resin, E. ; Resine de Gdiac,, 

Fr. ; Guajakharz, Guajak, G. 

The wood of guaiacum in small doses renders the pulse somewhat 
more rapid ; in larger doses produces a sensation of heat in the throat 
and stomach, salivation, diarrhoea, colic, headache. Although it is said 
to increase the perspiration, it should be remarked that it is seldom given- 
alone, but in the form of a decoction and under circumstances calculated 
to favor free sweating. The resin has not been carefully experimented 
on, but it is highly probable that, like other resins and volatile oils, it has 
a stimulant effect upon the heart and dilates the cutaneous capillaries. 
The wood has been used chiefly in the treatment of syphilis, simply as 
one ingredient of a somewhat complicated decoction, and has at present 
rather fallen into disuse. The resin in substance or the tincture is used 
in rheumatism, in amenorrhoea, and dysmenorrhcea.. It has also beens 
10 



146 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 



considered to be of value in diphtheria and tonsillitis, the latter of which 
affections, when tending to the formation of an abscess, it is said to have 
the power to abort, given in doses of ten or more grains every four hours 
in a mixture with carbonate or nitrate of potassium and citric acid. For 
follicular tonsillitis, though possessing no specific power, the tincture 
makes a convenient and cleanly gargle when mixed with water. 

Dose. — In substance, eight to thirty grains, one-half to two grammes. 

GUARANA. 

GUARANA. 

[Paullinia.] 

Pasta Guar ana, P. G. ; Guar ana, Fr., G. 

Contains from four to five per cent, of caffeine and a considerable 
amount of tannic acid. Its therapeutic value depends upon these two 
constituents, since it is used to cure headache on account of the caffeine, 
of which it contains a larger amount than any of the kindred drugs, and 
is said to be employed in its native country, Brazil, in the treatment of 
diarrhoeal diseases. The indications for its use are those given under the 
head of Caffeine, and, like this, it is apt to lose its effect after a time. 

Dose. — Eight to forty-five grains, one-half to three grammes, in pow- 
der or with some aromatic syrup or orange elixir. 

GUTTA-PERCHA. 

GUTTA-PERCHA. 

Gutta-Taban — Gutta-Percha, Fr., G. 

This substance is somewhat used in surgery as a material for splints, 
being softened in hot water, adapted to the limb while pliable, and allowed 
to harden. For use as a protective an officinal preparation is given, liquor 
;gutta3 perchse. 

H/EMATOXYLOIM. 

H2EMATOXYLON. 

[Logwood.] 

-Hcematoxyli Lignum, Br. ; Lignum Campechianum, P. G. ; Lignum Cceru- 
leum — Bois de Campeche, Bois d'lnde, Bois de Sang, F. ; Blauholz, 
Campecheholz, G. 

This dyestuff and drug contains tannic acid and a coloring matter, 
hematoxylin, which in the presence of alkalies turns from rose red to 



UNITED STATES PHAKMACOPCEIA. 147 

purple and dark red, but when pure is nearly colorless, becoming red on 
exposure to the light. Logwood is used in medicine as a mild astringent 
for diarrhoea and hemorrhage, especially in children. The coloring mat- 
ter appears in the stools and sometimes in the urine, and may thus give 
rise to considerable alarm, unless the mother or nurse is forewarned that 
it does not denote a hemorrhage. It is not used in substance but in the 
form of decoction or officinal extract. 

Dose. — Of the decoction, from one to two fluidrachms, four to eight 
cubic centimeters, for a child ; two ounces, sixty cubic centimeters, for an 
adult. 



HAMAMELIS. 

HAMAMELIS. 

[Witch-Hazel.] 

A native plant which formerly enjoyed a reputation as the best mate- 
rial for the manufacture of divining-rods. The leaves, which are officinal, 
and the bark, contain tannic acid and a bitter principle. Witch-hazel 
is used chiefly as a local application to bruises, wounds, and inflamma- 
tory swellings, in the form of infusion or decoction, or the various pro- 
prietar}' " extracts." The fluid extract is officinal, and a decoction may 
be made by the general rule. It is also used internally, and is said to 
relieve inflammation, congestions, and hemorrhages, and to prevent mis- 
carriage. 

Dose. — Of decoction or infusion, half an ounce to an ounce, fifteen to 
thirty cubic centimeters. 

HEDEOMA. 

HEDEOMA, 

[Pennykoyal] 

American Pennyroyal, E. ; Herbe de Pouliot Americain, Fr. ; Amerikan- 

ischer Foley, G. 

Contains a volatile oil which is officinal, and has the usual slightly 
stimulating effect of these oils. It is used for nearly the same purposes 
as anise, catnep, fennel, and many others. The odor of the plant, and 
especially of the oil, is very repellent to mosquitoes and other insects. 

Dose. — Of an infusion, one ounce, thirty cubic centimeters, or more. 



143 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

HUMULUS. 

HOPS. 

Lupulus, Br. ; Strobili Humuli s. Lupuli — Hop, E. ; Houblon, Fr. ; Hop- 
fen, G. 

The active principles of hops are, a bitter, a resin, some tannic acid, a 
volatile alkaloid, and a volatile oil. These, except the tannic acid, are 
more abundantly contained in lupuline, a powder consisting of small 
glands connected with the scales of the strobile. Unfortunately the alka- 
loid found both in hops and in lupuline has long been named "Lupulina." 
"Hurnulina" would give rise to less confusion. The volatile oil seems to 
produce slightly sedative effects upon the nervous system and favors sleep. 
Hops are used for two distinct purposes in medicine ; first, to stimulate 
appetite and digestion like other bitters ; the tea, or infusion, or if alcohol 
is not contraindicated, beer, being the forms employed. Secondly, in the 
form of infusion, tincture, or fluid extract, to check " nervousness " and 
procure sleep. In irritability of the genito-urinary organs hops or lupulin 
is very often used. The external application has probably little value over 
that of any other non -irritating herb. The hop-pillow may, perhaps, have 
a slightly hypnotic effect from the volatile oil given off, but owes most of 
its efficacy to the imagination. 

Dose. — Hops are not employed in substance, but the infusion of thirty 
grains to an ounce, two to thirty grammes, may be used. 

HYDRARGYRI CHLORIDUM CORROSIVUM. 

CORROSIVE CHLORIDE OF MERCURY. 

[Corrosive Sublimate.] 

Hydrargyri Perchloridum, Br. ; Hydrargyrum Bichloratum Corrosivum, P. 
G. ; Hydrargyrum Muriaticum Corrosivum, Hydrargyrum Corrosivum 
Sublimatum, Hydrargyri Bichloridum, Sublimatus Corrosivus, Subli- 
matum Corrosivum, Mercurius Sublimatus Corrosivus, Chloruretum 
(Chloretum) Hydrargyricum — Perchloride of Mercury, Corrosive Sub- 
limate, Bichloride of Mercury, E. ; Deutochlorure de Mercure, Sublime 
Corrosif Chlorure Mercurique, Fr. ; JEtzendes Quecksilberchlorid, JEt- 
zender Quecksilbersublimat, G. 

As considerable confusion still reigns in regard to the names of the 
chlorides of mercury, it is more convenient and safer to abandon a strictly 
chemical nomenclature and adopt one which, if less scientific, is liable to 
no mistakes as to its meaning. 

Corrosive sublimate is one of the most active, and at the same time 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 149 

most manageable and efficient salts of mercury. The therapeutic dose 
used at the present time gives rise to few, if any, marked symptoms, and 
is less liable to produce the disagreeable or dangerous effects of mercury 
than almost any other preparation used for the same purpose. If, how- 
ever, the dose is a large one, symptoms of irritant poisoning, as well as 
those of hydrargyrism, may make their appearance. The former consist 
in a metallic taste in the mouth, nausea, retching, and vomiting, severe 
burning pain in the stomach, diarrhoea— of ten bloody — collapse, and death. 
These closely resemble the symptoms of arsenical poisoning, but come on 
a little more rapidly after the ingestion of the poison, and present besides 
some difference in the taste, that of arsenic being at first sweet, Avhile that 
of the sublimate is strongly astringent and metallic. If the case lasts long- 
enough for the local symptoms on the part of the mouth and oesophagus 
to be developed, the distinction from arsenical poisoning will be clear. 
The antidote is white of egg or milk, which forms a comparatively insoluble 
precipitate. This, however, should not be allowed to remain in the stom- 
ach, but should be at once removed by emetics if the natural vomiting is 
not sufficient. 

A solution of corrosive sublimate is sometimes used as a parasiticide or 
local application in skin diseases. It has in this method of application 
occasionally given rise to constitutional symptoms, and even death. The 
strength of a solution as a parasiticide may be one-eighth to one-half of one 
per cent. In other affections of the skin the weaker of these strengths should 
not be much exceeded. In either case care should be taken not to apply 
a mercurial lotion to an abraded skin. This salt has been used subcuta- 
neously in the treatment of syphilis. An addition of an excess of chloride 
of sodium makes the solution less irritating. Eight milligrammes (.008) 
of mercuric chloride with eight centigrammes (.08) of chloride of sodium 
dissolved in two grammes of water makes a solution which is said not to 
produce local irritant effects. 

Another solution may be prepared by adding a five-per cent, solution 
of mercuric chloride to white of egg diluted with four times its bulk of 
water and filtered, as long as a precipitate occurs. This precipitate is 
then redissolved by a twenty-per-cent. solution of sodium chloride and the 
whole filtered. The carbonate of sodium may be used, as in Liebig's 
method for estimating urea, to determine the point of saturation. This 
solution, carefully made and containing no excess of the mercurial, is of 
about the strength of one per cent., and is said to produce no local pain 
or inflammation, and to give good therapeutic results without disturbing 
the stomach. By the mouth mercuric chloride is given by pill or in solu- 
tion, the former method being preferable on account of taste and the 
danger of disturbing the stomach. It is often given with iodide of potas- 



150 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 



sium, either with or without syrup of sarsaparilla. This mercurial is used 
chiefly in the treatment of syphilis ; sometimes also in cases presenting 
similar symptoms without known specific antecedents, as, for instance, in 
organic cerebral disease. 

Dose. — From one-sixteenth to one-fourth of a grain, four to sixteen 
milligrammes, (.004 to .016). 

HYDRARGYRI CHLORIDUM MITE. 

MILD CHLORIDE OF MERCURY. 

[Calomel Mercurous Chloride.] 

Hydrargyri Subchloridum, Br. ; Hydrargyrum Chloratum Mite, P. G. ; Hy- 
drargyri Chloridum, Hydrargyrum Chloratum (Muriaticum) Dulce, 
Mercurius Dulcis, Calomelas, Chloruretum (Chloretum), Hydrargyrosum 
— Subchloride (Protochloride) of Mercury, Calomel, E. ; Protochlorure 
(Sous-Muriate) de Mercure, Calomele, Fr. ; Quecksilberchloriir, Calomel, G. 

This chloride of mercury is much less irritating than the preceding. 
A dose corresponding to what would be a fatal quantity of corrosive sub- 
limate may produce no noticeable symptom, while one much larger will 
give rise only to two or three loose stools, with, in some cases, nausea and 
vomiting. There has been much controversy as to the way in which calo- 
mel is absorbed, it being supposed by some that calomel is converted by 
the chlorides of the intestinal secretions into the mercuric chloride. This, 
it is obvious, in view of the poisonous properties of the latter salt, can be 
true at most only of a very small proportion of the dose. It is probable, 
however, that only a small part of any dose is absorbed, while the remain- 
der passes off with the faeces as a sulphide, and gives to them the dark 
color characteristic of " calomel stools.*' Calomel undergoes a slow 
change into the higher chloride in the presence of the alkaline chlorides, 
at a somewhat elevated temperature ; but there is not enough of the poi- 
sonous salt developed in the intestinal canal in this way to make the pre- 
caution necessary of abstaining from salt food after a dose of calomel. The 
mercurous chloride is a mild, but tolerably certain cathartic, acting 
largely upon the upper part of the intestine. There is no proof that it in- 
creases the secretion of bile, as was formerly universally held, but rather 
the contrary, although clinical experience still points to it as one of the 
most efficient cathartics in that ill-defined condition known as "bilious- 
ness," and undoubtedly associated with disorder of the upper portion of 
the digestive tract. Calomel, in small repeated doses is much more liable 
to produce salivation than corrosive sublimate. It is used in medicine, 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 151 

first as a cathartic, for which purpose it may be given in water, or simply 
placed upon the tongue, either alone or mixed with sugar, and washed 
down with a draught of water. It is often specially useful as a cathartic 
for children, since the risk of producing salivation in them is exceedingly 
small, and the tastelessness of the drug makes it very easy to administer. 
The dose must be, for children, somewhat larger proportionally. It is 
occasionally employed as an anthelmintic. Secondly, it is used to produce 
the constitutional effects of mercury, though much less than formerly. 
For this purpose it is given in smaller doses frequently repeated, and 
sometimes combined with a little opium to prevent its acting on the bowels. 
The faith in its power to control inflammation, especially of the serous sur- 
faces, as in peritonitis, pleuritis, and pericarditis is not so strong or so 
prevalent as once. It is believed by some practitioners that mercury 
exerts almost a specific effect in disorganizing, loosening, and promoting 
the expectoration of the fibrinous exudation (false membrane) in croup. 
Although this is not proved, the trial may fairly be made by giving small 
doses until characteristic stools are produced. The relation of mercurous 
chloride to syphilis, is that of the mercurials generally. Anything beyond 
a single cathartic dose is especially to be avoided in Bright's disease. It 
has been used externally as an ointment (twelve per cent.) and as a pow- 
der in ulcer of the cornea. 

Dose. — As a cathartic, five to fifteen grains, thirty centigrammes to 
one gramme (.30 to 1). For constitutional effect one-half to one grain, 
three to six centigrammes (.03 to .06). 



HYDRARGYRI CYANIDUM. 

CYANIDE OF MERCURY, 

[Mekcueic Cyanide.] 

Hydrargyrum Cyanatum (Borussicum), Mercurius Gyanatus s. Borussicus, 
Gyanuretum Hydrargyricum — Gyanuret of Mercury, E. ; Gyanure (Bi- 
cyanure, Prussiate) de Mercure, Fr. ; Cyanquecksilber, Quecksilber- 

Cyanid, G. 

This is a very active preparation, but is said to produce less gastric 
irritation than the bichloride. It is used to produce the constitutional 
effects of mercury, and should be given in the same doses as the bi- 
chloride. 

Dose. — One-sixteenth to one-eighth of a grain, four to eight milli- 
grammes (.004 to. 008). 



152 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

HYDRARGYRI IODIDUM RUBRUM. 

RED IODIDE OF MERCURY. 

[Biniodide or Mercury — Mercuric Iodide.] 

Hydrargyrum Biiodatum Ruhr urn, P. G. ; Deutoioduretum (Biniodidum) 
Hydrargyria Mercurius Iodatus Ruber, Ioduretum Hydrargyria am — 
Biniodide of Mercury, E. ; Deut-Iodure (Bi-Iodure) de Mercure, Iodare 
Mercurique, Fr. ; Rothes Jodquecksilber, Quecksilberjodid, G. 

This iodide corresponds to the corrosive chloride, which it resembles 
in its powerful irritant action. It is used to produce the constitutional 
effects of mercury, and may be administered in pill, or in solution with 
iodide of potassium. In the latter form, however, it is essentially the same 
as if the bichloride were used in the same dose. 

Dose. — One-sixteenth to one-eighth of a grain, four to eight milli- 
grammes (.004 to. 008). 

HYDRARGYRI IODIDUM VIRIDE. 

GREEN IODIDE OF MERCURY. 

[Protiodide of Mercury — Mercurous Iodide.] 

Hydrargyrum Iodatum Flavum, P. G. ; Hydrargyrum Iodatum, Hydrar- 
gyri Iodidum (vel Proto-Ioduretum), Ioduretum, Hydrargyrosum — Yel- 
low Iodide of Mercury, Mercurous Iodide, E. ; Proto-Iodure de Mercure, 
Iodure Mercureux, Fr. ; Quecksilberjodilr, Gelbes Jodquecksilber, G. 

A less irritating preparation than the red iodide. Used to produce 
the constitutional effects of mercury in syphilis. It may be made into 
pills with any vegetable extract. 

Dose. — One-half to one grain, three to six centigrammes (.03 to .06), 
three times a day, so long as no salivation or disturbance of digestion 
takes place. 

HYDRARGYRI OXIDUM FLAVUM. 

YELLOW OXIDE OF MERCURY. 

[Yellow Mercuric Oxide.] 

Hydrargyrum Oxydatum Via Humida Paratum, P. G. ; Hydrargyrum Oxy- 
datum Prcecipitatum (vel Flavum) — Precipitated Oxide of Mercury, 
E. ; Oxyde de Mercure Jaune (Precipite), Fr. ; Prdcipitirtes (Gelbes) 
Quecksilberoxyde, G. 

Used to prepare the officinal oleate and ointment. 



TJISriTED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 153 

HYDRARGYRI OXIDUM RUBRUM. 

RED OXIDE OF MERCURY. 

[Red Precipitate — Red Mercuric Oxide.] 

Hydrargyrum Oxy datum Bubrum, P. G. ; Hydrargyri-Nitrico-Oxydum, 
Mercurius Corrosivus (Proecipitatus) Ruber, Oxydum Hydrargyricum — 
Peroxide of Mercury, Red Precipitate, Mercuric Oxide, E. ; Deuto- 
Oxyde (Peroxyde) de Mercure, Oxyde Mercurique, Precipite Rouge, 
Poudre de Jean de Vigo, Fr. ; Rothes Quecksilber oxyde, Rother Prdcipitat 
(Quecksilber-Prdcipitat, G. 

This preparation is used for syphilis. The dose should correspond to 
that of the other mercuric salts. It is used externally as an ointment or 
powder to indolent ulcers, and so forth. Its local application is said to 
have been frequently followed by constitutional effects. 

Dose. — One -sixteenth to one fourth of a grain, four to sixteen milli- 
grammes (.004 to .016), three times a day. 



HYDRARGYRI SUBSULPHAS FLAVUS. 

YELLOW SUBSULPHATE OF MERCURY. 

[Hydrargyri Sulphas Flava, Pharm., 1870 — Basic Mercuric Sulphate — 

Turpeth Mineral.] 

Hydrargyri Subsulphas, Hydrargyrum Sulphuricum Flavian, Mercurius 
Emeticus Flavus, Sulphas Hydrargyricus Flavus, Turpethum Miner ale 
— Subsulphate of Mercury, Turpeth Mineral, E. ; Sulfate Trimercurique, 
Sulfate Jaune de Mercure, Turbith Mineral, Fr. ; Basisch Schwefelsaures 
Quecksilber oxy d, Mineralischer Turpeth, G. 

Turpeth mineral is an efficient and usually harmless emetic, operating 
promptly and without much general depression. It has, however, caused 
severe and even fatal symptoms, both from its occasional local irritant 
action and its constitutional effect. Special efficacy in " croup " has been 
claimed for it, but there is no reason to suppose that it possesses any con- 
trol over either form of croup beyond that of many other emetics which 
involve much less serious risks. 

Dose. — For a child, two to three grains, twelve to eighteen centi- 
grammes (.12 to .18). 



154 



THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 



HYDRARGYRI SULPHIDUM RUBRUM. 

RED SULPHIDE OF MERCURY. 

[Hydrargyri Sulphueetum Rubrum, Pharm., 1870 — Red Mercuric Sul- 
phide — Cinnabar.] 

Hydrargyrum Sulfuratum Bubrum, P. G. ; Ginnabaris, Sulfuretum Hy- 
drargyricum — Bed Sulphide of Mercury, Cinnabar. Vermilion, E. ; Sul- 
fure Bouge de Mercure, Cinnabre, Fr. ; Bothes Schefelquecksilber Zin- 
nober, G. 

This salt is not used internally, but would probably be, on account of 
its insolubility, comparatively inactive. It is used for mercurial fumiga- 
tion, the patient being enclosed in a box, or tent of blanket or rubber 
cloth, through the top of which his head passes, so that he may not breathe 
the fumes of sulphurous acid caused by the decomposition and combus- 
tion of the cinnabar. The cinnabar is burnt on coals or over a lamp 
placed beneath the patient, and the vapors contain metallic mercury and 
sulphurous acid. Local applications to syphilitic ulcerations, etc., can be 
made on a smaller scale by conducting the fumes through a tube to the 
affected part, or by the use of cinnabar cigars containing from three to six 
grains (.18 to .36) each. Fumigation is used to produce the specific effects 
of mercury in syphilis, and is preferred by some syphilographers as being 
less liable to disturb the digestion than the internal administration of mer- 
cury, and as more cleanly than inunction. Calomel is, however, often pre- 
ferred to the present salt for this purpose. 



HYDRARGYRIA 

MERCURY. 

[Quicksilver.] 

Hydrargyrum, Mercurius Vivas, Argentum Vivum — Quicksilver, E. ; Mer- 
cure, Vif '-Argent, Fr. ; Quecksilber, G. 

Crude mercury is seldom used in medicine, although it has been given 
to the extent of many ounces in order to act mechanically in supposed in- 
testinal obstruction. It cannot be said to have any local action except by 
its weight and bulk, unless some substance capable of acting upon it 
chemically is present in the intestinal canal at the same time. The con- 
stitutional effects, although produced by some preparations more readily 
than by others, are essentially the same with all. Mercurial poisoning 
may be produced by inhaling the vapor of the metal, as in some processes 
of gilding, the " silvering " of looking-glasses, or the breakage in confined 
spaces, as on board ship, of packages containing it. Mercury probably 



UNITED STATES PHAKMACOPCEIA. 155 

exists in the blood as a double albuminate. It is eliminated by all the 
secretions, but especially by the urine. After a prolonged administration, 
however, a considerable quantity may remain behind, as can be shown by 
its reappearance in the urine upon the administration of iodide of potas- 
sium. It is said also that metallic mercury has been found in the body, 
but this must be very rare. 

The earliest and most marked symptom of the constitutional action of 
mercury, beyond its therapeutic effects, is a stomatitis beginning with a 
little tenderness and redness along the edge of the gums and increasing, 
if the cause continues, until the whole mouth is inflamed, the gums 
swollen, the teeth loosened, the salivary glands tender, swollen, and secret- 
ing large quantities of thin saliva of a peculiar, disagreeable, and charac- 
teristic odor. Ulceration and gangrene of the lips and tongue may take 
place in extreme cases. The local inflammation is attended with fever, 
the appetite usually fails, and there is a tendency to diarrhoea. The sus- 
ceptibility of different individuals varies greatly, and in some cases the 
administration of a single dose of one of the milder preparations may be 
followed by troublesome salivation. Fortunately, it is not thought neces- 
sary at the present day to produce these effects for therapeutic purposes, 
since the beneficial action of mercury in disease has nothing to do with 
the elimination of a hypothetical poison by the salivary glands. A long- 
continued use of mercury gives rise to general impairment of nutrition, 
as shown by emaciation, pallor, oedema, and a tendency to hemorrhage 
and the wasting of newly formed callus and cicatrices. Fatty degenera- 
tion of the kidneys may be shown by the appearance in the urine of albu- 
men and casts, and it is probable that other organs share the same fate. 
Cutaneous eruptions, usually erythematous, may make their appearance, 
though less frequently than was formerly supposed. Neuralgia and a 
peculiar tremor somewhat resembling that of disseminated sclerosis are 
the earliest nervous symptoms, which are said to be followed by headache, 
sleeplessness, epilepsy, and coma. While large doses of mercurials ad- 
ministered to persons or animals in good health rapidly reduce the num- 
ber of the red corpuscles of the blood, the contrary effect has been clearly 
demonstrated when they are given to persons already ana?mic, and espe- 
cially syphilitic, and the drug is kept within proper limits. This has been 
spoken of as the "tonic" treatment of syphilis. Two of the three (and 
perhaps all) of the preparations made with metallic mercury probably con- 
tain small quantities of oxide, which undoubtedly increases their efficiency. 
They are Hydrargyrum cum Creta, Massa Hydrargyri, and Unguentum 
Hydrargyri. They can all be used to obtain the constitutional effect of 
mercury, but the two former are chiefly employed as mild cathartics or 
" cholagogues," the powder for children, the mass for adults. 



156 



THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 



HYDRARGYRUM AMMONIATUM. 

AMMONIATED MERCURY. 

[White Pkecipitate — Mercur- Ammonium Chloride.] 

Hydrargyrum Prcecipitatum Album, P. G; Hydrargyrum Amidato-Bichlo- 
ratum (Ammoniato- Muriaticum), Hydrargyri Ammonio - Chloridum, 
Mercurius Prcecipitatus Albus — White Precipitate, E. ; Oxychlorure Am- 
moniacal de Mercure, Mercure Precipite Blanc, Fr. ; Weisser Quecksilber- 
Prdcipat, Quecksilber-Chloridamidid, G. 

Is used only to make the officinal ointment. It may, if taken inter- 
nally by accident, give rise to poisoning, like that from corrosive subli- 
mate. 

HYDRARGYRUM CUM CRETA. 

MERCURY WITH CHALK. 

Mercure avec la Craie, Poudre de Mercure Crayeux, Fr. ; Quecksilber mil 

Kreide, G. 

Contains the metallic mercury in a state of minute subdivision and 
more or less of the oxide. If mercuric oxide be present in any consider- 
able quantity the action, will be much more violent than is usual or in- 
tended. It is used chiefly as a mild cathartic in the bowel disorders of 
children. 

Dose. — From three to ten grains, twenty to sixty centigrammes (.20 
to .60). 



HYDRASTIS. 

HYDRASTIS. 

[Golden Seal.] 

Rhizoma Hydrastis — Golden Seal, Yellow Root, Yellow Puccoon, Orange 
Boot, Indian Dye, Indian Tumeric, E. ; Racine d'Hydrastis de Canada, 
Fr. ; Canadische Gelbwurzel, G. 

Hydrastis contains the yellow bitter alkaloid berberina, and the color- 
less also bitter hydrastia, besides a volatile principle not yet isolated or 
minutely examined. It has been put forward among a great variety of 
other uses as a specific for cancer. Its virtues are probably those of many 
other simple bitters, and it may be used as a stomachic tonic and in mild 
cases of intermittent fever, upon which, however, it has no specific effect. 
The hydrastin of the eclectics is an impure muriate of berberina, and is 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 157 



administered in doses of three to five grains, twenty to thirty centi- 
grammes (.20 to .30). 

Dose. — One or two nuidounces, thirty to sixty grammes, of an officinal 
decoction may be used. The drug is not used in substance, but we may 
state the dose, half a drachm to a drachm, two to four grammes (2 to 4). 

HYOSCYAMIN/E SULPHAS. 

SULPHATE OF HYO SOY AMINE. 

The physiological action of this alkaloid and that of atropine so closely 
resemble each other that they are said by some high authorities to be 
qualitatively identical. Slight discrepancies in their action are accounted 
for by the difficulty of obtaining the hyoscyamia in a state of purity. There 
seems to be abundant evidence, however, that, notwithstanding their great 
similarity, hyoscyamine exercises a much more marked hypnotic effect upon 
the cerebrum. In other respects, except the dose, the reader will find an 
account of its action under the head of Atropine. The dose is sometimes 
considerably larger. Hyoscyamine may be used for the same purpose as 
atropine, but has also been employed as a hypnotic or sedative in condi- 
tions of excitement, as in mania : also in paralysis agitans, chorea, loco- 
motor ataxia, and tetanus. Unfortunately, even yet, hyoscyamine is liable 
to vary considerably in strength, or rather, purity, and consequently state- 
ments as to the effects of similar doses will exhibit decided discrepancies. 

Dose. — From one-sixtieth of a grain to one grain, one to sixty milli- 
grammes (.001 to .060). 

HYOSCYAMUS. 

HYOSOYAMUS. 

[Hyoscyami Folia, Pharm., 1870 — Henbane.] 

Herba Hyoscyami — Henbane Leaves, E. ; Feuilles de Jusquiame Noir, Fr. ; 

Bilsenkrant, G. 

For a description of the action of this drug the articles on Belladonna 
and Atropina may be consulted. It differs but very slightly from bella- 
donna, except in its greater tendency to produce sleep. Poisoning from 
it is to be treated in the same way as that from belladonna. Even the 
increased hypnotic tendency is not always observed, since a talkative and 
restless delirium is described as occurring in many cases. The prepara- 
tions of henbane are of the most uncertain strength, so that the effective 
dose of the extract (no longer officinal) ranged from two to two hundred 
and fifty grains. The present alcoholic extract, made from recent leaves, 



158 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 



is much more efficient. The quantities frequently prescribed as " corri- 
gent " in cathartic pills are probably of no more value than any inert ex- 
tract which might be used as an excipient. 

Dose. — Of the dried leaves (seldom used), five to ten grains, thirty to 
sixty centigrammes (.30 to .60). 

ICHTHYOCOLLA. 

ISINGLASS. 

Colla Piscium, P. G. — Fish-Glue, E. ; Golle de Poisson, Ichthyocolle, Fr. ; 

ffausenblase, Fischleim., G. 

The swimming bladders of many fishes are prepared as isinglass, and 
generally receive the name of the geographical region from which they are 
derived. Isinglass consists almost entirely of gelatine. It is used in cook- 
ing with milk or various puddings, to give to them a gelatiniform consist- 
ence, but its nutritive value is extremely slight. Gelatine is used to make 
plasters, capsules, and suppositories. 

IGNATIA. 

IGNATIA. 

[Bean of St. Ignatius.] 

Semen Ignatia?, Faba Ignatii — Ignatia, Bean of St. Ignatius, E. ; Feve de 
Saint Ignace, Feve Igasurique, Fr. ; Ignazbohnen, G. 

This drug, not used in substance, contains strychnia in larger propor- 
tion than nux vomica and also brucia. Its activity depends solely upon 
these alkaloids (see Strychnina), and its preparations are used for precisely 
the same purposes as those of nux vomica. Ignatia is not given in sub- 
stance. 

ILLICIUM. 

ILLICIUM. 

[Star- Anise.] 

Fructus (Lemon) Anisis Stellati, Semen Badiani — Badiane, Anise Etoil'e, 

Fr. ; Sternanis, G. 

This herb, of an entirely different family from anise, is recognized as a 
source of the officinal oleum anisi. A native species, illicium floridanum, 
yields a similar oil, and illicum parviflorum an oil resembling that of sassa- 
fras. 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 159 



INFUSA. 

INFUSIONS. 

Infusions, Fr. ; Heisser Aufgusse, G. 

This class of preparations, usually made with hot water, but without 
ebullition, is likely to contain the odoriferous and sapid constituents of 
drugs, since the volatile oils are readily extracted. The more fixed constit- 
uents, like alkaloids, glucosides, tannic acid, and others, are likely to be 
more thoroughly exhausted by boiling or decoction, although in the case of 
leaves or flowers which can be rapidly permeated by the menstruum, the 
active principles may be obtained with sufficient completeness for practical 
purposes. The infusions are likely, in many cases, to be of domestic rather 
than of officinal preparation, and have then the advantage of being usually 
fresher ; while, on the other hand, they may be less skilfully prepared. 
The general rule adopted by the Pharmacopoeia, which may, however, at 
any time be departed from by special direction, answers every purpose 
of accuracy as well as if special directions were given for each drug. The 
few cases in which special directions are given by the Pharmacopoeia dif- 
fer in the proportions of the active ingredient from the ten per cent, pre- 
scribed by the general rule. 

INFUSUM BRAYER/E. 

INFUSION OF BRAYERA. 

This is the usual preparation for obtaining the anthelmintic effect of 
kousso. Its action is attended with more or less colic and intestinal dis- 
turbance. If the "parts" of the Pharmacopceial formula are taken as 
forty to forty-six grains, or two and a half to three grammes, the whole 
quantity may be taken at once, or in two doses at an hour's interval. 

Citric acid or lemonade is said to diminish the liability to vomiting. 

INFUSUM CINCHON/E. 

INFUSION OF CINCHONA. 

This preparation contains all the alkaloids of the bark, and will vary 
somewhat in composition according to the kind of bark used. It does 
not contain enough of the alkaloids to be of value as an antipyretic, but is 
used simply as a tonic. 

Dose. — One or two ounces, thirty to sixty grammes (30 to 60), three 
times a day. 



160 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 



INFUSUM DIGITALIS. 

INFUSION OF DIGITALIS. 

This preparation is preferable to a decoction, as the important glyco- 
side would undergo a partial decomposition by boiling. The American 
infusion is of about twice the strength of the British, but the dose is 
stated in English medical works as considerably smaller than that accepted 
by many American authorities. It is generally regarded as the most effi- 
cient form for the administration of digitalis, especially when a diuretic 
action is desired. 

Dose. — One to four drachms, four to sixteen grammes or cubic centi- 
meters (4 to 16), two to three times a day. A teaspoonful contains about 
a grain of the herb. 

INFUSUM PRUNI VIRGINIAN/E. 

INFUSION OF WILD CHERRY. 

This infusion is made with cold water, since with hot the ferment by 
which hydrocyanic acid is developed would be rendered inert. It is used 
for the tonic action of the bitter contained in it, and also for the locally 
anaesthetic and sedative action of the hydrocyanic acid, although the latter 
is probably not very powerful unless extremely large doses are given. If 
a decided and definite effect of hydrocyanic is desired, it would be 
better to use the officinal acid, of which the dose is more exact. It may 
be used to diminish dyspeptic symptoms, and cough dependent on local 
irritation, as in phthisis. 

Dose. — Two or three fluidounces, sixty to ninety cubic centimeters, 
several times a day. 

INFUSUM SENN/E COMPOSITUM. 

COMPOUND INFUSION OF SENNA. 

[Black Dkaught.] 

This classic draught has almost everything in its favor except its taste, 
and is, or was, used when a single dose of an efficient but not drastic 
cathartic is required. It is less griping than senna in substance, or than 
a simple decoction would be, since the short time during which the infu- 
sion stands is not enough to extract all the bitter and acrid principles of 
the senna, and also because the aromatics and salines of the compound act 
as corrigents to the herb which gives it its name. Other prescriptions 
having the same efficacy might easily be made with other aromatics and 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 161 

salines. If the " parts " directed in the officinal formula are taken to be 
fifteen grains, or one gramme, the whole quantity will be about an average 
Dose, one hundred grammes, seventy-five cubic centimeters, two fluid- 
ounces and a half. 

INULA. 

INULA. 

[Elecampane.] 

Radix Helenii, P. G. ; Radix Inulce, Radix Enuloe — Racine d'Aunee, Aunee 
Commune (officinale), Fr. ; Alantwurzel, Helenenwurzel, G. 

Owes its reputation rather to tradition than to its intrinsic merits. It 
contains inulin, a substance closely allied to starch, and probably without 
medicinal value, a bitter principle not well defined, helenin or elecampane- 
camphor, and a little volatile oil. None of these seems capable of impart- 
ing great virtue to the root, especially as the camphor, being insoluble 
in water, cannot be contained in the decoction, which is the usual form in 
which elecampane is administered. Elecampane has had a reputation in 
a large number of diseases, but is now chiefly used as a domestic remedy 
in chronic bronchitis, dyspepsia, and anienorrhcea. 

Dose. — From fifteen to sixty grains, one to four grammes (1 to 4) ; of 
a decoction made by the general rule, three to six drachms, twelve to 
twenty-four grammes ; of a weaker one (one-half ounce to the pint), one 
or two ounces. 

IODOFORMUM. 

IODOFORM. 

Iodoformium, P. G. ; Iodoforms, Fr. ; Jodoform, G. 

• This somewhat recent introduction to therapeutics contains more than 
ninety-four per cent, of iodine, and its earlier applications were based 
upon this fact, so that it was used chiefly as a so-called alterative. A fur- 
ther experience tends rather to assimilate it to chloroform, with which it 
is identical in composition, iodine being substituted for chlorine. It is. 
absorbed from the stomach or from any raw surface, less rapidly from a 
granulating one. After its use iodine may be detected in the urine for 
hours or even days. Its smell may be detected in the breath. Its local 
action is anaesthetic and antiseptic. When absorbed it is supposed to be 
" alterative " in small doses, and known to be occasionally a narcotic 
poison in large ones. Its long-continued surgical use has been followed 
by symptoms resembling, in many respects, those of '.meningitis, but with- 
out any characteristic post-mortem appearances. Xhey were a rapid 
11 



102 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 



pulse, vomiting, sensorial disturbances, muscular contractures, and death ; 
all this going on without any rise of temperature. In other cases there 
were mental disturbances, usually taking the form of melancholia, often 
with delusions, refusal of food, and death. In many cases the symptoms 
do not abate with the withdrawal of the drug. These results are, how- 
ever, exceptional and seem to follow more particularly cases where a 
freshly made wound is filled with large quantities (many grammes) of 
powdered iodoform. Its most important uses are local, and it may be 
advantageously used as an application to a great variety of ulcers — can- 
cerous, syphilitic, varicose, and gangrenous. It may be applied in 
chronic nasopharyngeal catarrh. The beneficial effects in gastralgia are 
probably due to local action. 

Iodoform has also been used in the treatment of recent wounds, and a 
system of dressing adopted, consisting essentially in a careful washing 
with carbolic acid, and subsequent covering the surface with successive 
layers of iodoform gauze or cotton. As an application to ulcers, it relieves 
pain and prevents the decomposition of secretions, thus favoring rapid 
healing. One important objection to its use is its very powerful odor, 
which it is almost impossible to conceal or disguise, and which is liable 
to convey a suspicion of syphilitic trouble. Tonka bean and the oils of 
bergamot, myrrh, and eucalyptus have been used to more or less dis- 
guise the odor. In dressing ulcers, much may be done to obviate this 
inconvenience by using, instead of the powder, an ethereal solution which 
leaves a film upon the surface of the wound. This may be then covered 
with a layer of collodion. A covering of rubber cloth or other imper- 
meable material would also aid in suppressing the smell. Iodoform is not 
to be depended on for the cleansing of instruments or the hands, in car- 
rying out a thoroughly antiseptic operation. The topical application to 
ulcers may be made by blowing on a powder, or by painting or blowing 
on an ethereal solution, or wads of cotton thoroughly impregnated with 
dry iodoform may be used in various localities. An ointment may be 
made with any excipient, e.g., petrolatum ; or iodoform may be dissolved 
in alcohol or glycerine. In painful affections of the rectum or uterus sup- 
positories of iodoform with cocoa butter will afford much relief ; for fistulas 
or sinuses, or for introduction into the urethra, pencils made with gelatine 
are a convenient and elegant form. From the unirritating and anaesthetic 
character of the drug these preparations may be of almost any strength. In- 
ternally iodoform is frequently combined with iron and used for neuralgia, 
as well as a general " tonic and alterative" in syphilis and other cachexia?. 
Dose. — Internally, one to three grains, six to eighteen centigrammes 
(.06 to .18). It would be well, on account of odor, to administer iodoform, 
•as far as possible, in coated pills or in capsules. 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 163 

IODUM. 

IODINE. 

[Iodinum, Pharm., 1870.] 
lodum, Br., P. G. ; lode, Fr. ; Jod, G. 

Iodine is locally an irritant and caustic, producing, if applied to the 
skin, first a yellow color which on successive applications becomes darker, 
while the epidermis is made dry and finally exfoliates, leaving behind 
usually a newly formed layer. On thin skins, however, a blister is some- 
times formed. The pain from a single application of the ordinary tinc- 
ture is usually none, or very trivial, but may after two or three repetitions 
become severe and of a burning or prickling character. A more rapid 
and severe effect may be produced by an ethereal tincture. A measly or 
papular eruption may be observed in the neighborhood. By the mouth, 
doses of from five to ten centigrammes produce a sharp taste, itching in 
the throat, and possibly a little nausea. Larger ones (twenty centigrammes), 
vomiting and a feeling of oppression ; thirty centigrammes (five grains), 
thirst, salivation, colic, and diarrhoea, with increased frequency of pulse. 
Still larger doses produce decided gastro- enteritis, with giddiness, headache, 
restlessness, and convulsions. The matter discharged by vomiting will be 
either brownish-yellow, if simply albuminous or saccharine, but blue if 
starch is present. The antidote to be administered is starch or raw eggs. 
These symptoms have also been observed after the external application of 
iodine or its injection into large cavities. It should be noted that in some 
instances these doses have been greatly exceeded without very serious effects. 
Iodine is absorbed with considerable rapidity from the stomach, serous 
cavities, or the interior of cysts, and to some extent from the skin, but it 
is doubtful if the ordinary superficial application to the skin produces any 
specific effect upon the underlying tissues. It makes its appearance rap- 
idly in the secretions, probably in the form of iodide of sodium. The 
largest amount is removed by the urine, and its elimination by this chan- 
nel soon ceases when the administration is stopped, but continues much 
longer by way of the saliva and gastric juice. 

Among the earlier constitutional effects of iodine, given for some time 
in doses not sufficient to produce gastro-intestinal irritation, is to be reck- 
oned the characteristic iodic coryza, consisting in swelling of the mucous 
membrane of the upper air-passages, the conjunctivae, and adjacent por- 
tions of the face, attended with some headache and a profuse discharge of 
watery secretion. A patient unfamiliar with this effect usually thinks 
that he has caught a bad cold in the head. The cutaneous eruption which 
is most characteristic, is acneform, occupying the face and shoulders, but 



164 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 



fumncular and purpuric eruptions have been seen after iodide of potassium. 
Salivation is occasionally seen, of a much milder character than that from 
mercury, except in cases where mercury has been previously used, when 
it is really mercurial salivation, renewed by the increased solubility of the 
metal in an iodic solution. 

Beyond this point it is difficult to disentangle the symptoms due to iodine 
itself and those from iodide of potassium, and it is unfortunate that writers 
have taken so little pains to distinguish them. It is very noticeable, how- 
ever, that our knowledge of so-called iodism is based chiefly upon reports 
made many years ago, when iodine and not iodide of potassium was in 
use, and while these descriptions are repeated in all systematic treatises, 
the writers themselves bring forward no new instances, and often deny that 
they have in their own practice seen anything of the kind. 

Many of the cases also occurred in goitrous districts, and it was ac- 
knowledged that they were extremely rare elsewhere, so that it has been 
supposed that residence in the climate where goitre occurs renders the 
constitution peculiarly susceptible to the influence of iodine. It seems 
reasonable to refer a large part of iodism to gastro-intestinal irritation, 
which is a result of the use of iodine, and not of iodide of potassium. 
Further, the specially nervous symptoms, such as neuralgia, palpitation, 
sleeplessness, headache, tremor, disordered vision and hearing, are cer- 
tainly the rarest of accidents after iodide of potassium. On the other 
hand, mental dulness, depression, and melancholy are more frequently seen, 
but still by no means common with either form. Wasting of glandular 
organs, especially the thyroid, the mamma?, and the testicles, and general 
emaciation, often combined, singularly enough, with a morbid appetite, 
are among the often-described, but much less frequently seen, accidents 
connected with the use both of the metalloid and the salt. The suscepti- 
bility of different individuals undoubtedly varies very widely, both in re- 
gard to the slighter symptoms, such as the metallic taste and coryza, and 
the more serious ones just spoken of. Those uses of iodine only will be de- 
scribed here for which iodide of potassium is unfitted or regarded as less 
efficient, since for the constitutional effects the iodide is in almost all cases 
to be preferred on account of the absence of gastro-intestinal irritation. 

For its local effects iodine may be used in the form of tincture, or 
when a less irritating application is desired, the "liquor iodi compositus" 
(Lugol's solution) to various ulcerations, including those of the skin, ton- 
sils, fauces, and uterus, and in some cutaneous diseases. As a counter- 
irritant the tincture is painted two or three times over chronic inflam- 
matory swellings or over painful spots, being much less troublesome and 
dirty than many other remedies of the same class. There is very little 
reason to suppose, however, that its action differs materially in kind from 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 165 

these, so far as any effect upon the deeper-seated tissues is concerned. 
Iodine, especially in the form of the ethereal tincture, has been supposed 
to arrest the spread of erysipelas when painted around it ; but it often, if 
not always, fails, like other external applications, to have any effect upon 
it. The tincture, and also Lugol's solution, is often injected into serous 
sacs, as in hydrocele, pleurisy, synovitis, and even pericarditis, although 
milder solutions are more generally used. Ovarian cysts as well as fis- 
tulas and abscesses are treated in the same way. The object in many of 
these cases is to excite an adhesive inflammation, in others to act as an 
antiseptic. The risk of absorption should be borne in mind, but unless 
the amount injected be excessive, no harm is likely to occur. The tinc- 
ture has been injected through a hollow needle into the substance of solid 
organs in a state of chronic inflammation, as the tonsils and the thyroid. 
A weak solution may be used as a disinfectant and stimulating wash or 
gargle, or the strong preparations may be applied with a brush in local 
affections of the mouth and fauces, including diphtheria. 

The vapor, which is easily produced by warming the dry scales, has 
been used in naso-pharyngeal catarrh, laryngitis, and bronchitis. It is, 
however, quite irritating, and should not be breathed in too great concen- 
tratioD. It has also been proposed to evaporate the solid iodine from a 
hot plate in rooms to be disinfected, a method which has convenience in 
its favor but expense against it. In the stomach Lugol's solution has been 
used as an antidote to alkaloidal poisons, with which it forms a precipi- 
tate. This, however, is only relatively insoluble, like most others formed 
with alkaloids in the stomach, and should consequently be evacuated as 
soon as possible. The earliest use made of iodine in medicine was in the 
form of burnt sponge as a remedy for goitre and scrofula, and for these 
purposes iodine is still preferred to the iodide of potassium. Iodine may 
be administered in pill, but in this case there is likely to be a too irritant 
action at the point at which the drug touches the mucous membrane, and 
hence the liquid preparations sufficiently diluted or the iodized starch are 
to be preferred. 

Dose. — One-fourth to one grain, sixteen to sixty milligrammes (.016 
to .060). 

IPECACUANHA. 

IPECAC. 

Radix Ipecacuanhce, P. G. ; Ipecac, E. ; Ipecacuanha, Racine Br'esilienne, 

Fr. ; Brechwurzel, Ruhrvmrzel, G. 

The most important principle of ipecac is the alkaloid emetina, which 
is to be found also in several other non-officinal roots also known as ipe- 



166 . THEKAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

cac. It also contains an astringent acid allied to caffeo- and cincho-tannic 
acid. Emetina, and, to a less extent, ipecacuanha, are local irritants. If 
applied to the skin for some time they cause erythema and dermatitis. 
The powder of the crude drug gives rise, in many persons, to considerable 
irritation of the conjunctivae and air-passages, and in a few specially sen- 
sitive to severe coryza. In animals gastro-enteritis has been observed as 
a result of its operation. 

The most important and noticeable effect of ipecac in man is vomiting, 
which follows its administration in from ten to thirty minutes, is attended 
with much less depression and general disturbance, and is less persistent 
than that from tartar-emetic, but is less prompt and more depressing than 
that from certain others, such as mustard or the sulphates of zinc or 
copper. In animals, however, it has produced diminished activity of the 
heart and respiration, fall of temperature, paralysis of sensitive nerves, 
and diminished nervous and muscular excitability and collapse. These 
effects, including the vomiting, can be produced by the injection into the 
veins, or hypodermically, of emetina in somewhat larger dose than would 
be necessary by the mouth. The vomiting is somewhat more tardy in 
appearing. After such injection the emetina may be found in the contents 
of the stomach or in the matter vomited. It is probable that ipecac acts 
as an emetic by being brought in contact with the mucous membrane of 
the stomach by whatever channel it may be introduced, which, however, 
in fact, is always the mouth. Its elimination by the kidneys and bronchial 
mucous membrane is asserted, and certainly the latter method would 
afford the best explanation of its expectorant effects. Susceptibility to 
the action of ipecac varies materially in different persons. One to five or 
six centigrammes, in water or with sugar, produces in most cases no notice- 
able effects, but might in the sensitive cause nausea. From this point up 
to one or two grammes, fifteen to thirty grains, the effects would gradu- 
ally increase, until, with the dose mentioned, vomiting would almost in- 
variably take place, unless some special reason, like the tolerance estab- 
lished by successive doses, or the influence of some narcotic, like opium, 
interfered to prevent. 

If the ipecac is administered in a very large quantity of water the vom- 
iting will be less and the cathartic action greater. Ipecac is occasionally 
used as a stomachic tonic, in doses of not more than one grain, six centi- 
grammes, and to prevent vomiting, in drop doses of the wine. The efficacy 
of this latter procedure over that of other drugs administered in the same 
way, little and often, is not yet established. For many of the purposes of 
an emetic, such as relieving an overloaded stomach, or in some spasmodic 
respiratory diseases, ipecac, on account of the mildness of its action and 
the slightness of its general depressing effects is undoubtedly the best ; but 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 167 

when haste is necessary, as in a case of poisoning, one of the more promptly 
acting emetics, like the sulphate of copper or zinc, should be substituted 
or added, or apomorphia may be used subcutaneously. The permanent 
relief of spasmodic croup, and the temporary improvement in the dyspnoea, 
often obtained in pseudomembranous laryngitis from a single act of vom- 
iting, are not to be confounded with the expectorant effect of ipecac. The 
former is due to a general muscular relaxation in which the muscles of the 
larynx share, and to the mechanical removal of mucus, and, in rare in- 
stances, loosened false membrane from the fauces and the upper air-pas- 
sages. Ipecac is just as little and just as much a specific in these diseases as 
any other emetic. The expectorant action consists in liquefying the bron- 
chial mucus or promoting its freer secretion and removal. For this purpose 
small doses, not sufficient to vomit, are used. The objection to its em- 
ployment is its liability to produce loss of appetite, which, in many of the 
diseases requiring the use of an expectorant, it is very important to pre- 
serve. 

Many cases of chronic diarrhoea and dysentery are greatly benefited by 
ipecac, which has either been given in small doses combined with opium, 
or in large ones of the powder (bolus) or decoction. The large doses 
should be preceded by opium, and the patient should remain as quiet as 
possible in order that the drug may not be vomited. Enemata have also 
been advantageously employed. 

The diaphoretic action of ipecac is utilized and added to by that of 
opium in the well-known Dover's powder. 

Dose. — Expectorant, one or two grains, six to twelve centigrammes 
(.06 to .12), once in two or three hours ; emetic, fifteen to thirty grains, one 
to two grammes. This may be divided into two doses, of which the second 
may be given if the first fails to operate in ten or twenty minutes. 

IRIS. 

IRIS. 

[Blue Flag.] 

Rhizome d'Iris Varie, Gldieul Bleu, Fr. ; Verschiedenfarbige Schwertlilie, G. 

This drug owes its medicinal virtues to an oleo-resin, which has not 
been specially studied. It is emetic and cathartic, but recent investiga- 
tions have assigned to the impure resin called iridin, in doses of from one 
to four grains, six to twenty-four centigrammes, too small to produce the 
cathartic effects in any marked degree, a special action as a cholagogue. 
It is used in cases of supposed inaction of the liver, such as are frequently 
treated by mercurial cathartics. The officinal extract probably represents 



168 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

the drug quite as well as the resin just mentioned. It may be associated 
in prescription with a little capsicum, extract of belladonna, or a drop or 
two of some volatile oil. 

Dose. — Of the powder (seldom used), ten to twenty grains, sixty to 
one hundred and twenty centigrammes. 

JALAPA. 

JALAP. 

Tuber Jalapce, P. G. ; Radix Jalapce — Jalap, Fr. ; Jalape, Jalapenknollen, G. 

Jalap depends for its activity on two resins, of which the more abun- 
dant and more powerful is called convolvulin. It is very similar to another 
resin called jalapin, which is not found in jalap at all, but in scammony. 
This resin is dissolved in the bile and then becomes actively cathartic. 
Vomiting and colic may accompany its action. Both the root and its 
preparations are used in various conditions of constipation, but perhaps 
more than for any other purpose in the removal of dropsical effusions. 
The compound jalap powder is frequently used for this purpose. Like 
many other active purgatives, jalap may be used to complete the work of a 
vermicide, but is not one itself. 

Dose. — Fifteen to twenty-three grains, one to one and a half gramme 
(1 to 1.5). 

JUGLANS. 

JUGLANS. 

[Butternut.] 

£lcorce de Noyer Gris, Fr. ; Graue Wallnussrinde, G. 

This bark is not used in substance, but the extract is a mild cathartic, 
peculiarly fitted for the treatment of chronic constipation. 

JUNIPERUS. 

JUNIPER. 

Fructus Juniperi, P. G. ; Baccce Juniperi — Juniper Berries, E. ; Genievre, 
Fruit (Baies) de Genievre, Fr. ; Wachholderbeeren, G. 

These so-called berries contain a volatile oil, which is officinal, and 
which forms the basis of the preparations representing the drug. It is 
this which gives the peculiar flavor to Holland gin, often used in domestic 
practice for the same purposes as the officinal " spiritus juniperi," with 
which, however, it should not be confounded, as the latter is much 



' UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 169 

stronger, both in oil of juniper and in alcohol. " Spiritus juniperi com- 
positus " is not very far from the strength of gin. Like other drugs of this 
class, juniper is slightly stimulating and more diuretic than most of them, 
resembling the kindred oil of turpentine in this respect as well as in pro- 
ducing at times irritation of the urinary passages. The oil is said to be 
efficient as a diuretic when given by inhalation. Juniper is more com- 
monly given with other diuretics than alone. Half a pint, one-fourth of a 
litre, or more, of an infusion may be taken in the course of a day. The 
berries may be given in substance mixed with sugar, but the oil and its 
preparations are the more convenient. 

Dose. — One to two drachms, four to eight grammes, three or four 
times a day. 

KAMALA. 

KAMALA. 

[Rottlera, Pharm., 1870.] 

Contains some eighty per cent, of resin. The powder is used for the 
expulsion of intestinal worms, chiefly, though not exclusively, the tasnias. 
It is said to produce its effects without severe action on the intestinal 
canal, although it is a purgative and may produce some nausea and grip- 
ing. A tincture and extract have been used, but are not officinal. The 
dose may be repeated in six or eight hours if the first does not operate. 

Dose. — One or two drachms, four to eight grammes, suspended in 
syrup. 

KINO. 

KINO. 

Gummi (s. Besina) Kino — Kino, Fr., G. 

Many other vegetable extracts besides that recognized by the Pharma- 
copoeia have been used under the name of kino and have a similar action. 
Kino contains a peculiar tannin which receives the name of its source, 
and is closely allied to, but not identical with that of catechu. Kino is 
somewhat milder in its action than many other astringents, a difference 
which is supposed to depend upon a larger quantity of gum and pectin 
contained therein. This makes it more useful in some dyspeptic disor- 
ders, but in general its uses are identical with those of catechu and tannic 
acid, though locally it is not quite so powerful. It should not be pre- 
scribed with mineral acids, metallic salts, or strong solutions of alkaloids. 
An infusion of two drachms to eight ounces (about three per cent.) may 



170 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

be given in doses of half an ounce to an ounce, thirty to sixty grammes. 
Aqueous preparations or even tinctures containing much water are apt to 
gelatinize on keeping. 

Dose. — In powder, ten to twenty-two grains, sixty centigrammes to a 
gramme and a half (.60 to 1.50). 

KRAMERIA. 

KRAMERIA. 

[Rhatany.] 

Kramerice Radix, Br.; Radix Ratanhce, P. G. ; Radix Ratanhice — Rhatany 
Root, E. ; Ratanhia, Fr. ; Ratanhawurzel, G. 

This root contains a peculiar tannin and is used for the same purposes, 
and the same cautions should be observed as with kino, catechu, and tan- 
nic acid. It has been found very useful in fissure of the anus, but it is 
probable that the preference accorded it over many other astringents is 
largely of traditional origin. For this purpose enemata made with the 
extract or the tincture are frequently repeated. It is seldom used in sub- 
stance. 

LACTUCARIUM. 

LACTUCARIUM. 

Lactucarium, Fr. ; Giftlattichsaft, Lactucarium, G. 

A salad of garden lettuce is said to produce drowsiness. The value of 
lactucarium (or the juice of a peculiar variety of garden lettuce) as a 
medicinal agent is somewhat doubtful. In some cases the use of the 
drug would seem to favor sleep, especially in persons who believe in it, 
and it is a useful drug for cases where a powerful hypnotic must not be 
given, but something with a reputation is necessary. 

Dose. — Eight to sixteen grains, or indefinite, half a gramme to one 
gramme. 

LAPPA. 

LAPPA. 

[BUEDOCK.] 

Radix Bardance, P. G. ; Bardane, Fr. ; Klettenwurzel, G. 

This has been a popular remedy in many conditions of ill-health and 
chronic disease where a diaphoretic and diuretic have been indicated, 
but it is doubtful whether the attributed medicinal virtues of this drug 



UNITED STATES PHAKMACOPOEIA. 171 

do not belong to the stronger and better-known medicines which are usu- 
ally combined with it, or to the volume of liquid which is used for its 
decoction. A tincture of the seed has recently been highly spoken of as a 
stomachic tonic and cure for psoriasis. 

Dose. — Thirty to sixty grains, two to four grammes, in decoctum. A 
pint of the decoction may be taken per diem. 



LAVANDULA. 

LAVENDER. 

Flares Lavandula?, P. G.; Flares Lavendulce — Lavender Flowers, E. ; Fleurs 
de Lavande, Fr. ; Lavendelbluthen, G. 

These contain about one and a half per cent, of oil of lavender, which 
is used chiefly as a perfume and constituent of aromatic preparations. 



LEPTANDRA. 

LEPTANDRA. 

[Culver's Root.] 

Culver's Physic, Black Root, E. ; Racine de Leptandra, de Veronique de Vir- 
ginie, Fr. ; Leptandra- Wurzel, G. 

Leptandra is an irritant to the gastro-intestinal mucous membrane, 
and its use is followed either by catharsis or emeto-catharsis, according 
to the size of the dose given. This drug is often found in what are known 
as vegetable cathartic pills. The resin principle, called leptandrin, prob- 
ably containing the true bitter glucoside leptandrin, produces the cathartic 
action of leptandra in doses of from two to four grains, thirteen to twenty- 
six centigrammes. 

Dose. — Twenty to sixty grains, one and a half to four grammes. 



LIMONIS CORTEX. 

LEMON PEEL. 

Cortex Fructus Citrici, P. G. ; iScorce de Citron, Fr. ; Citronenschale, Li- 

monenschale, G. 

Lemon peel is simply used as a flavoring to improve the taste of me- 
dicinal preparations. 



172 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 



LINIMENTUM AMMONI/E. 

AMMONIA LINIMENT. 

Linimentum Ammoniatum, P. G. ; Linimentum Volatile, Linimentum Am- 
moniacale — Volatile Liniment, E. ; Savon Ammoniacal, Er. ; Flilchtiges 
Liniment, Fliichtige Salbe, G. 

Ammonia liniment is used externally mainly for its rubefacient and 
stimulating properties and as a mild counter-irritant. If prevented from 
evaporating, the action will be more severe, and may even cause blistering. 
Its local application diminishes capillary engorgement and stimulates the 
capillary circulation of the skin. 



LINIMENTUM BELLADONNA. 

LINIMENT OF BELLADONNA. 

This is a new liniment for the United States Pharmacopoeia, and is 
used for muscular rheumatism, neuralgia, and other local pains. It is 
frequently combined with aconite fluid extract as a topical application in 
severe neuralgia. 

LINIMENTUM CALCIS. 

LIME LINIMENT. 

Liniment ou Savon Galcaire, Fr. ; Kalkliniment, G. 

This is nearly the same with the well-known " carron oil," or " Stahl's 
burn salve," which was made with flaxseed oil. This liniment is used as a 
topical dressing for burns, the advantage of which is simply protection 
from the external air. It should be applied on cotton or lint. Other un- 
irritating applications that do not become rancid, such as petrolatum, 
serve equally well. 

LINIMENTUM CAMPHOR/E. 

CAMPHOR LINIMENT. 

Linimentum Camphoratum — Camphorated Oil, E. ; Liniment Camphree, 
Huile Camphree, Fr. ; Kampferliniment, G. 

A convenient application, when friction is used, in the swelling of 
limbs from venous engorgement, or as a mild liniment in bruises or 
sprains. 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 173 

LINIMENTUM CANTHARIDIS. 

CANTHARIDES LINIMENT. 

Huile de Cantharides Terebinthinee, Fr. ; Spanischfliegen Liniment, G. 

A severe and stimulating liniment, liable to cause vesication and sores 
difficult of healing, if its use is prolonged. It is not the most manageable 
preparation of cantharides for external use. 

LINIMENTUM CHLOROFORMI. 

CHLOROFORM LINIMENT. 

This liniment produces a counter-irritant action, and probably a certain 
amount of local anaesthesia in the most superficial filaments of the nerves. 

LINIMENTUM PLUMBI SUBACETATIS. 

LINIMENT OF SUBAOETATE OF LEAD. 

Liniment Saturne, Beurre de Saturne, Baume Universelle, Fr. ; Bleilini- 

ment, G. 

This liniment is used to allay itching or local pain caused by cutaneous 
inflammations, such as prurigo, chilblains, swollen glands, etc. 

LINIMENTUM SAPONIS. 

SOAP LINIMENT. 

Linimentum Saponato-Camphoratum Liquid, P. G. ; Liquid Opodeldoc, E. ; 
Liniment Savonneux Oamphre, Fr. ; Flussiger Opodeldoc, G. 

A little more irritating and stimulant than linimentum camphorge. 
LINIMENTUM SINAPIS COMPOSITUM. 

COMPOUND LINIMENT OF MUSTARD. 

Liniment Sinapise Composite, Fr. ; Zusammengesetztes Senfliniment, G. 

This is a recent addition to our Pharmacopoeia, though it has been 
officinal in the British Pharmacopoeia, the strength in which is the same as 
that in our present edition. The oil of mustard, of which this liniment is 
in part compounded, is a very active and rapid vesicant. The oil of rneze- 
reum is also a vesicant, but is slower in its action. This liniment should 
therefore be cautiously applied, if at all, where an active counter-irritant 
is required, as in pleuritic effusion, and not allowed to be so covered over 
with impervious cloths that its vesicating action cannot be watched and 
regulated. Its efficiency as a counter-irritant cannot be denied. 



174 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

LINIMENTUM TEREBIIMTHIN/E. 

TURPENTINE LINIMENT. 

[Kentish Ointment.] 

Liniment Terebinthine, Fr. ; Terpentin- Liniment, G. 

This is an excellent rubefacient, and can be employed to stimulate 
activity in tissues whose vital properties are debased, as in burns or scalds, 
where moderate stimulation is desired. It also keeps flies off the wound. 
It should be applied on lint, and not come in contact with sound parts. 

LINUM. 

FLAXSEED. 

[Linseed.] 

Semen Lini, P. G. ; Lini Semina, Br. ; Linseed, E. ; Semence de Lin, Fr. ; 

Leinmmen, Flachssamen, G. 

These seeds contain, in the epithelium of the testa, mucilage, and in the 
embryo, oil. An infusion of the whole seeds, half an ounce to the pint 
(about three per cent.), is used as a demulcent, and may be flavored with a 
little lemon juice. Its usefulness in inflammations of the bladder and uri- 
nary passages, for which it is often given, must be limited to the water it 
contains, since the mucilage is not carried to the kidneys by the process of 
elimination or in any other way. The mucilage, which may be made for 
this purpose a little thicker than the infusion just spoken of, is a very use- 
ful local application in irritation of the vagina or rectum. The ground 
flaxseed is used to make poultices. The meal should be stirred up with 
hot water and placed between two cloths, of which that next the skin may 
be covered with oil or glycerine or petrolatum. 

LIQUOR ACIDI ARSENIOSI. 

SOLUTION OF ARSENIOUS ACID. 

[Liqtjok Arsenici Chlokidi, Pharm., 1870.] 

Liquor Arsenici Hydrochloricus, Br. ; Hydrochloric Solution of Arsenic, E. ; 
Liquor Arsenicale Hydrochlorique, Fr. ; Chlorarsenik-Losung, G. 

This solution of arsenic, a little more than twice as strong as Valan- 
gin's, is supposed to have more irritant local effects upon the stomach 
than Fowler's solution, to which it corresponds in arsenical strength, but 
its general action is about the same. (See article Arsenious Acid.) 

Dose. — Five drops in a wineglassful of water on a full stomach. This 
dose may be gradually increased, as in the case of other arsenical prepa- 
rations. 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 175 

LIQUOR AMMONII ACETATIS. 

SOLUTION OF ACETATE OF AMMONIUM. 

[Spirit of Mtndeeerus.] 

Liquor Ammonia? Aeetatis, Br. ; Liquor Ammonii Acetici, P. G. ; Acetas 
Ammonicus Liquidus, Spiritus Mindereri — Spirit of Mindererus, E. ; 
Acetate d'Ammoniaque Liquide, Esprit de Mindererus, Fr. ; Essigsaure 
Ammonium- Flilssigkeit, G. 

A diaphoretic, refrigerant, and diuretic. It is largely used in the 
earlier stages of inflammatory affections as a mild antipyretic, and later in 
febrile conditions, either alone or in conjunction with carbonate of am- 
monia, to increase the vigor of the heart's action. Its external applica- 
tion relieves slight inflammatory action, as, for instance, of the eyelids, and 
contusions of the surface. Its diuretic and diaphoretic properties after 
alcoholic debauch are well known, even to the laity, and, like other prepa- 
rations of ammonia, it is used to produce a temporary stimulation and the 
appearance of sobriety in actual drunkenness. 

Dose. — One-half to one and a half fluidounce, fifteen to forty-five 
grammes. 

LIQUOR ARSENICI ET HYDRARGYRI IODIDI. 

SOLUTION OF IODIDE OF ARSENIC AND MERCURY. 

[Liquor Arsenici et Hydrargyri Iodid, U. S. P., 1870 — Donovan's Solution.] 

Solutio Donovani — Donovan's Solution, E. ; Solute aVIodo-Ar senile de Mer- 
cure, Liqueur de Donovan, Fr. ; Jodquecksilber-Arsenik-Lbsung, Dono- 
vansche Tropfen, G. 

As this solution contains one per cent, each of iodide of arsenic and of 
iodide of mercury, its local irritant action on the stomach is quite an im- 
portant question in its use, and the mixture of iodides and mercury has a 
strong tendency to produce salivation. The chief indications for its use are 
in syphilis, obstinate skin diseases of a squamous character, and in such 
conditions of the system as are associated with a low order of tissue 
nutrition. Syphilographers of modern times have abandoned, in a great 
measure, this mercurial and arsenical compound, and seem to rely more 
especially upon a simple salt of mercury. It is somewhat doubtful if the 
arsenic gives any material assistance to the mercurial treatment, and it is 
apt to disturb the stomach if enough is prescribed to answer the supposed 
indications for mercurial saturation of the blood. 

Dose. — Five drops, as in other preparations of arsenic, until the signs 
of either arsenical poisoning or mercurial salivation appear. 



176 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

LIQUOR CALCIS. 

SOLUTION OF LIME. 

[Lime Watek.] 

Aqua Calcarice, P. G. ; Aqua Calcarice Ustce, Aqua Calcis, Calcaria Soluta, 
Oxydum Calcicum Aqua Solutum — Solution of Lime, Lime Water, E. ; 
Eau (Liquor) de Chaux, Fr. ; Kalkwasser, G. 

Lime water is alkaline in reaction and mildly astringent, but has no 
irritant action. When administered by the mouth a portion of the lime 
combines with the acid of the gastric juice and is absorbed, and eliminated 
by the urine, but without producing any marked change in that secretion. 
Its activity is mainly confined to the surfaces with which it comes in con- 
tact, drying them and diminishing their secretions. Hence it is used as a 
lotion in many mucous and purulent discharges, both of the skin and of 
the nose, fauces, vagina, rectum, or urethra. In the intestinal canal its ef- 
fect is twofold, diminishing the acidity of the gastric contents and acting 
upon the mucous membrane as an astringent. Hence its usefulness in 
acid dyspepsia and diarrhoea. When given with milk and administered in 
small doses, the combination is one of the most useful means of checking 
vomiting and at the same time keeping up the nutrition. It is often borne 
when nothing else can be. The proportion of lime water may be as great 
as one-half, to be gradually diminished as the stomach regains its func- 
tions. This is, partly at least, due to the alkalinity of the lime making 
the coagulation of the milk slower, and consequently the curd less hard 
and cheesy. 

The usefulness of lime water in the treatment of aphthse depends upon 
the fact that the fungus which causes them needs an acid soil to grow 
upon, of which it is deprived by the lime. It has been shown that in the 
test-tube, lime water dissolves the false membranes of croup and diphthe- 
ria more rapidly than any other agents which can be employed without 
danger to the tissues. In order to apply this fact to the treatment of the 
disease, the lime water must be used not only as a lotion or gargle, but be 
applied almost constantly in the form of spray in order to reach suffi- 
ciently deep into the air-passages. 

The method, in spite of its plausibility and the urgent demand for some 
agent which shall promote the removal or softening of the membrane, has 
not found great favor and is not a success, probably on account of the 
great difficulty in making the application strong enough and long enough 
to dissolve not only the first crop but its successive re-formations. The 
abundant slaking of lime in the apartment, although a very convenient 
method of generating watery vapor, and hence of great value as an adju- 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 177 

vant, is not an equivalent of spraying, since no lime is diffused in the at- 
mosphere thereby, unless the patient's head is held close enough over the 
vessel to receive such particles as may be carried upward mechanically by 
the violence of the ebullition. 

Lime water may be used when it is desired to supply the want of that 
element in the system, but it is more common to use one of its salts, and 
especially the phosphate. 

Dose. — Half an ounce to two ounces, fifteen to sixty cubic centimeters, 
as often as necessary ; if mixed with milk it may be given almost ad 
libitum. 

LIQUOR FERRI ACETATIS. 

SOLUTION OF ACETATE OF IRON. 

[Solution of Ferric Acetate.] 

This is a recent addition to this, and does not exist in any other, Phar- 
macopoeia. The advantage over other preparations of iron remains to be 
proved. Its action must be that of a stimulant ferruginous preparation, 
with very little, if any, astringent action. This liquor is for the prepara- 
tion of the tincture of acetate of iron, which is officinal in the British 
Pharmacopoeia, and has been added to the present edition. 

LIQUOR FERRI CHLORIDI. 

SOLUTION OF CHLORIDE OF IRON. 

[Solution of Ferric Chloride.] 

Liquor Ferri Perchloridi Fortior, Br. ; Liquor Ferri Sesquichlorati, P. G. ; 
Liquor Ferri Muriatici Oxydati, Ferrum Sesquichloratum Solutum — 
Solution of Ferric Chloride, Strong Solution of Ferchloride of Iron, E. ;; 
Solution de Perchlorure de Fer, Chlorure Ferrique Liquide, Fr. ; Flus- 
siges Eisenchlorid, G. 

The local action of the solution is strongly astringent and styptic. It 
is used as a topical application or as a wash in contact with bleeding ■ sur- 
faces, or as spray in pulmonary hemorrhage. The injection of this, solu- 
tion, somewhat diluted, into the uterus to check hemorrhage, though an, 
exceedingly efficient procedure, is not regarded as entirely safe. If the 
application is to be made, it is better done by swabbing than by injection. 
The solution is sometimes injected through the hollow needle into vari- 
cose veins and erectile tumors. The action is by the formation of clots, 
and the dangers consist in the risk of their dislodgement and decompo- 
sition. The injection into tumors about the face is also likely to produce 
12 



178 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 



an amount of sloughing which may leave behind it unsightly scars. It is 
sometimes applied to congested or inflamed parts, as in erysipelas or gan- 
grene. 

There is no reason to suppose that its hemostatic action extends be- 
yond the place at which it is applied, except so far as it, like other prepa- 
rations of iron, improves the condition of the blood. It is not, however, a 
desirable form in which to administer iron internally, but it may be used 
in this way well diluted. The teeth should be protected by rinsing 
against the action of the acid. 

Dose. — Two to ten minims, twelve to sixty-four centigrammes (.12 to 
.64), well diluted. 

LIQUOR FERRI CITRATIS. 

SOLUTION OF CITRATE OF IRON. 

[Solution of Ferric Citrate.] 

Liquor Ferri Citrici, Citras Ferricus Liquidus — Citrate de Fer Liquide, Fr. ; 

Flussiges Eisencitrat, G. 

The citrate of iron is prepared by evaporating this solution to dryness, 
and the solution itself may be prescribed, but possesses no special ad- 
vantages. 

Dose. — Eight to fifteen minims, one-half to one cubic centimeter. 
LIQUOR FERRI ET QUININE CITRATIS. 

SOLUTION OF CITRATE OF IRON AND QUININE. 

A convenient preparation in case the salt is desired in solution ; but 
■since one of its chief advantages is its slow (but perfect) solubility, and 
^consequent tastelessness, the solution cannot be considered very important. 

Dose. — Eight to fifteen minims, one-half to one cubic centimeter. 
LIQUOR FERRI NITRATIS. 

SOLUTION OF NITRATE OF IRON. 

[Solution of Ferric Nitrate.] 

[Liquor Ferri Pernitratis, Br. ; Solution of Pernitrate of Iron, E. ; Azotate 
de Fer Liquide, Fr. ; Saltpeter saures Eisenoxyd-Losung, G. 

This solution is less irritating than many of the other solutions of iron 
salts, as, for instance, the subsulphate, the chloride, etc., and more astrin- 
gent than the organic iron salts, such as the citrate, the lactate, etc. Its 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 179 



astringent properties are especially indicated in convalescence from dis- 
eases of the intestinal mucous membrane where gastro-intestinal digestion 
is feeble. It has been found useful in the summer diarrhoea of children. 
It may be applied to bleeding from a sensitive surface, in form of spray 
or by wash. 

Dose. — Five to fifteen minims, thirty-two centigrammes to one gramme 
(.32 to 1), well diluted with water. 

LIQUOR FERRI SUBSULPHATIS. 

SOLUTION OP SUBSULPHATE OF IRON. 

[Solution of Basic Ferric Sulphate — Monsel's Solution.] 

Solution of Persulphate of Iron, E. ; Liqueur Hemostatique de Monsel, Fr. ; 
Basischschewefelsaure Eisenoxydlbsung, 3f onsets Eisenlbsang, G. 

This is a valuable astringent and but little irritating solution, and its 
application is almost painless. Its uses are similar to those of the solu- 
tion of the chloride. It should be applied on successive pieces of lint or 
cotton, not with a sponge. It is valuable in catarrhal inflammation of the 
mucous membrane of the fauces, and especially in tonsillitis follicularis. 
In some persons its contact with the fauces may provoke so much astrin- 
gency that it may cause retching, unless the patient be first cautioned. 
This is a momentary sensation when the liquid is passing the fauces, and 
if it be well diluted it does not irritate the stomach nor provoke vomiting. 
The solution oxidizes rapidly on exposure to the air. It might be, and to 
a certain extent has been, used internally, though having no special ad- 
vantages. 

Dose. — Three to ten minims, eighteen to sixty-four centigrammes 
(.18 to .64), diluted with water. 

LIQUOR FERRI TERSULPHATIS. 

SOLUTION OF TERSULPHATE OF IRON. 

[Solution of Normal Ferric Sulphate.] 

Liquor Ferri Persulphatis, Br. ; Liquor Ferri Sulfurici Oxydati, P. G. ; So- 
lution of Persulphate of Iron, E. ; Persulfate de Fer Liquide, Fr. ; Flussi- 
ges Schewefelsaures Eisenoxyd, G. 

This solution is more irritating to the mucous membrane than the 
preceding, and has less astringent properties, and is rarely used as a 
medicine. It is placed in the Pharmacopoeia because its pharmaceutical 
use in other preparations is required. 



180 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

LIQUOR GUTTA-PERCH/E. 

SOLUTION OP GUTTA-PEROHA. 

Chloropercha ; Liqueur de Gutta-Percha, Fr. ; Gutta-Percha Losung, G. 

A convenient solution. The evaporation of chloroform leaves an adhe- 
sive, unirritating pellicle when applied to the skin. It is used as a pro- 
tective to eruptions and slight wounds. It contracts less than collodion. 

LIQUOR HYDRARGYRI IMITRATIS. 

SOLUTION OP NITRATE OF MERCURY. 

[Solution of Mekcuric Nitrate.] 

Liquor Hydrargyri Nitratis Acidus, Br. ; Liquor Hydrargyri Nitrici Oxy- 
dati, Hydrargyrum Oxydatum Nitricum Solutum — Acid Solution of 
Nitrate of Mercury, Solution of Pernitrate of Mercury, E. ; Deutoazotate 
de Mercure Liquide, Fr. ; Flussiges Saltpetersaures Quecksilberoxyd, G. 

An active but not very deep caustic, applied with a glass brush to 
ulcerations, malignant and otherwise. It may exceptionally give rise to 
the constitutional effects of mercury. It has been used, like other caus- 
tics, to produce a small slough on the apex of a boil or pustule. 

LIQUOR IODI COMPOSITUS. 

COMPOUND SOLUTION OP IODINE. 

[Liquor Iodinii Compositus, Pharm., 1870 — Lugol's Solution.] 

Liquor Iodi, Br. ; Solution of Lodine, E. ; Solute lodure de Lugol, Fr. ; 

Lugolsche Iodlosung, G. 

A very strong aqueous preparation of iodine, for the physiological and 
therapeutical action of which see Iodine. 

Dose. — Two to six minims, twelve to thirty-eight centigrammes (.12 
to .38), diluted with water. 

LIQUOR MAGNESII CITRATIS. 

SOLUTION OP CITRATE OP MAGNESIUM. 

Liquor Magnesice Citratis, Br. ; Liquor Magnesii Citrici — Limonade au Ci- 
trate de Magnesie, Limonade Purgative Gitro-Magnesienne, Fr. ; Fliissige 
Citronsaure Magnesia, G. 

An excellent and agreeable effervescent saline cathartic ; but it should 
be noted that for the sake of economy some of the preparations of the 
market have been made with tartaric instead of citric acid. 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 181 

Dose. — Four to six fluid ounces, one hundred and twenty to one hun- 
dred and eighty cubic centimeters, as a laxative ; for a purgative effect, re- 
peat the same dose in an hour ; or, as a purgative, six to twelve fluid ounces, 
one hundred and eighty to three hundred and sixty cubic centimeters, in 
one dose. 

A bottle of this solution is supposed to hold twelve fluidounces, or 
three hundred and sixty cubic centimeters. 

LIQUOR PEPSIN1. 

SOLUTION OF PEPSIN. 

[Liquid Pepsin.] 

A digestive ferment, the activity of which depends upon the quality of 
pepsin, and the permanency of its solution without decomposition. The 
addition of hydrochloric acid is of great importance and approximates the 
solution to the gastric juice. (For the action of pepsin, see that article.) 

Dose. — Two to four fluidrachms, eight to sixteen cubic centimeters, 
administered after meals. 

LIQUOR PLUMBI SUBACETATIS. 

SOLUTION OF SUBACETATE OF LEAD. 

Liquor Plumbici Subacetici, P. G. ; Acetum Plumbicum, Acetum Saturni, 
Plumbum Hydrico-Aceticum Solutum, Subacetas Plumbicus Liquidus — 
Goulard's Extract, E. ; Sous-Acetate de Plomb Liquide, Extrait de Gou- 
lard, Vinaigre de Plomb, Fr. ; Bleiessig, G. 

This preparation is never used internally. Its local application on 
absorbent cotton or on spongio-piline soothes hyperemia of the skin and 
its consequent pain, dries off ichorous secretions, and leaves the cuticle 
shrivelled ; but if the skin be denuded, saturnine absorption may follow 
its prolonged use. A preparation of glycerole of subacetate of lead has 
been made, and has some favor among dermatologists. 

LIQUOR PLUMBI SUBACETATIS DILUTUS. 

DILUTED SOLUTION OF SUBACETATE OF LEAD. 

Aqua Plumbi, P. G. ; Aqua Plumbica vet Saturnina — Lead Water, E. ; Eau 
de Saturne, Eau Blanche, Fr. ; Bleiwasser, Kiihlwasser, G. 

A diluted preparation of the preceding, used as a lotion. A mild 
astringent when applied externalry, though the dressing should be imper- 
vious to the air. It also acts topically as a desiccant in moist eruptions 
of the skin. Its local action is soothing and refrigerating. 



182 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 



LIQUOR POTASS/E. 

SOLUTION OP POTASSA. 

Liquor Kali Caustici, P. G. ; Kali Hydricum Solutum, Lixivium Causti- 
cum — Solution of Potash, E. ; Potasse Caustique Liquide, Lessive Gau- 
stique, Fr. ; Aetzkalilauge, Kalilauge, G. 

Liquor potassse is strongly alkaline and caustic. Externally applied, 
even in considerable dilution, it rapidly softens the epithelium and unites 
with the oily secretion. Internally it neutralizes the acids in the stomach, 
is rapidly absorbed, and exists in the blood chiefly in the form of car- 
bonate. The urine, if the dose be sufficient, is rendered alkaline thereby. 
The blood, if the alkali be continued too long, becomes disorganized and 
the patient anaemic. This solution is used externally, more or less diluted 
(from forty per cent, up to full strength). If a stronger solution still be 
desired, it must be specially made by dissolving Potassa in water. It 
allays the itching in cutaneous diseases, and also removes dried secretions 
and debris. It has been added to lime water for use as a spra}'" in diph- 
theria. Internally liquor potassse may be given, largely diluted, to neu- 
tralize acid in the stomach or in the blood ; but there is no indication for 
its use in the stomach which may not be better fulfilled by the hydrate of 
magnesia, the carbonates of the alkalies, or the alkaline salts of the fruit 
acids, i.e., the acetates, citrates, tartrates, malates, etc., of potassium or 
sodium. The carbonates neutralize gastric acidity equally well with the 
solution of potassa, and, without the risk of caustic action, can be given in 
the necessary doses ; while the fruit salts just referred to, becoming bicar- 
bonates in the blood, answer the same therapeutic purpose as if the dose 
put into the stomach had been either a hydrate or carbonate. 

Dose. — Ten minims to a fluidrachm, sixty-four centigrammes to four 
cubic centimeters (.64 to 4), largely diluted with syrup. This solution 
should not be prescribed with vegetable extracts, as it destroys their effi- 
ciency. 

LIQUOR POTASSII ARSENITIS 8 

SOLUTION OF ARSENITE OP POTASSIUM. 

[Fowlek's Solution.] 

Liquor Arsenicalis, Br. ; Liquor Kali Arsenicosi, P. G. ; Solutio Arsenicalis 
Fowleri, Kali Arsenicosum Solutum, Arsenical or Fowlers Solution, E. ; 
Liqueur Arsenicale de Fowler, Fr. ; Fowler sche Tropfen, G. 

The lavender is added to this solution merely to distinguish it by color 
and taste. 

This one per cent, solution of arsenic is an irritant poison if given in 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 183 

large doses, and possesses all the medicinal virtues of Arsenious Acid, for 
which see that article. It is the most usual, and, for all practical purposes 
the only essential, liquid preparation of arsenic. 

Dose. — Three to five drops, eighteen to thirty-two centigrammes (.18 
to .32), largely diluted, given on a full stomach, and cautiously increased 
as the digestive tract becomes gradually used to its stimulating properties. 

LIQUOR POTASSI CITRATIS. 

SOLUTION OF CITRATE OF POTASSIUM. 

Liquor Kali Gitrici — Citrate de Potasse Liquide, Fr. ; Flussiges Gitronsaures 

Kali, G. 

The citrate of potassa is antacid and slightly diuretic and diaphoretic. 
The carbonic acid contained in the solution acts as an anaesthetic to the 
stomach, and hence the mixture is useful in slight febrile conditions ac- 
companied by nausea or vomiting. If a larger quantity of carbonic acid 
is desired, the " mistura potassse citratis " may be taken, freshly prepared 
and before effervescence has ceased, or the " soda water " of the shops, 
" aqua acidi carbonici," is available. 

Dose. — A tablespoonful, twenty cubic centimeters, every hour or two. 

LIQUOR SOD/E. 

SOLUTION OF SODA. 

Liquor Natri Gaustici, P. G. ; Natrum Hydricum Solutum, Soude Caustique 
Liquide, Fr. ; Aetznatronlauge, G. 

Though this is an antacid solution (vide Liquor Potassse), its use is 
chiefly pharmaceutical and chemical. It may be used in Trommer's test 
for sugar. 

Dose. — Five to twenty minims, thirty-two to one hundred and twenty 
centigrammes, largely diluted with water and used cautiously. 

LIQUOR SOD/E CHLORAT/E. 

SOLUTION OF CHLORINATED SODA. 

[Liquor Sobm Chlorinate, U. S. P., 1870 — Labarraque's Solution.] 

Liquor Natri Ghlorati, P. G. ; Liquor Natri Hypochloro&i, E. ; Chlorure de 
Soude Liquide, Liqueur de Labarraque, Fr. ; Ghlornatronldsung , Bleich- 
fliissigkeit, G. 

The free chlorine in this solution makes a slight caustic antiseptic for 
topical use, and may also excite a healthy action in an indolent or slough- 



184 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

ing sore. It is also useful, diluted eight or ten times, as a gargle, or for 
use as an injection or douche in the vagina or rectum. Where carbolic 
acid cannot be used this makes a convenient substitute. It has been ad- 
ministered internally, but can only be useful in fetid or cancerous con- 
ditions of the stomachal walls. In typhoid affections its theoretical 
advantages have not been realized in practice. The amount of chlorine 
given off, or "available chlorine," is greatly increased by the addition of 
hydrochloric acid. 

Dose. — Thirty to sixty minims, eighteen to thirty-seven centi- 
grammes (.18 to .37), as a solution in twenty parts (five per cent.) of water 
or mucilaginous drinks. 

LIQUOR SODII ARSENIATIS. 

SOLUTION OP ARSENIATE OF SODIUM. 

Liquor Sodos Arseniatis, Br. ; Solution of Arseniate of Soda, E. ; Liqueur 
d'Arseniate de Soude, Fr. ; Arsensaure Natronlosung, G. 

The action of this solution is that of the arsenite of sodium (which see), 
and practically the same as that of liquor potassii arsenitis. 

Dose. — Three to five minims, eighteen to thirty centigrammes (.18 
to .30), in a large amount of water. 

LIQUOR SODII SILICATIS. 

SOLUTION OF SILICATE OF SODIUM. 

Soluble Glass, E. ; Silicate de Soude, Verre Soluble, Fr. ; Wasserglas, G. 

This solution is used on cloth to make bandages stiff and unyielding, 
being very much lighter than plaster-of-Paris and stronger than a starched 
bandage of the same weight and thickness. It is best to apply a surgical 
bandage to the limb first, then to envelop this completely with cotton 
wadding, and then apply the bandages soaked in the solution, or to paint 
them with the solution after their application. The limb must be kept 
perfectly still for two hours or more, until the surface has become stiff and 
unyielding. 

LIQUOR ZINCI CHLORIDI. 

SOLUTION OF CHLORDDE OF ZINC. 

Ghlorure de Zinc Liquide, Solution de Burnett, Fr. ; Flussiges Chlorzink, G. 

The use of this solution is the disinfection of sinks, drains, etc., and 
it has but little value in medicine, strictly speaking. It has, however, 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 185 

been used largely (one-half to one per cent.) diluted as an injection or 
lotion in gonorrhoea, leucorrhoea, and ophthalmia. It is useful for some 
anatomical purposes, as the preservation of the brain, but is injurious to 
steel instruments. Some serious and fatal accidents have followed its ac- 
cidental internal use, the symptoms being those due to a corrosive and 
irritant poison, the antidote to which should be soapy water, oily and de- 
mulcent drinks. 

LITHII BENZOAS. 

BENZOATB OP LITHIUM. 

This salt is a new introduction to the Pharmacopoeia, and not of long 
use in medicine. It is intended for use in gout and the uric acid diathesis, 
on the ground that the well-known transformation of benzoic into hippu- 
ric acid (see p. 8), takes place at the expense of nitrogenous material 
which would otherwise become uric acid, thus rendering benzoic acid as 
useful, though for other reasons, in the uric as in the phosphatic diathesis. 
Besides this, the lithia forming the most soluble known urate, will neutral- 
ize such uric acid as may be formed. The salt possesses the advantage over 
the acid alone that it is better borne by the stomach, if it is necessary that 
it be administered for a long time. Iron may be advantageously added in 
prescription to neutralize the anemiating effect of a prolonged alkaline 
treatment. It might also be used for antiseptic purposes like other ben- 
zoates. 

Dose. — Eight to thirty grains, one-half to two grammes in solution 
or in wafers. 

LITHII BROMIDUM. 

BROMIDE OF LITHIUM. 

Bromure de Lithium, Fr. ; Bromlithium, G. 

This salt contains a larger proportion of bromine than any other bromine 
compound used in medicine, except hydrobromic acid. It produces the 
action of these in some few instances in which the corresponding potash 
salt is not well borne or is inefficient, but in the vast majority of cases 
possesses no advantages over it. The sleep is more rapid and profound. 
It produces the usual bromic acne. An objection to it, as to all lithia salts, 
is its costliness. 

Dose. — Ten to twenty grains, sixty to one hundred and twenty centi- 
grammes (.60 to 1.20), three times in the day. As a hypnotic the doses 
may be accumulated toward the latter part of the day. 



186 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 



LITHII CARBONAS. 

CARBONATE OP LITHIUM. 

LithicB Carbonas, Br.; Lithium Carbonicum, P. G. ; Carbonas Lithicus — Car- 
bonate of Lithia, E. ; Carbonate de Lithine, Carbonate Lithique, Fr.; Kohl- 
ensawes Lithion, G. 

Dissolves in water in but small quantity, although this is sufficient to 
impart an alkaline reaction and taste. This salt is an antacid in the 
stomach, although in this respect it possesses no advantage over the car- 
bonates of soda and magnesia. Like the next preparation, it is a powerful 
diuretic, and has a special relation to uric acid, with which it forms soluble 
salts. It is better for prescription in the solid form than the citrate, but 
the latter is preferable for use in solution. Lithia is found in small quan- 
tities in many mineral springs, to which special efficacy has been attribu- 
ted in the uric acid diathesis ; but it would be difficult to separate the 
effects of the very small amount of lithia in these cases from that of the 
much larger quantity of soda and potash which usually accompanies it. 
The names of some of these springs are given below, with the number of 
grains of carbonate of lithia to the pint. The reader can judge by com- 
paring the figures in each case, with the doses usually given, how great the 
physiological effect of any reasonable quantity of the water would br. 
The water of the foreign springs is imported in bottles. Karlsbad, Bo- 
hemia, 01 ; Marienbad, Bohemia, .009 to .080 ; Weilbach, Nassau, .045 ; 
Aix-la-Chapelle, Belgium, .002 ; Contrexeville, France, .009 ; Fachingen, 
Nassau, .0006 ; Vals, France, traces ; Gettysburg, Pa. (?) ; many of the 
Saratoga Springs, .03 to .744 ; Buffalo Springs, Mecklenburg County, Va., 
.185 ; Whitehall, N. Y., .023 ; BaUston, N. Y. (?) ; Capon Springs, W. Va., 
trace. 

Dose. — Of carbonate of lithia, two to eight grains, twelve to fifty cen- 
tigrammes (.12 to .50), in solution in hot water, or in wafer, preceded or 
followed by a draught of water or carbonic acid water. 



LITHII CITRAS. 

CITRATE OF LITHIUM. 

Lithice Citras, Br.; Lithium Citricum — Citrate of Lithia, E.; Citrate de 
Lithine, Fr. ; Citronensaures Lithion, G. 

The citrate has the same general effect as the carbonate, but may be 
preferable on account of its greater solubility. A few sufficient doses of 
the solution will usually relieve the irritation caused by too concentrated 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 187 

or acid urine and the deposit of crystals of free acid in the form of 
" gravel." 

The non-officinal effervescing citrate is an agreeable method of admin- 
istration, though the dosage is less accurate. 

Dose. — Three to fifteen grains, eighteen centigrammes to a gramme 
(.18 to 1), every two to four hours. 

LITHII SALICYLAS. 

SALICYLATE OF LITHIA. 

This salt will undoubtedly give the usual constitutional effects of salicylic 
acid without the irritant ones which occasionally arise, resembling in this 
respect the salicylate of sodium. The advantage of the lithia base must con- 
sist in the expectation that it will act toward uric acid in the manner de- 
scribed above. It will undoubtedly be equally useful with salicylate of 
sodium in acute rheumatism and in the reduction of pyrexia, and it may 
possess advantages in gout and rheumatic gout, which, however, have not 
yet been made manifest. It would probably have a similar action to 
benzoate of lithia in the bladder. 

Dose. — Six to fifteen grains, sixty centigrammes to a gramme (.6 to 1), 
in solution, flavored and sweetened ; to be repeated, in case of acute rheu- 
matism, every one, two, or three hours, until characteristic effects are 
produced. 

LOBELIA. 

LOBELIA. 

Herba Lobelice, P. G. ; Indian Tobacco, E. ; Herbe de Lobelie Enjiee, Fr. ; 

Lobelienkraut, G. 

This herb contains an alkaloid which is itself liquid, but forms crystal- 
lizable salts with many acids. The drug closely resembles tobacco in its 
action when taken internally, producing severe nausea with great depres- 
sion, general muscular relaxation, feeble and irregular and slow pulse, 
prostration, convulsions, and insensibility. It figured largely in the so-called 
Thomsonian system with many fatal results. In poisoning, the stomach 
should be washed out with a solution of tannic acid, which forms with lo- 
belia an insoluble precipitate, and the subsequent symptoms treated by 
stimulation. At present this dangerous remedy is little used, except in 
asthma, either idiopathic or symptomatic, the spasmodic element in 
which it seems to relieve, probably by the action on the general muscular 
system noted above. It has been considered of value in whooping-cough 
and spasmodic laryngitis, and has been used to relieve other forms of 



188 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

spasm, although there are few circumstances under which a preferable 
substitute cannot be found. 

Dose. — As an emetic, ten to twenty grains, thirty to one hundred and 
thirty centigrammes (.30 to 1.30) ; as an expectorant, one to five grains, 
six to thirty centigrammes (.06 to .30). The wine and vinegar are much 
more frequently employed. 

LUPULINUM. 

LUPULIN. 

Glandules Lupuli, P. G. ; Lupuline, Lupulite, Fr. ; Hopfenmehl, Lupulin, G. 

This is derived from humulus, containing a much larger proportion 
of the active principles, and the action can be learned by reference to that 
article (p. 146). 

Dose. — Five to twenty grains or more, thirty to one hundred and 
thirty centigrammes, in syrup. If number and bulk of pills be not ob- 
jected to, they can easily be made by rubbing the lupulin in a warmed 
mortar. 

LYCOPODIUM. 

LYOOPODIUM. 

Semen Lycopodii, Pulvis Lycopodii, Sulphur Vegetdbile — Lycopode, Soufre 
Vegetal, Fr. ; Bdrlappsamen, Streupulver, Hexenmehl, G. 

A light powder used for dusting over raw surfaces to protect them from 
the air and from friction. Its chief use is to envelop manufactured pills 
to prevent their adhesion to each other. 

MACIS. 

MACE. 

Arillus Myristicce — Macis, Fr.,G.; Fleur de Muscade, Fr.; Mushatbluthe, G„ 

An aromatic used in combination with other medicinal substances, or 
as a condiment. As it contains the same volatile oil with nutmeg, it is 
supposed, like that spice, to have a narcotic action, though no actual in- 
stance has been recorded. 

MAGNESIA. 

MAGNESIA. 

[Light Magnesia.] 

Magnesia Usta, P. G. ; Magnesia Calcinata — Calcined Magnesia, E. ; Mag- 
netic, Magnesie Calcinee, Fr.; Gebrannte Magnesia, G. 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 189 



MAGNESIA PONDEROSA. 

HEAVY MAGNESIA. 

These two preparations differ in no respect, except density, the latter 
being more easily miscible with water than the former. A solution of 
magnesia in carbonic acid water is sometimes used under the name of 
"fluid magnesia." Magnesia is an antacid, neutralizing in the stomach 
the natural acid (hydrochloric), and also the products of fermentation (lac- 
tic, butyric). A small quantity followed by a little lemon juice, or made 
soluble, as usually happens, in the stomach, becomes mildly laxative. If 
not acidified it may give rise to intestinal concretions, of which, though 
rare, several instances have been recorded. The earthy hydrates (lime 
and magnesia) are of less value in acidifying the urine than the alkaline 
carbonates and salts of the fruit acids. 

Magnesia is used in heartburn and acidity, and as a laxative often 
combined with rhubarb. It is an antidote to arsenic next in value to 
oxide of iron. It is combined with this oxide as an antidote in an offici- 
nal formula (see p. 133). It may also be used in acid or phosphorus 
poisoning. 

Dose. — Purgative, forty-five grains, three grammes, mixed with water. 
Lemon-juice will make it more rapidly soluble. As an antacid, five to ten 
grains, thirty to sixty centigrammes (.30 to .60), as the symptoms arise. 

MAGNESII CARBONAS. 

CARBONATE OP MAGNESIUM. 

Magnesice Carbonas, Br. ; Magnesia Carbonica, P. G. ; Magnesia Alba, Mag- 
nesia Hydrico- Carbonica, Carbonas Magnesicus — Carbonate of Magnesia, 
E. ; Carbonate de Magnesie, Magnesie Blanche, Fr. ; Weisse Magnesia, Or. 

The action and uses of this preparation are the same as those of mag- 
nesia, except that if it meets with much acid in the stomach, carbonic 
acid gas is disengaged and makes its appearance as eructations. 

Dose. — As for magnesia. 

MAGNESII CITRAS GRANULATUS. 

* GRANULATED CITRATE OP MAGNESIUM. 

A recent introduction to the Pharmacopoeia, although it has been in 
popular use for some time. It is an agreeable laxative, and corresponds 
nearly in the solid form to the liquor magnesii citratis. 

Dose. — Two drachms to an ounce, eight to thirty grammes. 



190 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 



MAGNESII SULPHAS. 

SULPHATE OF MAGNESIA. 

[Epsom Salts.] 

Magnesia? Sulphas, Br. ; Magnesia Sulfurica, P. G. ; Sal Amarum, Sal Ep- 
somense, Sal Anglicum, Sal Sedlicense, Sulfas Magnesicus, etc., E. ; Sul- 
fate de Magnesie, Sel d' Epsom, Sel de Sedlitz, Sel Amer, Fr. ; Bitter - 
saltz, Schwefelsaure Magnesia, G. 

This is one of the most active saline cathartics, producing in full closes 
prompt and free watery discharges without much griping or irritation, 
but often with a feeling of coldness and depression. Smaller doses pro- 
duce less marked effects, and are to some extent absorbed and eliminated 
by the urine, so that an amount which, given at once would be actively 
cathartic, if divided may produce no intestinal discharge, but an increased 
flow of urine. Sulphate of magnesia, like other salines, acts more freely 
when given in a large quantity of water. Cases have been described 
where a large dose in a very little water has been followed by no intesti- 
nal discharge, but by general depression, syncope, and in one case death. 
For use in cases of fecal accumulation, where a chance of organic ob- 
struction exists, the sulphate of magnesia in moderate repeated doses is 
much preferable to the more violent cathartics, since it carries down with 
it much water to promote the breaking up of the mass, but if not success- 
ful is absorbed and carried away harmlessly by the urine. As a remedy 
for ordinary constipation, large doses should not be frequently employed, 
as they leave the bowels as inactive as they were before ; but a small dose 
in considerable water, before breakfast, does not lose its effect so rapidly, 
and may be considered a coarse substitute for a mineral water. In dys- 
entery this salt may be used in two ways ; first as a full dose early in the 
disease, and later in small doses combined with an opiate. If desirable 
to use cathartics in febrile conditions, this is certainly one of the most effi- 
cient, but in most cases the more agreeable citrate will be preferred. In 
painter's colic, sulphate of magnesia possesses the advantage, when used 
for the cathartic effect so necessary in this affection, that it neutralizes 
any lead which may remain in the intestinal canal. In prescription the 
sulphate of magnesia is frequently joined with senna, as in the " com- 
pound infusion of senna." Its taste may be partly disguised by aromatics, 
sulphuric acid, or other flavors, and the cold feeling may be partly corrected 
by a little tincture of ginger ; but with all improvements it still remains 
" bitter salt." Many mineral waters owe a part of their efficacy to this 
and other salts of magnesia. 

Dose. — As a purgative, one-half to one ounce, fifteen to thirty grammes. 



UNITED STATES PIIABMACOPCEIA. 191 



MAGNESII SULPHIS. 

SULPHITE OP MAGNESIA. 

This salt has the same action, uses, and doses as the other sulphites. It 
may be used as an internal antiseptic in zymotic diseases in the dose of 
from fifteen to sixty grains, one to four grammes, dissolved in water sweet- 
ened and flavored. \ 

MAGNOLIA. 

MAGNOLIA. 

iScorce de Magnolier, Fr. ; Magnolia Einde, G. 

This bark has, when used with a sufficient quantity of warm water, the 
diaphoretic properties belonging to other aromatics. Like other bitters, 
it has been employed in the treatment of intermittent fever. 

Dose. — Thirty to sixty grains, two to four grammes. The infusion and 
decoction may be used. 

MALTUM. 

MALT. 

Malt d'Orge, Drtche, Fr. ; Gerskumals, G. 
In the germination of malt the starch of the grain is transformed into glu- 
cose by a peculiar ferment, diastase, closely allied to, if not identical with, the 
ferment of the saliva, ptyalin. The glucose and the diastase are the most 
important constituents of " extractum malti." A completely dried and pow- 
dered extract corresponds essentially to various unofficinal preparations, 
known as " dry extract of malt," "maltine," Horlick's and Mellin's foods. 
Hoff's malt extract contains alcohol, and may be looked upon as a concen- 
trated beer. If an infusion of the malt is allowed to ferment, it develops al- 
cohol, and becomes, after various manipulations and additions, chiefly of 
hops, beer and ale. Distillation and re-distillation of a fermented mixture of 
malt gives whiskey. Malt itself is only used as the source of these various 
products. 

MANGANI OXIDUM NIGRUM. 

BLACK OXIDE OF MANGANESE. 

[Dioxide or Manganese.] 
Manganum Hyperoxydatum, P. G. ; Oxydum Manganicum, Manganesium 

Vitriolatum (vel Nigrum) — Peroxide of Manganese, Pyrolusite, E. ; 

Oxyde (Peroxyde) de Manganese, Fr. ; Braunstein, G. 

The uses of this drug are chiefly pharmaceutical, as in the manufacture 
of chlorine and oxygen, but it has been given in painful affections of the 
stomach, where it probably acts simply as an inert sheathing powder, like 
bismuth. Preparations of manganese have been used in medicine as a 
substitute for, or addition to, iron, on the ground of its chemical resem- 
blance thereto ; and because minute quantities of manganese had been 



192 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

found in the blood, a purely hypothetical "manganic anaemia " was sup- 
posed to be relieved by it. 

Dose. — Five to forty-five grains, twenty centigrammes to three 
grammes (.20 to 3). 

MANGANI SULPHAS. 

SULPHATE OF MANGANESE. 

Manganum Sulphuricum, Sulfas Manganosus — Manganous Sulphate, E.; 
Sulfate de Manganese, Sulfate Manganeux, Fr. ; Schwefelsaures Man- 
ganoxydul, G. 

This being a soluble preparation may produce the poisonous effects of 
the metal, which are gastro-enteritis, exhaustion, cardiac paralysis, and 
death. It has been used as a purgative, but has more disadvantages than 
the reverse for this purpose. If any one wishes to treat ansemia by man- 
ganese, this salt may be used in the Dose of five grains, twenty-four 

centigrammes (.24). There are several non-officinal preparations. 

» » 

MANNA. 

MANNA. 

Manne, Fr. ; Manna, G. 

This contains seventy or eighty per cent, of a sweet substance called 
manna-sugar, or mannite, chemically allied to the alcohols and to glyce- 
rine. Manna is a slow and gentle laxative, with, however, some tendency 
to produce colic and flatulence. It is often associated with senna, salines, 
and other cathartics, but also given alone to pregnant women and chil- 
dren, partly on account of the gentleness of its action, and partly on ac- 
count of its not disagreeable taste. 

Dose. — One to two ounces, thirty to sixty grammes. If of the best 
quality, it may be eaten ; or an infusion may be made. 

MARRUBIUM. 

MARRUBIUM. 

[HOREHOUND.] 

Herba Marrubii — Hoarhound, E. ; Herbe de Marrube Blanc, Fr. ; Andorn- 

kraut, Weisser Andorn, G. 

Contains a resin, volatile oil, and bitter principle. Used generally in 
catarrhal conditions of the air-tubes and stomach, over which it seems to 
produce a soothing effect. It may be administered in powder or decoction, 
or the expressed juice of the fresh herb. It is used in confectionery. 

Dose. — Thirty to sixty grains, two to four grammes. 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 193 

MASSA COPAIB/E. 

MASS OF COPAIBA. 

[Pllulje Copaiba, 1870.] 

See article Copaiba (p. 90) for its therapeutical uses. The copaiba 
resin makes a solid and insoluble mass with the magnesia. 

Dose. — Eight to forty grains, one-half to two and a half grammes. 
MASSA FERRI CARBONATIS. 

MASS OF CARBONATE OF IRON. 

[Pilula Ferei Carbonatis, 1870.] 

Pilules Ferri Carbonici, P. G. ; Pilulce Ferrates Valleti — Vallet's Pill Mass, 
E. ; Pilules de Carbonate Ferreux, Pilules Ferrugineuses, Fr. ; Val- 
let'sche Pillen, G. ■ 

Vallet's pills are prepared with sugar (or with cinnamon, marshmallow, 
or liquorice in other pharmacopoeias), to prevent oxidation of the car- 
bonate, and contain forty-two parts in a hundred of ferrous carbonate. 
This pill acts as a gentle, unirritating, non- astringent, ferruginous tonic, 
and hence, like other such salts of iron, favors food digestion and absorp- 
tion. Blaud's pills closely resemble this mass in constitution. (See article 
on Ferrum, p. 125.) 

Dose. — Three to five grains, eighteen to thirty-two centigrammes 
(.18 to .32), after meals. 

MASSA HYDRARGYRI. 

MASS OF MERCURY. 

[Pilule Hydrargyri, 1870 — Blue Mass — Blue Pill.] 
Pilulce Gcerulece, E. ; Pilule de Mercure, Fr. ; Mercurial Pillen, G. 
For medicinal action of mercury see article Hydrargyrum (p. 152). 
A'gentle cathartic, supposed to be peculiarly adapted to cases of " sluggish 
liver." Blue pill, when administered as a laxative, should always be fol- 
lowed up with a dose of castor-oil or Eochelle salts, or some other mild 
aperient, as the beneficial action in relieving hepatic engorgement is thus 
much more readily effected. The smaller doses are used to produce the 
specific effects of mercury. 

Dose. — As a laxative, ten grains, sixty-five centigrammes. To pro- 
duce the specific action, two or three grains two or three times a day, or 
smaller doses at shorter intervals, guarded, if necessary, by a little opium. 
13 



194 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 



MASTICHE. 

MASTIC. 

Mastix, P. G. ; Resina Mastiche — Mastich, E. ; Mastic, Fr. ; Mastix, G. 

This resin dissolved in alcohol or ether is sometimes used on cotton 
as a protective varnish for caries of the teeth, but is inferior to sandarac, 
used for the same purpose. It is rarely, if ever, used alone as an internal 
remedy, but is an ingredient of pilula aloes et mastiches. 

MATICO. 

MATICO. 

Maticce Folia, Br. — Feuilles de Matico, Fr. ; Maticobldtter, G. 

Matico contains volatile oil, a resin, a crystallizable acid, and tannin. 
It is allied both chemically and therapeutically to cubebs and copaiba. It 
has been used as a hemostatic in hemorrhages from various internal or- 
gans, and also topically. It acts as a sort of special stimulant in chronic 
discharges from mucous membranes, especially the genito- urinary. 

Dose. — One-half drachm to two or three drachms, two to eight or 
twelve grammes several times a day. 

MATRICARIA. 

MATRICARIA. 

[German Chamomile.] 

Flores Chamomillce Vulgaris, P. G. ; Fleurs de Gamomille Commune 
(d'Allemagne), Fr. ; Kamille, Kamillenblumen, G. 

Somewhat aromatic and a stomachic bitter. 

Dose. — May be used almost ad libitum as a decoction or infusion, or 
the flowers themselves be eaten. 

MEL. 

HONEY. 

Miel, Fr. ; Honig, G. 

Honey consists chiefly of several kinds of sugar, the fresh containing 
cane sugar, which changes to glucose and levulose. Flavoring matters are 
also present. With most persons honey is simply an agreeable article of 
diet, while in many it gives rise to some dyspeptic symptoms, such as 
pyrosis and flatulence, or ever colicky pains and slight diarrhoea. Besides 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 195 

this, some persons have a peculiar susceptibility to honey, like that of others 
to fish or strawberries, etc., so that it brings out an eruption of urticaria. 
Sometimes the honey becomes actually poisonous from the bees feeding 
on certain plants, said in this country to be chiefly kalmia latifolia (moun- 
tain laurel). It is used as an article of diet. 

MEL DESPUMATUM. 

CLARIFIED HONEY. 

Mel Depuratum, Br., P. G. ; Miel Despume, Mellite Simple, Fr. ; Gereinigter 

Honig, G. 

This is used as a vehicle for some medicines, chiefly for local applica- 
tion in the mouth. 

MEL ROS/E. 

HONEY OP ROSE. 

This preparation, which is used either alone or with some more active 
drug, as a local application, has an agreeable flavor and astringency de- 
rived from the red rose. 

MELISSA. 

MELISSA. 

[Balm.] 

Folia Melissce, P. G. ; Herba Melissce — Lemon Balm, E. ; Melisse, Celine, 
Herbe au Citron, Fr. ; Melissenbldtter, Citronenkraut, G. 

Contains a small quantity of a fragrant volatile oil, to which it owes 
such mild virtues as it possesses. An infusion can be used simply as a 
beverage, or for its slight diaphoretic effect. 

MENISPERMUM. 

MENISPERMUM. 

[Canadian Moonseed.] 

The root of this plant, belonging to the same family with columbo, 
contains a small quantity of berberina and a colorless alkaloid. It is a 
bitter, and has had bestowed upon it a reputation, yet to be justified, of 
many virtues, especially alterative. There are no officinal preparations. 

Dose. — An infusion of five to twenty grains, thirty to one hundred 
and thirty centigrammes (.30 to 1.30), might be used. 



196 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 



MENTHA PIPERITA. 

PEPPERMINT. 

Folia (Herba) Mentha? Piperita?, P. G. ; Menthe Poivree, Fr. ; Pfefferminze, G. 

This plant possesses a pungent, aromatic, and agreeable flavor, due to a 
volatile oil, which is officinal. It is used to relieve nausea, flatulence, and 
slight abdominal pains. Its cooling and moistening effect in the mouth 
are often of service when it is not desirable to give much water to drink. 
An infusion may be used, but preparations of the oil are usually, as a 
matter of convenience, preferred. 

MENTHA VIRIDIS. 

SPEARMINT. 

Herba Mentha? Acuta? (vel Romano?) — Menthe Verte, Menthe Romaine, 
Baume Vert, Fr. ; Griine Minze, Romische Minze, G 

Has essentially the same properties as peppermint, but less powerful. 

MEZEREUM. 

MEZEREUM. 

Mezerei Cortex, Br. ; Cortex Thymelea? vel Coccognidii — Mezereon Bark, E. ; 
J^corce de Mezereon, de Gar on, de Laureole, de Thymelee, Fr. ; Seidel- 
bastrinde, Kellerhalsrinde, G. 

Contains an acrid resin. It is a gastro-intestinal irritant, and cuta- 
neous vesicant, rarely, if ever, used internally as a medicine, except as a 
component of sarsaparilla officinal preparations. Its external use as a 
cutaneous irritant and vesicant is more convenient in the compound mus- 
tard liniment than when used alone. The bark, moistened, may be bound 
upon the skin, where it produces redness, vesication, and ultimately, 
ulcers. 

MISTURA AMMONIACI. 

AMMONIAC MIXTURE. 

Emulsio vel Lac Ammoniaci, Ammoniacum Mixture — Milk of Ammoniac, 
E. ; Mixture de Gomme Ammoniaque, Lait Ammoniacal, Fr. ; Ammoniak 
Emulsion, G. 

An expectorant and stimulant, used in catarrhal affections, especially 
of the bronchi, and in asthma. 

Dose. — One-half a tablespoonful or more. 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 197 



MISTURA AMYGDAL/E. 

ALMOND MIXTURE. 

Emulsio Amygdalae vel Simplex — Milk of Almonds, E. ; Emulsion Simple, 
Lait d'Amandes, Fr. ; Mandelemulsion, Mandelmilch, G. 

A demulcent drink, useful in catarrhal affections and as a vehicle for 
cough mixtures. 

Dose. — Half a tablespoonful or more. 



MISTURA ASAFCETIDA. 

ASAFETIDA MIXTURE. 

Milk of Asafetida, E. ; Mixture ou Lait d'Asafetida, Fr. ; Asafcetida- Emul- 
sion, Stinkasantmilch, G. 

A useful form for the administration of this antispasmodic, either by 
mouth or by enema. 

Dose. — One to two table spoonfuls. 



MISTURA CHLOROFORMI. 

CHLOROFORM MIXTURE. 

Emulsio Chloroformi — Emulsion de Chloroforme, Fr. ; Chloroform- Emul- 
sion, G. 

As chloroform is a difficult drug to give internally on account of its 
great specific gravity and slight solubility in any of the ordinary menstrua, 
this is a convenient form for introducing it into the stomach to produce 
the local and also the general effects of a small dose. 

Dose. — One to two tablespoonfuls. 

MISTURA CRETVE. 

CHALK MIXTURE. 

Mixture avec la Craie, Fr. ; Kreidemixtur, G. 
Used in diarrhoeas, and conveniently combined with astringents. 
Dose. — A tablespoonful. 



198 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

MISTURA FERRI COMPOSITA. 

COMPOUND IRON MIXTURE. 

[Griffith's Mixture.] 

Mixture de Griffith, Fr. ; Griffith's Msenmixtur, G. 

This classic mixture produces the characteristic effects of iron, to which 
is added the stimulation of the myrrh. It has been used in many diseases, 
of which anaemia is a symptom, more especially perhaps in chlorosis with 
amenorrhea. Its rather unpleasant appearance, and the dose required 
have some weight as objections to its use. 

Dose. — One or two tablespoonfuls, twenty to forty grammes. 
MISTURA FERRI ET AMMONII ACETATIS. 

MIXTURE OF ACETATE OF IRON AND AMMONIUM. 

[Basham's Mixture.] 

This is an elegant and agreeable preparation of iron, possessing some 
diuretic and diaphoretic properties. A tablespoonful contains about forty 
centigrammes, or about seven minims of the tincture of the chloride of 
iron. 

Dose. — From two to five drachms, eight to twenty cubic centimeters. 
MISTURA GLYCYRRHIZj€. 

COMPOUND ELIXIR OF GLYCYRRHIZA. 

[Brown Mixture.] 
Brown Mixture, E. ; Mixture de Beglisse, Fr. ; Lakritzen-Mixture, G. 

This convenient expectorant is used in acute bronchitis and catarrhal 
laryngitis, owing its effect in reducing cough largely to the camphorated 
tincture of opium, which is present to the amount of half a teaspoonful in 
each tablespoonful, usually stated as the dose, as well as to the wine of anti- 
mony, of which there are fifteen minims, more or less (about a cubic cen- 
timeter) in the same dose. The presence of opium should never be for- 
gotten, especially when the mixture is given to children. 

Dose. — A tablespoonful, twenty cubic centimeters, to an adult ; a tea- 
spoonful, five cubic centimeters, to a child of four, and proportionally less 
to younger children. 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 199 

MISTURA MAGNESIA ET ASSAFCETID/E. 

MIXTURE OF MAGNESIA AND ASAFCETIDA. 

[Dewee's Caeminative.] 

The opium present in this mixture is hardly sufficient to have a very 
decided effect, even if the dose is made as large as is necessary to get a 
proper quantity of the other active ingredients. It may be properly used 
in dyspepsia and flatulence, especially when these are of hysterical or 
nervous character. 

Dose. — A tablespoonful, twenty cubic centimeters, as needed. If a 
decided effect is desired from the opium, it would be better to add more 
of the tincture than to increase the dose very much. 

MISTURA POTASSSS CITRATIS. 

MIXTURE OF CITRATE OF POTASSIUM. 

[Neutral Mixture.] 

Mistura Neutralis, E. 

This is essentially the same with the solution of citrate of potassium, 
but has a little more agreeable flavor, and is used for exactly the same 
purposes. 

Dose. — A tablespoonful, twenty cubic centimeters, every hour or two. 
MISTURA RHEI ET SOD>E. 

MIXTURE OF RHUBARB AND SODA. 

May be used in flatulent dyspepsia with a tendency to constipation. A 
tablespoonful will contain about two-thirds of a cubic centimeter, or ten 
minims, of fluid extract of rhubarb, and sixty centigrammes, or ten grains, 
of bicarbonate of soda. 

Dose. — From two drachms to three ounces, according to the amount 
of cathartic effect desired. The larger quantity mentioned should be a 
purgative, and for this purpose some less bulky preparations of rhubarb 
might very well be employed. 

MORPHINA. 

MORPHINE. 

[Morphia, Pharm., 1870.] 



200 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

MORPHINE ACETAS. 

ACETATE OF MORPHINE. 

[Morphle Acetas, Pharm., 1870.] 

MORPHIN/E HYDROCHLORAS. 

HYDRO CHLORATE OP MORPHINE. 

[Morphle Mubias, Pharm., 1870.] 

MORPHIN/E SULPHAS. 

SULPHATE OF MORPHINE. 

[Morphia Sulphas, Pharm., 1870.] 

Morphine is by far the most important of the alkaloids of opium. It is 
present in the proportion of from twelve to sixteen per cent., as given by 
the officinal process, in powdered opium ; and there should be at least 
nine per cent, in the moist, crude drug. Opium of less richness than this 
may be employed by the manufacturer for the extraction of morphine, if 
it can be profitably worked, but is not to be dispensed under the name of 
opium. 

There is at present a tendency to remedy the uncertainty which de- 
pends upon the varying morphine contents of different specimens of opium 
by preparations of standard strength, such as the denarcotized opium of 
the present Pharmacopoeia, which contains fourteen per cent. The alka- 
loid is seldom used, but its salts are officinal, and it is generally under- 
stood that one of these is referred to when morphine is spoken of. The 
strength of all three is slightly less than that of morphine, the acetate 
being the least. CorresiDonding to one hundred parts of morphine, we 
have of the acetate one hundred and thirty-two (132) ; hydro chlorate, 
one hundred and twenty- four (124) ; and sulphate, one hundred and 
twenty-five (125). The last is the most largely used, but there is little 
real difference between them, and they may be used indifferently. 

The salts of morphine are administered by the mouth, by the rectum, 
by the subcutaneous cellular tissue, and through the skin from which the 
epidermis has been removed by means of a blister. Of these the hypo- 
dermic method is by far the most rapid and certain. Injection into a 
vein takes place only by accident, which should be carefully avoided. 
Morphine may be found in the excretions, and children may be narcotized 
by large doses given to the nurse. If a small dose of morphine, one-eighth 
of a grain, eight milligrammes, be given Irypodermically to a person in good 
health and average susceptibility, he will probably experience within ten 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 201 

minutes a little feeling of dizziness or fulness in the head, a general sen- 
sation of comfort, quickening of the pulse, and a more rapid flow of ideas. 
At this stage itching, often beginning at the tip of the nose and extending 
over the whole body, is a somewhat frequent symptom, and may last many 
hours in sufficient intensity to nearly neutralize the hypnotic tendency of 
the drug. An urticaria-like eruption is occasionally observed. Nausea 
and vomiting in nervous persons, and especially in women, is often an 
early symptom, but has at this time nothing to do with the digestive dis- 
turbances which may come later. In exceptional cases, peculiar feelings 
of faintness or distress are noticed, and may be alarming. In many per- 
sons, even at the first dose, and in most after several repetitions, these 
unpleasant phenomena do not take place. Contraction of the pupil is an 
early symptom of morphia, but is not marked with a small dose. A spasm 
of the ocular accommodation has been noticed. Succeeding this period is 
one of rest, drowsiness, and dreams, usually of quiet character, and very 
unlike the busy, hilarious delirium of belladonna. There is probably 
some sweating, and the urine is diminished and perhaps retained. The 
reaction from this condition is usually slight and not disagreeable. It 
may be almost imperceptible, but in many persons it is accompanied by 
nausea — especially on raising the head — headache, and furred tongue, and 
succeeded by constipation. Hoarseness, lasting for many hoars, is often 
a result of a moderate dose. If the dose be increased, the period of 
pleasing but quiet excitement is shorter, the drowsiness heavier, the sleep 
more profound, the pupil more contracted, and the subsequent depression 
more marked. The pulse and respiration are slower, and the skin moist 
and clammy. With poisonous doses the period of stimulation is short or 
none at all, the sleep becomes coma, from which the patient may at first 
be aroused, but which afterward becomes profound, the pupil extremely 
contracted, the pulse and respiration extremely slow, the complexion 
livid, and the skin cold and damp. Before death, which usually takes 
place from asphyxia, the pupil may dilate and the pulse become quick 
and feeble. This last change, however, that of the pulse, by no means 
betokens a necessarily fatal termination. The urine, in severe opium 
poisoning, may contain albumen and casts, a fact of importance in the 
diagnosis between this condition and uraemia. The doses which may pro- 
duce these symptoms vary somewhat, even in persons unaccustomed to its 
use and in good health ; but when the habit of using morphine is an old 
one it is impossible to say what doses cannot be reached. 

Cases have been reported where twenty-two, twenty-four, and fifty 
grains of morphine have been recovered from. On the other hand, deaths 
of persons in tolerably good previous health, after the subcutaneous in- 
jection of one-fourth of a grain, have been reported, and the author has 



202 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

seen a case where a somewhat corpulent patient, with organic, probably 
fatty disease of the heart, sank at once into profound and fatal coma after 
the subcutaneous injection of eight milligrammes, one-eighth of a grain 
of sulphate of morphine. There is no undue timidity in regarding one- 
fourth of a grain, sixteen milligrammes of morphine, given subcutaneously 
to a patient with whose peculiarities the physician is not familiar, as a 
dangerous dose, after the administration of which the patient should not 
be left without a careful watcher. A statement of the extreme amounts 
of morphine taken by persons habituated to its use would have but little 
value, and could perhaps be paralleled from the experience of a large pro- 
portion of the readers of this book. A somewhat extended inquiry among 
druggists in Massachusetts, by Dr. F. E. Oliver, revealed the fact that a 
drachm, four grammes, per week is by no means an uncommon allowance 
for a regular consumer. The dangers of a confirmed morphine habit have 
probably been somewhat exaggerated so far as the bodily health is con- 
cerned. There is no doubt that a person may be a habitual user of mor- 
phine for years and retain a reasonable degree of health, sustaining himself 
nearly as usual in society and business, and keeping his stimulus from 
being suspected. The effects most obvious to himself will be digestive 
disturbances, in the form of loss of appetite, d}^spepsia, constipation, and 
emaciation ; and on the part of the nervous system, loss of mental energy, 
clearness, and decision, and extreme and undescribable distress as the 
effect of each dose passes off, and lasting until its repetition. The most 
good and least bad effects may be attained by always using the smallest 
possible dose which will give the desired effect, and increasing as slowly as 
possible. The usual tendency among habitual users of morphine for pur- 
poses of stimulation, is to increase the dose rapidly. The habit is diffi- 
cult, but by no means impossible, to escape from. Unfortunately it is far 
from rare, and it is practised in both ways, the ordinary method by the 
mouth and the subcutaneous injection, the latter causing apparently less 
disturbance of the digestion. The physician should never pat a hypoder- 
mic syringe into the hands of a patient for habitual use, except under 
extreme necessity ; and if obliged to do so occasionally, should withhold 
all instructions which would enable the patient to continue the adminis- 
tration without medical advice. Many so-called opium antidotes are sol- 
utions of morphine. 

The uses of morphine are for pain of so many different kinds and 
sources, that it is easier to consider some cautious and alleged contra- 
indications than to name all the diseases in which it may bring relief 
or cure. The fear of a hypothetical congestion of the brain should 
not prevent the use of morphine for the relief of the severe headache 
of commencing typhoid, of some nervous headaches, or of those so com- 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 203 

inon in Bright's disease. Opiates should undoubtedly be used with 
much caution in renal disease, but not with so much as to entirely pro- 
hibit its use. Coma is undoubtedly a distinct contra-indication, but head- 
ache is not, nor are convulsions ; in fact, one of the most successful 
methods of treating puerperal and other so-called ursemic convulsions, 
is the hypodermic injection of morphine, which, indeed, some authori- 
ties have contended should be done in what we cannot help calling 
excessive doses. In all the manifold forms of neuralgia and colic it is 
not necessary to suggest the use of morphine. In the first of these 
conditions, however, the risk of formation of the habit is serious, and 
should be guarded against by stopping the administration early enough, 
after the pain of the disease has been sufficiently relieved to permit it, 
to prevent the development of factitious pains, due to the want of mor- 
phine and never to be relieved without it. It has been suggested that it 
is not altogether safe to give very large doses of morphine to relieve very 
severe pain when there is a prospect of the pain terminating suddenly, as 
in the case of renal or biliary calculus, thus leaving the morphine unneu- 
tralized, and consequently in a condition to develop its full narcotic action. 
Sometimes the subsidence of severe pain may coincide with the beginning 
of dangerous narcotism. Neither should it be forgotten, that while it is 
perfectly proper to use morphine for the relief of intestinal pain, even before 
a diagnosis is fully established, its anaesthetic effects should not throw the 
physician off his guard and allow him to overlook a possible internal stran- 
gulation or hernia. The doses necessary cannot be definitely stated ; but 
it is better, in case of doubt, to administer two doses, even at the expense 
of a little time, than to give one which may be too large. In many cases 
of neuralgia it is by no means necessary to use maximum doses even 
when the pain seems severe ; on the other hand, in excessively severe and 
obstinate forms of facial neuralgia even the most extreme doses have but 
slight or transitory effect. The point at which the injection, if the drug 
is given in this form, should be made, is usually of no consequence ; but it 
may be well, in some cases, to get the counter-irritation, or the moral effect 
due to a puncture, as near the seat of pain as possible. In some cases of se- 
vere traumatic neuralgia, attended with local trophic changes (" causalgia "), 
the injection even, although itself excessively painful, is best made at the 
seat of pain. Morphine should not be given to render the bronchial tubes 
completely insensible to accumulating mucus, lest expectoration should be 
insufficient. It is a dangerous remedy in bronchitis or pneumonia, where 
there is any tendency to cyanosis ; on the other hand, when the cough is 
in excess of the amount necessary to proper expectoration, it may be re- 
lieved by small doses. The constipating effects of morphine are probably 
due not only to the diminished activity of the peristaltic movements, but 



204 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

to diminished intestinal secretion ; hence morphine often increases nausea, 
headache, etc., when administered during functional disturbances of the 
digestive organs. Quite small doses may, however, be of service in irrita- 
tive and nervous dyspepsia. In dysentery, morphine is often combined 
with salines, and in diarrhoea with astringents. The prompt and speedy 
relief afforded by morphine subcutaneously in cholera morbus, is in sin- 
gular contrast with its well attested inefiicacy, or even deleterious effect, in 
epidemic cholera and cholera infantum, at least after the very early stages 
are past. Spasmodic affections may be benefited by morphine ; asthma 
usually yields rapidly and completely, while epilepsy is not likely to be 
improved. 

As a hypnotic, morphia has its advantages and disadvantages, the lat- 
ter, in the great majority of cases, outweighing the former. It is likely 
to disturb the digestion, and to procure a sleep which is by no means the 
equivalent of that sent by nature. The risk of habit is always to be con- 
sidered. If, however, the sleeplessness be due to pain, cough, or other 
disturbance, as in phthisis, morphine may be the one thing needful. This 
applies to many forms of cerebral disturbance. In mania, if used at all, it 
is generally combined with some other hypnotic, such as bromide of potas- 
sium, chloral, and where there is great motor excitement, conium. In 
delirium tremens it has been distinctly shown that the mortality is much 
increased by morphine administered until sleep is produced. The purely 
stimulant effects of morphine upon the heart and nervous system, without 
reference to pain, are well seen in puerperal hemorrhage and syncope, 
although for this purpose the opium preparations are quite as frequently 
used. To this stimulant effect is due its powers, second, if to any drug, 
only to digitalis, of mitigating or curing the distress incident to valvular 
disease of the heart, besides strengthening and regulating the pulse, and 
relieving the dyspnoea and dropsy. Over inflammation morphine exer- 
cises a sort of control which is not to be completely explained until the 
relations of that process to the nervous system are better understood. 
Chronic inflammation is benefited by the relief of attendant pain. A 
commencing coryza may sometimes be broken up by morphine subcuta- 
neously, or a moderate dose of one of the opium preparations, or of Dover's 
or Tully's powder. The results of the morphine treatment in peritonitis 
depend upon the relief of the pain and the diminished peristaltic action, 
as well as a direct effect on the inflammation itself. Enormous doses are 
often borne in this affection. It is difficult to class the well-known bene- 
ficial action of morphine in diabetes under any of the above heads ; but as 
it is known that the formation and discharge of sugar are largely under 
the control of certain nervous centres, it is not strange that the drug most 
potent to check the excess should be one which acts so powerfully on the 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 205 

nervous system. The two most important corrigents, and, at the same time, 
synergists of morphine, are bromide of potassium and atropine. The for- 
mer of these distinctly increases its hypnotic power and diminishes its 
tendency to nausea and headache, as well as the other feelings of distress 
and fainting, which, in exceptional cases, accompany its action. The bro- 
mide may be given an hour or two in advance of the morphine. Atropine 
does not in small doses antagonize the hypnotic effect of the other alka- 
loid, and possibly adds a little to its analgesic properties. It prevents, 
however, many of the disagreeable after-effects just mentioned. Atropine 
may be added to a subcutaneous injection of morphine, in the proportion 
of one to ten (one milligramme to one centigramme), or extract of bella- 
donna may be made into pills with the morphine in the proj)ortion of two 
to one. If standard solutions of drugs for hypodermic use are kept on 
hand, it is better to keep these two alkaloids separate, since it may be 
desirable to increase the dose of the one without that of the other. 
Other hypnotics should be used with care when morphine is also freely 
given. Full doses of bromide, chloral, and morphine should not be given 
together. 

The poisonous effects of this drug, when taken by the mouth, should 
be combated, in the first place, by emetics and the stomach-pump. If 
the first refuse to act on account of narcotism, they will perhaps do so 
after the cold affusion or mechanical stimulation. The chemical anti- 
dotes, iodine or tannic acid, might be, but seldom are, used. Among the 
external stimulants to be employed may be mentioned walking about, 
slapping or switching (not pounding), cold affusion, and faradic electricity. 
Into the stomach, after it has been washed out, or into the rectum, should 
be thrown a strong infusion of coffee without milk or sugar. Atropine is 
the most powerful stimulant which can be employed in these cases, and 
should be given subcutaneously in doses of two centigrammes, one-thirtieth 
of a grain, or a little more, watching the effects upon the respiration and 
the temperature, and repeating it when necessary. Artificial respiration 
may be practised if there are signs of failure in that direction. 

Morphine salts may be administered dissolved in water or in the 
form of pills or sugared pellets. Atropine may be combined with it 
in any of these forms. For subcutaneous use weighed powders may 
be carried and dissolved as needed. This avoids the risk of a decom- 
posing solution. A standard solution, however, may be made with a little 
glycerine and carbolic or salicylic acid to preserve it. A blister may be 
dressed with the powder. Enemata or suppositories should contain no 
larger dose than if the drug is administered by the mouth. Suppositories 
are often very convenient, and seem to disturb the digestion but little. 
It is not desirable to follow a dose of morphine given by the mouth too 



206 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

closely by a hypodermic injection, since the latter, from its more rapid 
absorption, may produce its effect at the same time as the former, and 
thus the effect of an overdose be obtained. 

Dose. — One-twentieth of a grain to one-eighth of a grain, three to eight 
milligrammes (.003 to .008), may be regarded as a small dose, which in the 
case of the smaller amount may be repeated at not ver}^ long intervals. 
One-eighth to one-fourth, eight to sixteen milligrammes, is a moderate dose ; 
one-fourth to one-half, sixteen to thirty-two milligrammes, is a full dose ; 
one half to one, thirty- two to sixty-four milligrammes, a large ; and over 
one grain, sixty -four milligrammes, a very large dose. These figures are 
applicable to an average adult not accustomed to the use of the drug. 
Women are more sensitive to morphine than men, and children still more 
so in proportion to their age. Among persons habituated to its use, each 
one has his own scale of doses. 

MOSCHUS. 

MUSK. , 

Muse, Fr. ; Moschus, Bisam, G. 

The physiological action of musk is not well determined, but, so far as 
known, it is that of a feeble stimulant and antispasmodic. The odor re- 
mains in the secretions for several days after discontinuing the drug. It is 
used in adynamic nervous debility, hysterical spasms, laryngismus stridu- 
lus, insomnia, and also in collapse, occurring either after severe injuries 
or in fevers, as typhoid. Its want of reputation is said to be due, first, to 
the small doses which in many cases it is necessary to prescribe on ac- 
count of the high price ; and, secondly, to the fact that its use has in most 
cases been deferred until the last stages of fevers, and hence its prescrip- 
tion is looked upon as equivalent to a fatal prognosis. 

It is extremely difficult to obtain pure musk. 

Dose. — Two and a half to five grains, sixteen to thirty-two centi- 
grammes (.16 to .32), in powder or emulsion with aromatics. Camphor, 
almond syrup, and kermes mineral diminish the smell. 

MUCILAGO ACACIA. 

MUCILAGE OP ACACIA. 

Mucilago Gummi Arahici, P. G. ; Mucilage de Gomme Arabique, Mucilage 
Arabique, Fr. ; Gummischleim, G. 

Mucilages should always be freshly prepared, because they rapidly 
undergo decomposition or become mouldy, and are more apt when sour 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 207 

to derange digestion. This preparation may be used alone as a demulcent 
or as a vehicle for many substances which would not make a convenient 
mixture with water. It should not be prescribed with tinctures, except 
in small quantity. 

Dose. — Indefinite. 

MUCILAGO CYDONII. 

MUCILAGE OF OYDONIUM. 

[Mucilage of Quince Seeds.] 

This is also a bland demulcent preparation which may be used for irri- 
tation of mucous surfaces. 

Dose. — Not limited. 



MUCILAGO SASSAFRAS MEDULL/E. 

MUCILAGE OF SASSAFRAS PITH. 

Mucilage de Moelle de Sassafras, Fr. ; Sassafrasmark-Schleim, G. 

Used both externally and internally as a bland protective to irritated 
or abraded surfaces. 

Dose. — Not limited. 

MUCILAGO TRACANTH/E. 

MUCILAGE OF TRAGACANTH. 

Mucilage de Gomme Adragante, Mucilage Adragant, Fr. ; Traganth- 

Schleim, G. 

Used for its mechanical properties in causing cohesion, as, for instance, 
in making of pills, troches, and lozenges. It is a better mucilage than that 
of acacia for emulsions of cod-liver oil. It has little, if any, physiological 
activity. 

MUCILAGO ULMI. 

MUCILAGE OF ELM. 

Mucilage d'lScorce d'Orme Fauve, Fr. ; Ulmenrinden-Schleim, G. 
Also a useful demulcent drink in catarrh of mucous surfaces generally. 



208 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 



MYRISTICA. 

NUTMEG. 

Semen Myristicce, P. G. ; Nux Moschatu, Muscade, Noix de Muscade, Fr. ; 

MuskattnusSy G. 

Narcotic effects have been noted from this substance. Animals have 
been killed by its volatile oil. It is used chiefly as a culinary condiment 
and for flavoring- medicinal preparations, for which purpose the essential 
oil and the officinal preparations are the most convenient form. 

Dose. — Five to twenty-five grains, thirty centigrammes to one and a 
half gramme. 

MYRRHA. 

MYRRH. 

Gummi Besina Myrrha ; Myrrhe, Fr. 

In small doses, a stimulant to the gastro-intestinal mucous membrane ; 
in large doses, an irritant to these surfaces, hence causing emesis and 
catharsis. It quickens the pulse, and is supposed to diminish bronchial 
secretion. It seems to have a somewhat favorable effect on chronic pha- 
ryngitis. It is rarely used except in combinations, and as a cleansing 
topical application, in the form of the tincture, mixed with water, to 
spongy gums, stomatitis, etc. 

Dose. — Five to thirty grains, thirty centigrammes to one and a half 
gramme, in powders, pills, or mixtures. 

NUX VOMICA. 

NUX VOMICA. 

Semen Slrychni, P. G. ; Semen Nucis Vomicae — Poison-Nut, Quaker But- 
tons, E. ; Noix Vomiques, Fr. ; Krdhen-Augen, Brechnuss, G. 

As the medicinal virtues of nux vomica are dependent upon its strych- 
nine, reference is made to that article for detailed description. The 
amount of strychnine present in nux vomica varies, and therefore when it 
is desired to produce the physiological action, it is much safer to use defi- 
nite doses of strychnine. The use of nux vomica itself and its prepara- 
tions are chiefly restricted to those cases where it is useful simply as a 
bitter tonic, and accurate dosage is not required, as in atonic dyspepsia or 
inappetence. Nux vomica should not be given except in form of tincture, 
abstract, extract, or fluid extract. Reference to these articles is sug- 
gested. 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 209 

OLEATUM HYDRARGYRI. 

OLEATE OF MERCURY. 

It is stated that the ten-per-cent. preparation does not keep so well as 
that of twenty per cent. For use where it is desired to introduce mercury 
into the circulation without passing through the intestinal canal, this is 
more elegant than the ointment, but the amount of mercury absorbed 
can only be determined by the effects. The axillae and groins are the 
most convenient places for this form of medication. The ten-per-cent. 
solution of mercury may be used to the amount of ten or twenty drops. 
This should be painted or gently rubbed on the skin. 

OLEATUM VERATRINiC. 

OLEATE OF VERATRINE. 

Used to introduce veratrine into the the local circulation by embroca- 
tion in certain forms of local neuralgia. It should not be applied over an 
extensive surface, lest constitutional symptoms be developed. The naked 
fingers should not be used for its application. 

Dose. — Six to twenty-five grains, forty to one hundred and sixty centi- 
grammes (.40 to 1.60). 

OLEORESINA ASPIDII. 

OLEORESIN OF ASPIDIUM. 

[Oleoreslna Filicis, 1870 — Male Fern.] 

Extractum Filicis Mthereum, Br. ; Extraction Filicis, P. G. ; Oleum Filicis 
Maris — Liquid Extract of Male Fern, E. ; Suite (Extrait J^there) de 
Fougere Male, Fr. ; Wurmfarnextrakt, Wuurmfarnbl, G. 

The oil of male fern destroys the life of the tsenia solium and bothrio- 
cephalus latus ; but, in order that it may do this effectively, the intes- 
tines should be comparatively empty, that the poison may be brought 
more thoroughly in contact with the worm. Fasting for twenty-four 
hours, with perhaps a scanty milk diet, on the part of the patient, is, 
therefore, a prerequisite to treatment. The oleoresin is best administered 
in capsules or emulsion with mucilage of tragacanth ; but, undoubtedly, 
it is better to associate with this medicine, brayera (koosso). The parasi- 
ticide may be followed by a cathartic. The treatment should be repeated 
until the head of the taenia has been expelled, though intervals of a week 
should intervene. 

Dose. — Thirty to sixty minims, two to four cubic centimeters, re- 
peated every three hours for two or three times. 
14 



210 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

OLEORESINA CAPSICI. 

OLEORESIN OF CAPSICUM. 

Oleoresine (Extrait JEtheree) de Capsique, Fr. ; Spanischpfeffer-Oelharz, G. 

The chief use of this very strong extract of capsicum, sometimes known 
as capsicin, is as a rubefacient in plasters and liniments. Half a grain 
volatilized in a small room will provoke sneezing among its occupants, 
showing how irritating this preparation may be to the mucous surfaces. 
There are occasions where this severe irritant might be of value externally, 
undiluted. As the other preparations of capsicum are much too strong 
for use internally without great dilution, this, which is still stronger, is by 
no means required, and its dose is stated rather as a matter of form than 
as a recommendation of its practical use. It should be remembered that 
warm water increases its irritating effect. 

Dose. — One-eighth of a grain to one grain, eight milligrammes to six 
centigrammes (.008 to .06). 

OLEORESINA CUBEB/E. 

OLEORESIN OF CUBEB. 

Extractum Cubebarum, P. G. ; Extractum Gubebce jEtherum — Oleoresine de 

Cubebe, Fr. ; Kubebenextrakt, G. 

This oleoresin produces a sense of heat in the stomach, and renders 
the urine acrid and irritating. As it contains the volatile oil and the 
cubebic acid, it probably fairly represents the therapeutic virtues of cu- 
beb and is used in the same way. It possesses the advantage of supe- 
rior concentration over the fluid extract. 

Dose. — Five to thirty minims, thirty centigrammes to two grammes, 
on sugar or in capsules. 

OLEORESINA LUPULIN/E. 

OLEORESIN OF LUPULINE. 

Extractum Lupulini Mtlxerum — Oleoresine de Lupidine, Fr. ; JEtherisches 

LupulinextraM, G. 

This preparation represents fairly the hypnotic and narcotic virtues of 
hop and lupulin, and may be prescribed accordingly. 

Dose. — Two to twenty grains, thirteen to one hundred and thirty 
centigrammes, in pill or capsule. 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 211 

OLEORESINA PIPERIS. 

OLEORESIN OF PEPPER. 

Oleoresine de Poivre Noir, Fr. ; JEtherisches Pfefferextrakt, G. 

It is extremely doubtful whether this preparation contains the medici- 
nal virtues of pepper, since but little piperine is to be found therein. It 
contains, however, the volatile oil and resins, and probably has that 
amount of stimulant action common to so many volatile oils. 

Dose. — One or two minims, six to twelve centigrammes, on sugar or 
in pill or capsule. 

OLEORESINA Z1NGIBERIS. 

OLEORESIN OF GINGER. 

Extractum Zingiberis jEtheveum — Oleoresine (Piperoide) de Gingembre, Fr.; 

JEtherisches Ingwerextrakt, G. 

A very strong preparation of ginger. There are few therapeutic uses 
of this drug which would not be equally well subserved by the tincture. 

Dose. — One or two minims largely diluted. 

OLEUM ADIPIS. 

LARD OIL. 

Used in making the ointment of nitrate of mercury. Like some other 
animal oils, it might be tried as an inferior substitute for cod-liver oil in 
cases where the taste of the latter is exceedingly offensive to the patient. 

OLEUM /ETHEREUM. 

ETHEREAL OIL. 

Oleum Vini — Heavy Oil of Wine, E. ; Huile d'lSther, Huile de Vin Pesante, 
Huile Volatile £theree, Fr. ; Schiveres Weinbl, G. 

The properties of the heavy oil of wine, which constitute one-half of 
this preparation, have not been very carefully studied, but it seems to 
have an anodyne and narcotic action akin to that of ether. The ethereal 
oil is not used by itself, but is an ingredient (or should be) of the spiritus 
aetheris compositus. 



212 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

OLEUM AMYGDALAE AMAR/E. 

OIL OF BITTER ALMONDS. 

Oleum Amygdalarum (Amararum) JEthereum — Essence d'Amandes Ameres, 

Fr. ; Bitter mandelol, G. 

This essential oil, formed by the reaction of amygdalin and emulsin in 
the residue of bitter almonds after the expression of the fixed oil, contains 
a varying percentage (three to fourteen) of hydrocyanic acid, and has been 
used to obtain the effects of this extremely active drug. For this purpose, 
however, notwithstanding the fact that it is a stable preparation, it is un- 
fitted by the uncertainty in composition. It is probably used in the manu- 
facture of patent medicines which purport to be made of " wild cherry." 
It is also employed as a flavoring in cookery and confectionery, and must 
be looked upon as a somewhat dangerous agent for that purpose. The 
poisonous acid is, however, not essential to the taste or smell, and may be 
removed by distillation with caustic potash, or other processes, the puri- 
fied product then becoming no more poisonous than many volatile oils, so 
that it may be taken in considerable doses without producing dangerous 
symptoms, although it is very pungent locally, and gives rise to an intoxi- 
cation resembling that of alcohol. 

Nitrobenzol, or " oil of mirbane," or " artificial essence of bitter al- 
monds," contains no hydrocyanic acid, although resembling closely the oil 
of bitter almonds, and being sometimes, like the oil, used for flavoring. 
It is, however, a dangerous poison in small doses or when inhaled. The 
poisoning, unlike that of hydrocyanic acid, comes on very slowly and is dis- 
tinguished by general paresis, convulsions, irregular action of the heart, 
and a peculiar blue (cyanotic) complexion, often lasting some days, when 
recovery takes place. 

Dose. — A quarter of a drop to one drop, one to four centigrammes 
(.01 to .04), in a mixture. 

OLEUM AMYGDAL/E EXPRESSUM. 

EXPRESSED OIL OF ALMONDS. 

Oleum Amygdalce, Br. ; 01. Amygdalce Dulcis, 01. Amygdalarum — Expressed 
(Siveet) Oil of Almond, E. ; Huile d'Amandes Douces, Fr. ; (Susses) 
Mandelol, G. 

A bland oil, having no active properties, which may be used as demul- 
cent in the form of an emulsion. It enters into the composition of rose- 
water ointment, and may be used in other combinations as an external 
application. 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 213 



OLEUM ANISI. 

OIL OF ANISE. 

Essence d'Anis, Fr. ; Anisdl, G. 
A stimulant and carminative. 
Dose. — Two to five drops. 

OLEUM AURANTII CORTICES. 

OIL OF ORANGE PEEL. 

A flavoring which may be added to decoctions and infusions. 
Dose. — A few drops. 

OLEUM AURANTII FLORUM. 

OIL OF ORANGE FLOWERS. 

[Oil or Neroli.] 
A flavoring. 

Dose. — A few drops. 

OLEUM BERGAMII. 

OIL OF BERGAMOT. 

Oleum Bergamottce, P. G. ; Essence de Bergamote, Fr. ; Bergamottol, G. 
Used as a flavoring in cosmetics and aromatic waters. 

OLEUM CAJUPUTI. 

OIL OF CAJUPUT. 

Oleum Cajeputi, P. G. ; Oil of Cajuput, E. ; Essence de Cajeput, Fr. ; Caja- 

putol, G. 

This oil is externally irritant, and, in the stomach, a stimulant like other 
volatile oils. Although it has enjoyed a reputation in a vast number of 
diseases, its use is now very limited. It has been used as an external 
parasiticide and also as an anthelmintic. It may be inserted into a cari- 
ous tooth to relieve pain. In various abdominal pains and spasms it may 
be of value, although it is doubtful if it possesses any special advantages 
over oil of turpentine, which it much resembles. 

Dose. — One to ten drops, administered with sugar or in a mixture. 



214 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

OLEUM CARL 

OIL OF CARAWAY. 

Oleum Carui, Br.; Oleum Carvi, P. G.; Essence de Carvi, Fr.; Kilmmeelol, G. 
Uses. — As anise. 
Dose. — A few drops. 

OLEUM CARYOPHYLLI. 

OIL OP CLOVES. 
Oleum Caryophyllorum, P. G. ; Essence de Girqfles, Fr. ; Nelkenbl, G. 
Uses. — As anise, or on a plug of cotton in carious teeth. 
Dose. — A few drops. 

OLEUM CHENOPODII. 

OIL OF CHENOPODIUM. 

Essence de Chenopode Anthelmintique, Fr. ; Amerikanisches Wurmsa- 

menol, G. 

An anthelmintic. Used more especially against the ascaris lumbri- 
coides. It seems to have also some tonic properties. 

Dose. — Five to ten drops with sugar, repeated several times, and fol- 
lowed by a cathartic. 

OLEUM CINNAMOMI. 

OIL OF CINNAMON. 

Oleum Cinnamomi Zeylanici, P. G. ; Oil of Cassia, Oil of Ceylon Cin- 
namon, E. ; Essence de Cannelle, Fr. ; Zeylonisches Zimmtbl, G. 

Uses. — As anise and as a flavoring. 

Cinnamon is supposed to have an astringent action, especially dis- 
played in uterine hemorrhage. The oil, however, is not used for this 
purpose, although perhaps it might be. 

Dose. — A few drops. 

OLEUM COPASB/E. 

OIL OF COPAIBA. 

Oleum Balsami Copaivce — Essence de Copahn, Fr. ; Copaibaol, G. 

As important constituents of copaiba, namely, the resins, are not 
present in this preparation, it has little or no value as a diuretic. Its ac- 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 215 

tion resembles that of other volatile oils, being irritant to the gastro- 
intestinal mucous membrane. It is eliminated by the urine and the 
respiration, partly unchanged and partly oxidized to a resin. It may, 
perhaps, be useful in chronic disease of the bronchial tubes, and has 
some action as an antiblenorrhagic. 

Dose. — Ten to fifteen drops. 

OLEUM CORIANDRI. 

OIL OF CORIANDER. 

Essence de Coriandre, Fr. ; Korianderol, G. 
Uses. — As anise, and as a corrigent, especially to senna. 
Dose. — A few drops. 

OLEUM CUBEB/E. 

OIL OF CUBEB. 

Oleum Cubebarum — Oil of Cubebs, E. ; Essence de Cubebes, Fr. ; Kube- 

benbl, G. 

Essentially the same as oil of copaiba. 

Dose. — Ten to fifteen drops. 

OLEUM ERIGERONTIS. 

OIL OF ERIGERON. 

Eesembles most other volatile oils. Somewhat diuretic and stimulant. 
It is said to quicken uterine contractions. 

Dose. — Five to ten drops. 

OLEUM EUCALYPTI. 

OIL OF EUCALYPTUS. 

Eucalyptol, E. 

This oil closely resembles oil of cajuput. It is an antiseptic, more or 
less irritant to the alimentary canal, and has the general stimulant proper- 
ties of the volatile oils. It may be employed as a local disinfectant in 
cases of offensive decomposition in the catarrhal discharges of the air- 
passages, or even in gangrene of the lung. 

A few drops should be placed on a sponge in a sufficiently roomy glass 



216 THEKAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

tube and inhaled. It has been used in the form of vaginal suppository to 
prevent septic poisoning in puerperal cases. It may also be administered 
by the stomach on sugar or in a mixture. There is no good reason to 
suppose that this oil, or the leaves from which it is derived, possesses any 
specific virtues in malarial diseases. If used externally, the oil may be 
dissolved in alcohol. 

Dose. — Two to five drops. 

OLEUM FCENICULI. 

Oil* OF FENNEL. 

Essence de Fenouil, Fr. ; Fenchelol, G. 

Its action and uses are essentially the same as those of anise. 
Dose. — Five to ten drops. 

OLEUM GAULTHERI/E. 

OIL OF GAULTHERIA. 

[Oil of Winteegreen.] 

Oil of Checkerberry, Oil of Boxberry. 

Contains a large proportion of methyl-salicylic acid, and was the first 
source from which salicylic acid was manufactured. This oil, or a very 
similar one, is found in several other plants, notably the bark of sweet 
birch. It is generally used as a flavoring for medicines and confectionery. 
It has lately been employed in the dose of ten drops every two hours in 
acute rheumatism. It seems to have about the same action as salicylic 
acid, and the urine, after its use, resists decomposition and gives the salicy- 
luric reaction with chloride of iron. 

Dose. — A few drops. 

OLEUM GOSSYPII SEMINIS. 

• COTTON SEED OIL. 

Cotton seed oil may very properly be used for many medicinal pur- 
poses under its own name, as well as when imported in foreign bottles 
under the name of olive oil. It is used in several preparations of the 
present Pharmacopoeia. 

Dose. — Indefinite. 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 217 

OLEUM HEDEOM/E. 

OIL OF HEDEOMA. 

[Oil of Pennyroyal.] 
Dose. — Two to ten drops. 

OLEUM JUNIPERI. 

OIL OF JUNIPER. 

Oleum Fructus (vel Baccce) Juniperi, Oil of Juniper Berries, E. ; Essence 
de Genievre, Fr. ; Wachholderbeerol, G. 

The special activity which distinguishes this from many other volatile 
oils is its diuretic property. This may be perceptible even when it is 
administered by inhalation. 

Dose. — Five to fifteen drops. 

OLEUM LAVANDULA. 

OIL OF LAVENDER. 

Essence de Lavande, Fr. ; Lavendelol, G. 
Flavoring and stimulant. 
Dose. — Four to ten drops. 

OLEUM LAVANDUL/E FLORUM. 

OIL OF LAVENDER FLOWERS. 

Flavoring. 

Dose. — A few drops. 

OLEUM LIMONIS. 

OIL OF LEMON. 

Oleum Citri, P. G. ; Oleum de Cedro — Essence de Citron, Fr. ; Citronenol, G. 
Flavoring. 
Dose. — A few drops. 

OLEUM LINI. 

OIL OF FLAXSEED. 

Linseed Oil, E. ; Huile de Lin, Fr. ; Leinol, Leinsamenol, G. 

Laxative in doses of one or two ounces, thirty to sixty cubic centime- 
ters, but seldom used for this purpose. It may be used externally, but 
cotton seed oil has taken its place in the " Linimentum calcis." 



218 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

OLEUM MENTHA P1PERIT/E. 

OIL OF PEPPERMINT. 

Essence de Menthe Poivree, Fr. ; Pfefferminzol, G. 

Possesses somewhat more marked properties as a local anodyne than 
other volatile oils. A few drops may be rubbed upon a painful part, and 
the effect will be enhanced if it be covered so as to prevent evaporation. 

Dose. — One to three drops. 

OLEUM MENTHA VIRIDIS. 

OIL OF SPEARMINT. 

Essence de Menthe Vert, Fr. ; Romisch-Minzol, G. 
Nearly the same as oil of peppermint, but somewhat less active. 
Dose. — Two to five drops. 

OLEUM MORRHU/E. 

COD LIVER OIL. 

Oleum Jecoris Aselli, P. G. ; Oleum Hepatis Morrhuce — Cod Oil, E.; Huile 
de Morue, Huile de Foie de Morue, Fr. ; Leberthran, Stockfischleber- 
thran, G. 

Cod liver oil is well known to be one of the most easily digestible of 
fats, so that it may be taken by the week or month without disordering 
the digestion. It is found to pass through animal membranes more 
rapidly than any other fat, and in this respect the darker oils have a slight 
advantage over the lighter-colored, such as are directed in the Pharma- 
copoeia, but not enough to compensate for the increased liability to gastric 
derangement, or even the much more repugnant taste and smell. This 
easy diffusibility has been attributed to the presence of free oleic acid, 
which renders the saponification and absorption of the oil in the intestine 
more rapid and complete. A similar function has been claimed for the 
biliary matters which are found in it. Its therapeutic value has been 
supposed to depend upon the presence of iodine, bromine, and phos- 
phorus, as well as the organic base, trimethylamin, which has been used 
in acute and chronic rheumatism with alleged remarkable success. The 
quantities of these substances are, however, far too small to contribute to 
the effect of the oil. 

The therapeutic applications of cod liver oil are simple, although the 
number of diseases in which it has been and may be used with great ad- 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 219 

vantage is very large. Its administration is specially indicated in those 
conditions of depraved nutrition shown by an over-development of lowly 
organized tissue, easily breaking down, or keeping up a long-continued sup- 
puration, which can only be vaguely characterized, and are equally vaguely 
named, "scrofulous." It may thus be equally applicable in chronic in- 
flammations of the skin, the conjunctivae, the bones and cartilages, the 
mucous membrane of the air-passages, both naso-pharyngeal and pulmo- 
nary, and of the lungs themselves. It is in this last class of cases that cod 
liver oil becomes, though no specific, the most useful of medicines. Pa- 
tients in whom the destructive local process may be all the while going on, 
often gain in weight and strength, and lose many troublesome symptoms. 
There is but little doubt that in a great number of cases the condition of 
the patient is materially improved, and his chances of life increased if he 
can take this drug without gastric trouble or loss of appetite. 

Around the shores of the North Sea and among the population engaged 
in the capture of the codfish the oil of his liver has been, for a long time 
before its introduction into general practice, reputed of great efficacy in 
the treatment of chronic rheumatism. 

The constipation of delicate children may be advantageously treated with 
it. The usefulness of this drug is, however, seriouly impaired by the difficul- 
ties which lie in the way of its administration, and which depend, firstly, 
upon its unpleasant taste, and, secondly, upon the digestive disturbances 
to which it occasionally gives rise. Fortunately, children are apt to like 
and digest it well, and a certain number of adults are in the same condi- 
tion. If possible, the patient should be persuaded to take the oil unmixed, 
and the exercise of a little determination on his part for a few days may 
suffice to remove the extreme disgust with which it is sometimes regarded. 
Admixtures with whiskey or with aromatic waters, such as those of pep- 
permint or cinnamon, are often made. The mouth may be washed out, 
just previous to taking the dose, with a little brandy, whiskey, or aromatic. 

Emulsions are prepared with white of egg, mucilage of tragacanth, 
extract of malt, or various syrups, which may all be useful under some 
circumstances, but none of which are quite successful in concealing the 
taste of the oil. Pancreatic emulsions are of great value, not so much in 
disguising the taste as in preventing the fishy eructations so troublesome 
to many persons, even to those who can bear without disgust the taste of 
the oil when first taken. A teaspoonful of the non-officinal " liquor pan- 
creaticus," given half an hour after the dose, will be of use in preventing 
this symptom. After these devices, however, have been tried there will 
be some cases in which all attempts to administer the drug without affect- 
ing either the appetite or digestion will fail, and in such cases the attempt 
must be abandoned. The oil is to be considered as a supplementary and 



220 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 



peculiar food, and if its use prevents other food from being taken it is 
doing more harm than good. 

Dose. — One or two drachms, four to eight cubic centimeters, not on 
an empty stomach, and increased. 

OLEUM MYRCI/E. 

OIL OF MYRCIA. 

[Oil of Bay.] 
Used for flavoring, chiefly of cosmetic preparations. 

OLEUM MYRISTIOE. 
OIL OF NUTMEG. 

Oleum Nucistce JEthereum — Volatile Oil of Nutmeg, E. ; Essence de Muscades, 

Fr. ; JEtherisches Muskatol, G. 

Used merely for its flavor. A large dose would probably be followed 
by some narcotic effects like those of nutmeg. 

Dose. — A few drops. 

OLEUM OLIWE. 

OLIVE OIL. 

Oleum Olivarum, P. G. ; Siveet Oil, E. ; Huile $ Olive, Fr. ; Olivenol, G. 

This well-known oil, which is often adulterated with others which are 
cheaper, though probably equally valuable for culinary as well as medicinal 
purposes, possesses no very marked therapeutic powers. It is used as a 
local application, either alone in sprains, bruises, etc., where it facilitates 
rubbing, or as an ingredient of liniments, where it may act the part of a 
diluent.' It may be used as an enema in the quantity of a pint, half a litre, to 
unload the large intestine. It should be followed by warm water, and not 
mixed with it. Internally it is somewhat laxative in large doses, but is sel- 
dom given except to children. Large doses — a pint per diem — have been 
prescribed for gall-stones, with the result of producing discharges of small 
semi-solid masses resembling, and sometimes mistaken for, gall-stones. 
They are, however, really lumps of soap, formed with the alkalies of the 
intestinal secretions. 

Dose. — As a laxative for adults, one to two fluidounces, thirty to sixty 
cubic centimeters ; for infants, one to two fluidrachms, four to eight cubic 
centimeters. 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 221 



OLEUM PHOSPHORATUM. 

PHOSPHORATED OIL. 

Huile Phosphoree, Liniment Phosphoree, Fr. ; Phosphorhaltiges Oel, G. 

A definite preparation of this character is far preferable to the " satu- 
rated solutions," since the solubility of phosphorus in vegetable oils varies 
considerably. A fatty vehicle presents phosphorus in the most favorable 
condition for absorption. Many of the fatal cases of poisoning from the 
medicinal use of phosphorus have occurred when preparations of this class 
were administered, and it has been pointed out that those authors who 
employ an oily solvent speak much more cautiously of this dangerous 
drug than those who use another vehicle, as ether or alcohol. It is stated 
that if phosphorus is employed for neuralgia, large doses of one-twelfth of 
a grain, five milligrammes, should be given to begin with, since the same 
dose will be less efficient if arrived at gradually. The author who makes 
this recommendation does not approve of a solution in a vegetable oil. It 
appears prudent, therefore, to restrict the use of the present preparation 
to those cases where the smaller doses are to be used, and if it is desired 
to employ larger ones, to have recourse to other solutions. The Dose 
may then be stated as from one to five minims, six to thirty-two one-hun- 
dredths of a cubic centimeter (.06 to .32), corresponding to one one-hun- 
dredth to one-twentieth of a grain, or six-tenths of a milligramme to three 
milligrammes of solid phosphorus. The latter dose is to be observed with 
caution, if long continued. The dose may be repeated three or four times 
a day. 

OLEUM PICIS LIQUID/E. 

OIL OF TAR. 

A recent introduction to the Pharmacopoeia. It may be used as a 
substitute for the " oil of cade," "oleum juniperi empyreumaticum " — which 
is of uncertain character and purity, and on this account not admitted to 
the Pharmacopoeia — for external application in diseases of the skin. It 
may be made into an ointment, but as it is freely soluble in alcohol, can 
be applied in the more sightly form of lotion instead of tar ointment. 

OLEUM PIMENT>E. 

OIL OF PIMENTA. 

[Oil of Allspice.] 
Essence de Piment de la Jamaique, Fr. ; Nelkenpfefferol, G. 
Aromatic. 
Dose. — A few drops. 



222 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

OLEUM RICINI. 

CASTOR OIL. 

Oleum PalmcB Ghristi — Huile de Bicin, Fr. ; Bicinusol, G. 

This well-known oil possesses a slightly acrid after-taste, which is also 
found in the ricin oleic acid derived from it. The source of its cathartic 
activity has not been definitely fixed, but may be connected with changes 
in the acid just named taking place in the alkaline juices of the intestine. 
It is clear that its activity cannot be due to any acrid principle acciden- 
tally present from the outer coats of the seeds, since the oil would then 
be one of the most uncertain, instead of being, as is well known, one of 
the most certain of cathartics. Although derived from a botanical source 
closely allied to that of croton oil, it differs entirely from that drug in the 
violence of the cathartic effects ; but if the action of the seeds of the 
respective plants is compared, the difference is much less, since a very 
small quantity of castor bean may give rise to a severe attack of vomiting 
and purging, while in larger quantities they have caused severe gastro- 
enteritis, and even death. Castor oil, when swallowed, may give rise to a 
certain amount of nausea, partly due to its viscid consistency and sickish, 
though not strong, taste. It is a mild and safe cathartic, usually unload- 
ing the bowels thoroughly and with little general disturbance. The oil, 
either in its natural condition or in cheesy or soap-like flakes, may often, 
especially after the larger doses, be found in the discharges. A single in- 
stance has been reported where the oil was secreted by the skin. 

This oil is used when a mere unloading of the intestines, without any de- 
pleting or derivative effect is desired, as in fecal accumulation in the colon, 
in pregnancy or after labor, in intestinal colic, in diarrhoea from irritating 
or undigested food, or to succeed an anthelmintic. It may be administered 
without any corrigent, but it is usually desirable to envelop it in some acid 
or aromatic aqueous solution or spirit, such as lemon or orange-juice, or a 
flavored glycerine. The froth of porter may be used in the same way. 
Emulsions are not desirable. Articles of ordinary diet are not to be selected 
as vehicles. Flexible gelatine capsules capable of containing a full dose of 
this drug have been made. The smaller capsules, containing a small frac- 
tion of a dose, but acting like a full one, contain an addition of some 
more active cathartic. Castor oil may be added to cathartic enemata to 
increase their efficacy. It is frequently employed in hair washes, dis- 
solved in alcohol. 

Dose. — From one drachm to one ounce, four to thirty cubic centi- 
meters, according to the susceptibility of the patient as estimated on the 



UNITED STATES PHAKMACOPCEIA. 223 

basis of former experience or the judgment of the physician. Half an 
ounce, fifteen grammes, is an average dose for an adult ; that for children 
may be somewhat smaller, but not in proportion to the age. 

OLEUM ROS/E. 

OIL OF ROSE. 

Oleum Rosarum — Attar, Otto of Rose, E. ; Essence de Rose, Fr. ; Rosenol, G. 

This very expensive oil is sparingly used in flavoring, chiefly for cos- 
metic preparations, although it may be used internally. 

OLEUM ROSMARINI. 

OIL OF ROSEMARY. 

Oleum Anthos — Essence de Romarin, Fr. ; Rosmarinol, G. 

Possesses the usual properties of volatile oils, but is used chiefly as an 
external irritant in liniments. Death has taken place from the internal 
administration of excessive quantities. 

Dose. — Three to six drops. 

OLEUM RUT/E. 

OIL OF RUE. 

Essence de Rue, Fr. ; Rautenol, G. 

This does not essentially differ in its kind of action from the other vo- 
latile oils, but has been used specially in amenorrhcea and to produce 
abortion. Doses of ten drops produce gastric, together with renal irrita- 
tion, accompanied by a smell of rue in the urine, and some slightly nar- 
cotic effects. The pulse, in some cases, has become slower under its 
influence. It has also been used in colic and as an "antispasmodic." 

Dose. — One to five drops, in mucilage. 

OLEUM SABIN/E. 

OIL OF SAVINE. 

Essence de Sabine, Fr. ; Sadebaumol, G. 

This oil quickens the pulse and produces rectal and vesical irritation. 
It is eliminated by the skin, breath, and urine. Larger doses cause con- 
tinued vomiting. It has been used to produce abortion, and with fatal 
effect to the mother as well as the child. 

Dose. — Two to ten drops. 



224 THEKAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

OLEUM SANTALI. 

OIL OF SANTAL. 

This volatile oil has been somewhat recently introduced into practice 
as a substitute for copaiba. It possesses the advantage over this drug 
that its smell is less disagreeable, while, on the other hand, it is much 
stronger and highly characteristic. It may be given in capsules or mixture. 

Dose. — Ten to twenty drops. 

OLEUM SASSAFRAS. 

OIL OF SASSAFRAS. 

Essence de Sassafras, Fr. ; Sassafrasol, G. 

A flavoring material for medicines and confectionery. Together with 
oleum gaultheriae, it constitutes the flavoring of the syrup popularly known 
as sarsaparilla. 

Dose. — A few drops. 

OLEUM SESAMI. 

OIL OF SESAMUM. 

[Benn£ Oil.] 

Huile de Sesame, Fr. ; Sesambl, G. 

This is simply an addition to the number of bland fixed oils, very sim- 
ilar to olive oil, and having no special therapeutic properties. 

Dose. — Iudefinite. 

OLEUM SINAPIS VOLATILE. 

VOLATILE OIL OF MUSTARD. 

Oleum Sinapis JEthereum — Volatile Oil of Mustard, E. ; Essence de Mou- 
tarde, Fr. ; JEtkerisches Senfol, G. 

This oil, which forms the active principle of mustard, is a powerful ir- 
ritant, and one of the most poisonous of all the volatile oils, giving rise to 
violent gastro-enteritis. It may be used externally as a counter-irritant, 
much diluted with alcohol or oil, or as an ingredient of irritating lini- 
ments or ointments. Internally, although in minute doses, it might, like 
mustard, be used as a condiment to stimulate appetite and digestion, or 
in larger ones, serve as an emetic, the mustard itself is preferable. 

The Dose of the oil, if used, should be only a fraction, not more than 
one -fourth of a drop. 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 225 

OLEUM SUCCINI. 

OIL OF AMBER. 

Hiiile Volatile de Succin, Fr. ; Bernsteinol, G. 

This empyreumatic oil is an external irritant. Internally it has the 
usual stimulant action of volatile oils, and, like many other drugs of offen- 
sive odor and taste, is reputed antispasmodic, and may be used accordingly. 

Dose. — From five to ten drops in capsule. 

OLEUM TEREBINTHIN/E. 

OIL OF TURPENTINE. 

Essence de Terebenthine, Fr. ; Terpentinol, G. 

This is the most abundant and most useful of the volatile oils. On 
exposure to the air it gradually becomes thicker and acquires a yellow 
color and a more disagreeable odor. In this condition, known as "fat 
oil," it contains ozone, and is more efficient as an antidote to phosphorus 
than the rectified oil. 

Oil of turpentine is readily absorbed from the intestinal canal and 
from the lungs. Absorption from the skin is not so easy or certain. It 
is eliminated by the breath and urine, imparting to the former its own 
smell, and to the latter, at first, an odor of violets, and, later, if the dose 
be large, that of the turpentine itself. It sometimes causes itching and 
even a cutaneous eruption. Externally it is an irritant, at first rubefa- 
cient, but, if remaining long enough, causing blisters. Internally, small 
doses quicken the pulse and increase diuresis. Larger ones produce gastro- 
intestinal irritation, colic, griping, diarrhoea, giddiness, and a feeling of 
fulness in the head, and, in poisonous quantities, coma. One of the most 
characteristic results of its use, especially when given in small doses fre- 
quently repeated, or inhaled in the form of vapor for some time, is genito- 
urinary irritation, doubtless owing to the passage of the oil in process of 
elimination through the kidneys and urinary ducts. This condition is in- 
dicated by pain in the back, increased frequency of micturition, and, later, 
difficult and painful urination, and occasionally bloody urine. Menor- 
rhagia and dysmenorrhea are sometimes observed in the female. 

Animals have been killed by large doses of this oil, and show that it 
produces gastro- enteritis, general paralysis, and loss of reflex excitability 
sometimes preceded by convulsions. The post-mortem examination dis- 
closes the usual appearances of gastro-enteritis, together with, in some 
cases, congestion and commencing inflammation of the lungs, and, when 
the administration has been sufficiently prolonged, fatty degeneration of 
the kidneys, liver, and muscles. Fatal cases in man are excessively rare. 
15 



226 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

Oil of turpentine is used in medicine externally as a stimulant to gan- 
grene, frost-bite, burns, carbuncles, and ulcers. As a counter-irritant it 
may be rubbed upon the surface, which is then to be securely covered 
with lint or cloths wet in the oil. It should not be allowed to remain too 
long at once, as the pain from it keeps on increasing for some time after 
its removal. It may be applied in the form of liniment or ointment for 
the relief of rheumatic and neuralgic pains. 

Internally its general stimulant effects in many forms of low fever, as 
well as its action in increasing the peristaltic movements, give it a great 
value, as in typhoid attended by meteorism and an adynamic condition. 
The same symptoms may render it applicable in typhus and puerperal 
fever. In some forms of neuralgia, particularly sciatic, its value probably 
dej>ends upon its stimulating action as well as upon its tendency to relieve 
the constipation and overloading of the colon so common in this affection. 
In colic, especially hepatic, the same reasons probably hold good. If de- 
cided cathartic action is desired, it is better to give the turpentine with 
another drug, as castor oil, in enema or in the usual way. A full dose of 
oil of turpentine, even alone, or, still better, in combination as just recom- 
mended, is much less likely to make any vesical trouble than when given 
in small doses not sufficient to act upon the bowels. It has been stated 
to have a curative effect upon nervous headache. 

Turpentine is used in bronchial catarrh, with or without excessive 
secretion, and conceals or removes the fetor of the breath which may ac- 
company this or other pulmonary diseases with decomposing secretion. 
Even in gangrene the odor is greatly diminished, and healing of the cavity 
promoted by the inhalation of the vapor. As a diuretic it is to be cau- 
tiously, if at all, used, remembering its irritant effect upon the kidneys. 
Its use in the diagnosis of renal disease has been suggested, the appearance 
of its odor in the urine being taken as proof of the secreting power of the 
kidney. Chronic inflammations of the urinary passages are benefited by 
it, as in pyelitis. It has been used in the treatment of amenorrhoea 
and to excite uterine contractions. It is considered as one of the best 
of styptics, according to the well-known dictum of John Hunter, and is 
given in many forms of hemorrhage, especially in those of a passive char- 
acter, as in purpura and hemophilia. It is not an efficient hemostatic 
externally. With phosphorus the oil of turpentine which has absorbed 
oxygen, " ozonized oil," forms, when in the proportion of about one hun- 
dred to one, a camphor-like substance which is not poisonous, and is 
excreted harmlessly by the urine. In phosphorous poisoning the oil 
should be administered as promptly as possible, in the dose of ten or 
more drops an hour, in some watery vehicle or emulsion containing no fat. 

In general the admixture of oil of turpentine with some other oil, or 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 227 

in an emulsion, is the most convenient form of administration. Glycerine 
and a drop of oleum gaultherise are said to cover its taste. Capsules may 
also be used. An emulsion is best made by placing the necessary quan- 
tity in a bottle with powdered acacia, shaking it thoroughly until well 
mixed, and then adding the water. 

Dose. — A single large dose, intended to act as a cathartic, or as an 
adjuvant to another cathartic, or as an anthelmintic, may consist of half 
an ounce, fifteen grammes, or even more. When given in order to be 
absorbed and act as a stimulant or alterative to mucous surfaces, from 
five to twenty drops may be given every three to six hours. 

OLEUM THEOBROM>E. 

OIL OF THEOBROMA. 

[Butter of Cacao.] 

Oleum (Butyrum) Cacao, P. G. ; Butter of Cacao, E. ; Beurre de Cacao, 

Fr. ; Cacaobutter, G. 

This oil, solid at ordinary temperature, and retaining a little of the 
chocolate flavor, may be used as a sort of demulcent in inflammation of 
the tonsils and pharynx. It has been used in chronic affections of the 
bowels, and externally as a non-irritant application to excoriated surfaces. 
The only limitation to the dose which can be put into the stomach, is the 
liability of a large quantity to excite nausea and disgust. Its special use 
is in the making of suppositories, since these can be kept (preferably in an 
ice chest) hard enough to be easily inserted and melt in the rectum. 

OLEUM THYMI. 

OIL OF THYME. 

Essence de Thym, Fr. ; Thymianol, G. 

This oil contains a large proportion of thymol, which has been recently 
used to replace carbolic acid as an antiseptic. The oil of thyme itself has 
essentially the same properties and uses as the oils of many other mints, 
and it might also be used for the same purposes as thymol. 

OLEUM TIGLII. 

OROTON OIL. 

Oleum Crotonis, Br. ; Huile de Croton, Huile de Graines de Tilly, Fr. ; 

Crotonol, G. 

This oil in very small doses is one of the most active of cathartics, and 
is also a powerful irritant to the skin, producing an eruption of acumi- 



228 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

natecl or rounded pustules, some of which may be umbilicated, lasting for 
several days, and occasionally leaving behind well-marked cicatrices. The 
active principles of croton oil have not been successfully isolated. The 
acrid and externally irritating ingredient is not the same as that which 
causes purging. The administration of the oil is followed by burning in 
the throat, nausea, or perhaps vomiting, colic, and watery stools, with 
some tenesmus. There are usually few other phenomena accompanying 
the purgation, though in some instances it may fail to act as a cathartic 
and give rise only to gastric uneasiness, palpitation, headache, and fever- 
ishness. In excessive doses the gastro-intestinal irritation may be suffi- 
ciently severe to cause death. Croton oil is a drug to be used with much 
caution. It should not be given in any case until the practitioner has con- 
vinced himself that no organic obstacles lie in the way of its action. It is 
more severe than necessary in ordinary cases of constipation, or when a 
depleting effect is required, but may be used to unload an extremely 
sluggish colon. It is used in lead colic. In cases of apoplexy or uncon- 
sciousness its small bulk makes it a convenient cathartic. It may be 
given in enema with some other oil, as castor and olive, or cotton-seed. 
A reputation as a specific in the cure of sciatica it undoubtedly does not 
deserve, but may prove very useful in that complaint from its thorough 
cathartic action. Externally its uses are like those of many other counter- 
irritants, with the difference that its action is longer continued. 

Dose. — One-fourth to two drops, in a pill with bread or with a few 
drops of olive oil. A sugar-coated cathartic pill will absorb a consider- 
able fraction of a drop, and may have its efficiency thus increased. 

OLEUM VALERIAN/E. 

OIL OF VALERIAN. 

Essence de Valeriane, Fr. ; Baldrianbl, G. 

This oil may be used for the same purposes as valerian itself, although, 
on account of the absence of valerianic acid, not representing all its activ- 
ity. An old oil contains some valerianic acid. 

Dose. — One or more drops, in pill or emulsion. 

OPII PULVIS. 

POWDERED OPIUM. 

OPIUM. 

OPIUM. 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 229 

OPIUM DENARCOTISATUM. 

DENARCOTIZED OPIUM. 

Crude opium is seldom used in medicine, though occasionally conve- 
nient for pill-making on account of its extract-like consistency. The dose 
would be slightly larger than that of the same specimen in powder, 
although the limits of morphine contents allowed by the Pharmacopoeia 
in the powdered opium are sufficiently wide to make its dosage somewhat 
uncertain. The denarcotized opium represents a preparation of known 
morphine strength half-way between the extreme limits of the powdered 
opium. The minimum of morphine strength for dried opium, according 
to the edition of 1870, was ten per cent., no maximum being specified. In 
the present edition the minimum is stated as twelve per cent., and the 
maximum as sixteen, which percentages are slightly raised by a change in 
the method of assay, so as to really call for thirteen to seventeen per cent. 
If a medium strength of fifteen per cent, be uniformly selected, as has 
been suggested, and, as is extremely desirable, the dose of opium and its 
preparations should be decreased by one-third. The change is a proper 
one, if fully and generally understood ; but it should have been, in the 
case of so important and dangerous a drug, more distinctly pointed out 
in the Pharmacopoeia. 

Opium is an extremely complex substance, containing, besides the 
more ordinary and widely distributed vegetable substances, a large num- 
ber of peculiar alkaloids, an acid, and an odorous principle not yet 
thoroughly known. Even the alkaloids are not in all respects well deter- 
mined, since the same name has been applied by different observers to 
alkaloids of evidently different character. Some of them are present in 
so small quantity that they are obtained only from large quantities of 
residue left in the manufacture of the more important alkaloids. They 
are mere pharmaceutical curiosities, and do not influence the action of 
opium. The following are some of the most important constituents 
with the usual percentage found in opium : Morphine, 12 to 16 ; co- 
deine, .03; narceine, .02 to 1; narcotine (not alkaline), 1.30 to 10.9; 
thebaine, 1 ; papaverine, 1 ; cryptopine ; hydrocotarnine ; pseudo-mor- 
phine, .02 or less ; protopine ; laudanine ; rhoeadine (not alkaline) ; 
meconidine ; laudanosine ; lanthopine (not alkaline) ; meconic acid, 3 
to 4.3. 

Of these alkaloids, morphine and codeine are officinal. Narceine has 
been sometimes used in practice as a mild hypnotic in doses of one-half 
to three grains. It is followed by quiet sleep, less profound than that 
from morphine, and producing less disturbance of the digestion and less 



230 THEKAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 



disagreeable reaction. Papaverine has been tried as a hypnotic and found 
efficacious by some observers and inert by others. The other alkaloids 
have been the subject of physiological experiments, but cannot be regarded 
as having great clinical importance. Narcotine has been credited with 
many of the disagreeable effects of opium, but as it does not appear to 
have these effects, even when given in very large doses separately, and as 
the ether employed to remove it from the opium deprives the drug also of 
its peculiar and disagreeable smell, it is probable that the odorous con- 
stituent has as much to do with the undesirable effects as the narcotine. 
Narcotine has been given in large doses (as high as thirty grains, two 
grammes) without narcotic effects. Antiperiodic virtues have been 
claimed for it. Meconic acid possesses a medico-legal importance from 
its distinct and peculiar reaction with chloride of iron, but is probably of 
no physiological interest. 

The action of opium is that of morphine somewhat modified by the 
other constituents. Codeine and thebaine, as well as several of the less im- 
portant principles, have a much stronger tendency to produce convulsions 
than morphine, and probably contribute to render opium somewhat more 
exciting or " stimulant " than the chief alkaloid alone. Convulsions are 
very rarely observed after either morphine or opium, but they occasionally 
occur in children. Opium is more likely than morphine to leave behind 
it nausea and headache, though this varies with the different prepara- 
tions, the so-called " denarcotized " agreeing more nearly with morphine. 
It is somewhat more constipating than the alkaloid, and is often preferred 
on this account. On the other hand, it is less likely to produce trouble- 
some itching. 

The opium preparations are less convenient for subcutaneous injec- 
tion than a simple solution of morphine. Opium may be given in the 
form of pill ; sometimes, if a slow action is desired, an old pill may be 
used. Opium, in the form of a suppository, or a pill inserted into the 
rectum, sometimes gives more relief to local affections than when admin- 
istered by the mouth. The liquid preparations are given either by the 
mouth or rectum. They are sometimes applied externally, and seem to 
have a slightly anodyne effect, although it is doubtful if opium can be ab- 
sorbed from the unbroken skin in sufficient quantity to produce marked 
effects. Cases, however, of poisoning, even fatal, are alleged to have 
occurred from the external use. The remarks as to the increase of dose 
required when the habit of morphine-using is formed, apply in all respects 
to opium. Opium smoking is a method of administration not often prac- 
tised for therapeutic purposes. It seems to give the full stimulant effects 
of opium, and to be an extremely fascinating vice. Possibly the effects of 
opium when smoked are not precisely equivalent to those observed when it 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 231 

is taken by the mouth, owing to more or less decomposition of alkaloids 
by heat. 

Dose. — One-fourth to two grains, sixteen milligrammes to thirteen 
centigrammes (.016 to .13). The dose should be more than proportion- 
ally less for children. The change in morphine strength between this and 
the last edition should not be forgotten in prescribing. 

ORIGANUM. 

ORIGANUM. 

[Wild Marjoram.] 

Origan, Marjolaine Sauvage, Fr. ; Dorsten, Wilder Majoran, G. 

This plant, like most other mints, contains a volatile oil, which is no 
longer officinal. The herb is used chiefly as a condiment, but a warm in- 
fusion is used as a carminative and slight anodyne. 

Dose.— Indefinite. 

PAREIRA. 

PAREIRA. 

[Pareira Brava.] 

This drug contains an alkaloid, pelosine, identical with berberina or 
buxin. It is by no means certain, however, that it is the active principle. 
A resin and brown extractive may contribute to its therapeutic effects. It 
is used in chronic inflammatory diseases of the urinary passages. It may 
be given in the form of the officinal decoction or fluid extract. 

Dose. — Thirty to sixty grains, two to four grammes, in decoction. 

PEPO. 

PUMPKIN SEED. 

Semences de Potirons, F. ; Kurbissamen, G. 

It has been by no means certain to what these seeds owe their un- 
doubted efficacy in the removal of tape-worm, but the active part is prob- 
ably the endopleuron or greenish envelope immediately surrounding the 
embryo, which contains a resin, the active principle. This resin is dis- 
solved and rendered more active by the castor oil, which should be given 
before and after the anthelmintic. The decorticated seeds, as well as 
the oil derived from them, are bland and unirritating, and their action is 
unattended by any unpleasant symptoms. They are administered in the 
form of a paste made by removing the outer coat of the seeds, although 



232 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

this is said not to be absolutely necessary, beating them with sugar, and 
diluting with milk or water. The emulsion, which, like all anthelmintics, 
is to be administered after a fast, should be followed by castor oil in a 
few hours. 

Dose. — One or two ounces, thirty to sixty grammes. Good results 
are said to have been obtained by the patient's carrying with him a supply 
of the seeds and eating them from time to time like nuts or confectionery. 



PEPSINUM SACCHARATUM. 

SACCHARATED PEPSIN. 

The Pharmacopoeia does not prescribe the method by which the pep- 
sin shall be prepared, but the ingenious and simple process of Mr. Scheffer 
is that almost universally followed in the United States. Pure pepsin 
probably has never been seen by any one, and the different articles going 
under this name are only approximations, and vary greatly one from the 
other. The addition of the sugar of milk is simply in order to get a pro- 
duct of uniform physiological strength and to make the pepsin into a clean, 
dry powder easy to dispense. The number of pepsins, both those of offici- 
nal strength as well as those claiming to be stronger, and other preparations 
purporting to contain several or all the digestive ferments, is very large ; 
and, since they are somewhat uncertain and liable to change by keeping, it 
is to be desired that every physician should satisfy himself before making a 
change, either by making himself the test directed by the Pharmacopoeia, 
or requesting a chemist to do so for him, that the particular kind he pro- 
poses to use is capable of digesting the standard quantity of albumen or 
fibrin, or the additional amount claimed by the manufacturer. The his- 
tory of pepsin shows that the fact of a patient digesting better for a time 
after pepsin is administered, especially if hydrochloric acid is also an in- 
gredient of the prescription, however satisfactory it may be to all par- 
ties, it is far from being conclusive as to the physiological activity of the 
pepsin. Very good results used to be obtained, and probably are so still, 
from preparations of no value except the moral effect residing in the name. 
Pepsin represents the digestive ferment of the pig's stomach arranged for 
easy and pleasing transfer to the one which is considered most nearly to 
resemble it. It is a ferment and not a solvent, and may in the stomach 
assist in the transformation of a much larger proportion of albumen into 
peptone than it can do in the pharmacopceial test. 

Its uses are obvious. Dyspepsia is the indication for its use, and is 
often relieved by it. Pepsin should generally be given not very long after 
meals, but some patients succeed in making it useful by waiting until the 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 233 

dyspeptic symptoms arise before taking the dose. The diarrhoea of chil- 
dren, if depending upon a want of digestive power in the stomach, may be 
well treated thereby ; but if the indigestion arises lower down in the intesti- 
nal canal this ferment is not appropriate to supply the deficiency. Pepsin 
has been suggested as an atomized inhalation in membranous croup, with 
a view to digesting away the membrane by an agent which will not attack 
living tissues. It has also been injected into the bladder to assist in 
breaking down a blood clot. Pepsin may be administered dry on a piece 
of bread, but the more usual method is in a solution with hydrochloric 
acid, representing approximately the normal composition of the gastric 
juice. The "Liquor pepsini" of the Pharmacopoeia is such a solution. 

Dose. — Eight to fifteen grains, one-half to one gramme (.50 to 1). 
The dose is limited chiefly by the price and bulk of the remedy. 

PETROLATUM. 

PETROLATUM. 

[Petroleum Ointment.] 

This series of completely neutral hydrocarbons is destined to almost 
entirely supersede the animal and vegetable fats in the preparation of oint- 
ments, on account of the absence of smell, acridity, and especially of any 
liability to become rancid. The physician may direct any special ointment 
to be made with such an excipient. 

Petroleum ointments, known under various proprietary names, and 
differing somewhat in their melting points, are in extensive popular and 
professional use. They may be used alone as soothing and protective ex- 
ternal applications, or combined with disinfectants, for many medical, sur- 
gical, and obstetric purposes. For the lubrication of instruments to be 
introduced into the urethra they are not so good as oil. The physician 
may prescribe the desired fineness, either by specifying the melting point 
or using the words " firmer " or " softer," or in Latin abbreviation, " dur." 
or "moll." 

PHOSPHORUS. 

PHOSPHORUS. 

Although long known as a poison, phosphorus has only recently as- 
sumed a somewhat important therapeutic position. Small doses of phos- 
phorus have, according to its apostles, a peculiar influence upon the ner- 
vous system, imparting not only rapidity and brilliancy, but originality of 
thought. They quicken the pulse, raise the temperature, promote per- 
spiration, and often excite sexual desire. Larger doses rapidly derange 



234 -THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

digestion and excite vomiting. Poisoning is characterized by vomiting, 
which may soon become bloody, coming on some hours after the ingestion 
of the poison, epigastric and abdominal pain, diarrhoea, perhaps bloody, 
and with the discharges containing phosphorescent material, followed by 
a train of severe nervous symptoms presenting nothing very characteristic, 
but indicating a profound affection of the whole system, collapse, and 
death. Blood may make its ap£>earance in the urine, stools, mucous sur- 
faces, or skin. The urine contains albumen and casts, and jaundice ap- 
pears. The most characteristic post-mortem arrpearances, besides the 
gastric and intestinal ulcerations, which are not invariably present, are 
the ecchymoses and the fatty degeneration of the stomach tubes, liver, 
kidneys, and heart. 

Chronic phosphorus-poisoning is characterized by dyspepsia, bronchial 
irritation, formication, stiffness and numbness of the limbs, softening and 
ulceration of the gums, and, most characteristic of all, necrosis of the jaw- 
bones, which may become very extensive. This symptom does not occur 
if there are no carious teeth. In match factories the workmen are some- 
times provided with bottles of the oil of turpentine, to be worn so as to 
inhale the vapor as an antidote to the phosphorus. 

Small doses of phosphorus promote the growth of osseous tissue, 
which, if lime is withheld, is soft, but if the lime salts are present, is solid 
bone. The medical uses of phosphorus are chiefly in affections of the 
nervous system, the waste of which it seems to be taken for granted the 
administration of phosphorus can counterbalance. It would require too 
much space to show upon how very slender a foundation this assumption 
rests. Phosphorus has been used, and with alleged advantage, in various 
conditions of mental weakness and decay, such as senile dementia and 
melancholia. The claims made for it as specially useful in locomotor 
ataxy are now abandoned, and the same may be said of leucocythaemia. 
In neuralgia the claims have a little more substantial foundation in actual 
experience ; but as the remedy does not seem to gain the general appro- 
bation of practitioners, although opportunities for trial are not rare, and 
especially as the doses said to be necessary border closely on the poisonous, 
it should certainly not be the first remedy tried. It has been used in some 
skin diseases. In poisoning by phosphorus, it should be remembered that 
its irritant action in the stomach, if unoxidized, is small, but that its harm- 
ful effects are produced after it has entered the blood. No oily substance 
should be given. An emetic of sulphate of copper should be administered 
and followed by non-rectified spirit of turpentine. After the first twelve 
hours the treatment must be directed to the symptoms as they arise. The 
administration of phosphorus presents some difficulties on account of 
its difficult solubility and its taste. The oil and pills are officinal. A 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 235 

tincture, nearly saturated, may be made with four hundred parts of abso- 
lute alcohol and diluted with glycerine, so that one decigramme of phos- 
phorus, forty grammes of tincture, will correspond to one hundred cubic 
centimeters of the mixture, which may be flavored with a little oil of pep- 
permint. 

Dose. — One-sixtieth to one-tenth of a grain (.001 to .006). Of the 
glycerine mixture just mentioned, one cubic centimeter will correspond to 
one milligramme, or the sixtieth of a grain, a small dose. Five cubic centi- 
meters, or a full teaspoonful, will give one-twelfth of a grain, or live milli- 
grammes, a large dose. Anything over a teaspoonful will be a very large 
dose. Larger doses than these have been given ; but, on the other hand, 
doses smaller than the largest mentioned here have caused trouble. 



PHYSOSTIGMA. 

PHYSOSTIGMA. 

[Calabar Bean.] 

PHYSOSTIGMIN>E SALICYLAS. 

SALICYLATE OF PHYSOSTIGMINB. 

The ordeal bean of Calabar is said to have been used among the native 
Africans as combining the functions of judge and executioner. A suitable 
quantity being administered to the accused, if it were vomited his in- 
nocence was established ; while if not, he died of the subsequent symp- 
toms, and was supposed to be justly punished. It is possible that the dif- 
ferent results may have been due to the differing proportion of the seed 
coats administered, perhaps by favor of the executioner, since these are 
considerably less poisonous and more emeto-cathartic in their action than 
the embryo. 

The chief symptoms from the use of Calabar bean in man are nausea 
and vomiting, increased peristaltic movement of the intestines, giddiness, 
contraction of the pupil, and muscular weakness, sweating, and from time 
to time dyspnoea, and irregular and enfeebled action of the heart. Con- 
sciousness is not lost, and there are no convulsions. In poisoning the 
pupils are not invariably contracted. In other mammalia, poisoning begins 
with muscular twitchings, which may last for a long time. Voluntary and 
reflex control of the muscles is lost, as well as sensibility to pain, but not 
to touch. In fatal cases the heart beats for some time after the cessation 
of respiration. 



236 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

When preparations of physostigma are placed in the conjunctiva, ex- 
treme contraction of the pupil and spasm of the accommodation, attended 
with some pain, take place. These symptoms do not last so long as the 
dilatation produced by atropia. The phenomena above described are 
referable to loss of power in the gray matter of the spinal cord ; the 
brain, the muscles, and the conducting portion of the cord being unaf- 
fected. Certain ganglionic centres are probably stimulated for a time 
previous to this paralysis, as is indicated by the vomiting and purging 
and the initiatory muscular twitching. The therapeutic uses are based on 
this view. Tetanus has been treated by Calabar bean, and, making due 
allowance for the fact that many of the cases were not brought under its 
influence until late in the disease, and also that the commercial prepara- 
tions are not of uniform strength, the success seems encouraging. In 
convulsive diseases, dependent upon increasing reflex excitability of the 
cord, its use is clearly rational. In chorea it is of little value. Prepa- 
rations of physostigma have been used with cathartics to increase the peri- 
staltic action of the intestines. Iu ophthalmic practice it is used to con- 
tract the pupil in some cases of adhesion of the iris, and to counteract the 
excessive action of belladonna. Its range of usefulness, however, in this 
department, is much less than that of atropine. Physostigma is an anti- 
dote to the general action of atropine within certain narrow limits ; but 
the limits are so narrow, and poisoning of dangerous intensity from 
atropine so rare that this application is of very little importance. 

In poisoning by the bean, atropine should be injected subcutaneously 
to counteract the depressing effect on the heart and respiration, and fol- 
lowed by general stimulants like heat, ammonia, and alcohol. In regard 
to the danger of poisoning from the bean itself, it may be remarked that 
of sixty children poisoned at the same time by eating it only one died. 
The salicylate of physostigma is selected from the other salts which may 
be formed, for introduction into the Pharmacopoeia, on account of its 
greater stability. It is sufliciently soluble to make a convenient hypoder- 
mic injection. ■ When used to produce constitutional effects it should be 
administered at short intervals until its physiological or therapeutic effect 
is perceived, and repeated often enough to keep up the impression. 

Dose. — Of the bean, one grain, six centigrammes (.06) ; of the extract, 
one-tenth of a grain, six milligrammes (.006) ; of the tincture, twenty-five 
drops. These are commencing or minimum doses ; the working dose is 
to be ascertained by trial in each case. Of the alkaloid, one-sixtieth to 
one-twelfth of a grain, one to five milligrammes (.001 to .005). There is 
a commercial extract-like physostigmin, about three times as strong as the 
bean. 



UNITED STATES PHAKMACOPCEIA. 237 



PHYTOLACC/E BACC/E. 

PHYTOLACCA BERRY. 

[Poke Beery.] 

PHYTOLACCA RADIX. 

PHYTOLACCA ROOT. 

[Poke Root.] 

It is not known upon what the activity of this plant depends. It is a 
slow and persistent eineto-cathartic, with some narcotic properties, as 
shown by the occurrence of drowsiness, vertigo, and dimness of vision. It 
is also considered alterative, and has been used in rheumatism. There 
are no officinal preparations. A saturated tincture and a saturated decoc- 
tion of the berries have been used, the former in the dose of a wineglass- 
ful, and the latter in that of a fluidrachm. Ointments have been used 
externally. 

Dose. — Of the dried root eight to thirty grains (.50 to 2) as an 
emetic ; as an alterative, one to five grains, six to thirty centigrammes. 

PICROTOXINUM. 

PICROTOXIN. 

The berries (cocculus Indicus) from which this substance is derived 
have been employed to poison fish. It is commonly stated that they are used 
in beer. In dogs picrotoxine gives rise to vomiting, muscular tremors, 
and convulsions ; in man, to gastro-intestinal irritation, giddiness, and 
partial paraplegia. It has been used in medicine somewhat in the same 
way with strychnine, but is at present little employed. It has been recently 
given in the night-sweats of phthisis. It is applied externally as a parasiti- 
cide in the form of ointment, ten grains to the ounce, two per cent., or as 
a decoction ; or an ointment of the berries may be used. These prepara- 
tions should be cautiously applied if there is any abrasion of the surface. 

Dose. — One to four minims of a solution of one to two hundred and 
forty of water, one two-hundred-and-fortieth to one-sixtieth of a grain, one 
to four milligrammes. 

PILOCARPIN/E HYDROCHLORAS. 

HYDROCHLORATE OF PILOCARPINE. 



238 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

PILOCARPUS. 

PILOCARPUS. 

[Jaborandi. ] 

This recently discovered drug and its officinal alkaloid manifest physi- 
ological power, not shared by any other known agent. A moderate dose of 
pilocarpine injected subcutaneously gives rise at first to a little local per- 
spiration just over the puncture ; then the skin generally becomes somewhat 
reddened, moist, and in a few minutes wet, with large amounts of perspi- 
ration which may run off in streams. At the same time the salivary secre- 
tion is greatly increased, so that it may run from the mouth and almost 
prevent the patient from talking. The bronchial moisture and the con- 
junctival secretion are increased. The urine is diminished in quantity 
when the drug is given this way ; if in small doses, several times repeated, 
it acts as a diuretic. This effect of the large dose takes place without any 
very material affection of the general condition, except that the pulse be- 
comes quick and bounding, corresponding to a diminished vascular ten- 
sion, and in some cases the heart is weakened. The external temperature 
is at first a little raised and afterward a little diminished, the change in 
both cases being merely in the distribution and not in the production of 
heat. These effects reach their height in about half an hour, and con- 
tinue for two or three hours, leaving behind no unpleasant effects, except 
some fatigue, and, in exceptional cases, a painful swelling of the salivary 
glands. The urinary solids may be found in the perspiration in consider- 
able quantity, and are correspondingly diminished in the urine. 

The action of a decoction or fluid extract of jaborandi differs from that 
just described only in some liability to produce nausea, a little delay at the 
beginning of the sweating, and a greater tendency to produce dilatation 
of the pupil, probably due to another alkaloid, jaborine, which is akin in 
many respects to atropine. A second administration usually produces 
less marked effects, and after several sudations at short intervals the 
secreting structures lose their ability to respond to the stimulus. In its 
action on the secretions pilocarpine is exactly opposed to atropine, and, 
although by both the pulse is quickened, yet the vascular tension is influ- 
enced in opposite directions. Pilocarpine, especially if locally applied, 
contracts the pupil. In jaborandi the action of pilocarpine more than 
neutralizes the effect of the opposing alkaloid, jaborine. 

Pilocarpine is used to obtain a massive effect, and not that milder and 
continued action of the skin produced by many other drugs. It may be 
employed, like the domestic herb-teas, the hot punch, or the opiate powder, 
to break upa" cold " in its incipient stage, but it is usually more power- 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 239 

ful than is necessary for this purpose. The withdrawal of water from 
dropsical effusions may be accelerated to a certain extent by sudation ; but 
the relief of so-called ursemic symptoms is a much more important func- 
tion, and impending convulsions or coma may occasionally be warded off 
by a thorough sweating. It is known that many of the urinary constituents 
are carried off in the sweating of jaborandi, and that unknown one on which 
uraemia depends is probably included. Jaborandi under these circum- 
stances is not absolutely free from danger. A comatose patient, if care is 
not taken, may not free himself from the excessive secretions and be suf- 
focated by his own saliva. The depressing effect on the heart, sometimes 
noticed, should be looked out for and provided against by stimulants, 
such as ammonia and alcohol. If this symptom were to become danger- 
ous, the proper antidote would be atropine subcutaneously. Jaborandi 
may give great, but unfortunately only temporary, relief in distressing 
dryness of the throat. It was at one time hoped that the excessive secre- 
tion of the glands provoked by jaborandi might be the means of dislodg- 
ing the false membrane of diphtheria, but the much-longed-for agent 
which can do this is yet to be found. 

Dose. — Of pilocarpine, one-eighth to one-third of a grain, eight to 
twenty milligrammes (.008 to .020), subcutaneously; by the mouth, a little 
more ; of the leaves, thirty to ninety grains, two to six grammes, in infu- 
sion not strained. 



PILUL/E ALOES. 

PILLS OF ALOES. 

It would have been better to divide the pill mass into twice or four 
times as many pills as are here directed, since for use in habitual consti- 
pation it is well to divide the dose of aloes, in order that it may be grad- 
ually reduced. They are not appropriate for use as a purgative. 

Dose. — One pill per diem. 



PILUL/E ALOES ET ASAFCETIDA. 

PILLS OF ALOES AND ASAFETIDA. 

In constipation with flatulence. 
Dose. --Two to five pills. 



240 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 



PILUL/E ALOES ET FERRI. 

PILLS OF ALOES AND IRON. 

Pilulce ltalicce Nigrce. 

Better suited than the simple pills of aloes for the treatment of habit- 
ual constipation, especially if connected with anaemia and amenorrhcea. 

Dose. — One pill once or twice a day. 

PILUL/E ALOES ET MASTICHES. 

PILLS OF ALOES AND MASTIC. 

[Lady Webster's Dinner Pills.] 
Pilulce ante Gibum ; Pilules des Gourmands. 
Have no advantage, except a slower solubility, over the simple aloes. 
Dose. — A pill once a day. 

PILUL/E ALOES ET MYRRH/E. 

PILLS OF ALOES AND MYRRH. 

[BuFus's Pills.] 

Pilulce Rufi. 

Supposed to be useful in amenorrhcea. The dose is to be regulated 
by the cathartic action of the aloes, and is not influenced by the myrrh. 

Dose. — One pill once or twice a day. 

PILUL/E ANTIMONII COMPOSIT/E. 

COMPOUND PILLS OF ANTIMONY. 

[Plummer's Pills.] 

Compound Calomel Pill. 

These pills may produce the specific effect of mercury, and be used 
accordingly. 

Dose. — One or two pills twice a day. 

PILUL/E ASAFCETID/E. 

PILLS OF ASAFETIDA. 
Dose. — One to three pills. 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 241 



PILULE CATHARTICS COMPOSIT/E. 

COMPOUND CATHARTIC PILLS. 

Antibilious Pills, E. ; Abfiihrpillen, G. 

There are a few persons who are affected by the small portion of mer- 
curial contained in these pills. If too frequently repeated, they might 
cause salivation. They are among the most useful of cathartics, but are 
preferably used for a full purgative action rather than as laxatives. 

Dose. — One to three pills. 

PILUL/E FERRI COMPOSITE. 

COMPOUND PILLS OF IRON. 

Pilules de Griffith. 

These pills are very similar to the well-known " Mistura ferri compo- 
sita." They may be used in cases of amenorrhcea and anaemia where no 
constipation exists. 

Dose. — Two to six pills two or three times a day. 
PILUL>E FERRI IODIDI. 

PILLS OF IODIDE OF IRON. 

Pilules de Blancard, Fr. ; Eisenjodiir-Pillen. 

These pills differ from the well-known " Blancard's pills," by not being; 
covered with an outside coating of reduced iron, which seemed to protect 
the interior, not only from oxidation, but from the solvent action of the gas- 
tric juice ; since after a prolonged administration, from which the patient 
was supposed to have greatly profited, a large alvine evacuation has in some 
instances restored nearly all, by actual count, which had been taken. They 
are simply another form for giving iron. 

Dose. — One or two pills two or three times a day. 

PILUL/E GALBANI COMPOSIT/E. 

COMPOUND PILLS OF GALBANUM. 

Have been used in pulmonary and uterine catarrh, and in hysteria... 

Dose. — Two to four pills. 
16 



242 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 



PILUL/E OPII. 

PILLS OF OPIUM. 

Each pill contains a grain, or six centigrammes, of opium. For local 
gastric pain an old opium pill is sometimes better, on account of its slow 
solubility, than a new one. 

The Dose is to be regulated on the general principles spoken of under 
"Morphina" and " Opium." The increased morphine value of opium in 
the present edition should not be overlooked. 

PILUL/E PHOSPHORI. 

PILLS OF PHOSPHORUS. 

Each pill contains the hundredth part of a grain, six-tenths of a milli- 
gramme (.0006). If large doses are to be given, it would be well to select 
some other preparation, as the " phosphorated oil " or the tincture de- 
scribed under " Phosphorus." 

The Dose is to be regulated as stated under " Phosphorus," and from 
one to five pills may be given three times a day. 

PILUL/E RHEI. 

PILLS OF RHUBARB. 

Each pill contains three grains, about twenty centigrammes (.20), of 
Thubarb. They are mildly laxative. 

Dose. — One to three pills. 

PILUL/E RHEI COMPOSIT/E. 

COMPOUND PILLS OF RHUBARB. 

Xiaxative and cathartic. To be used in habitual constipation. Each 
pill contains two grains, thirteen centigrammes (. 13), of rhubarb and three- 
fourths of this amount of aloes. 

Dose. — One to four pills. 

PIMENTA. 

PIMENTA. 

[Allspice.] 

Allspice is used as a condiment In cookery. As a medicine, it is a 
-carminative or mild intestinal stimulant, which is more frequently given 
with tonics and cathartics than alone. An infusion may be used, but the 
officinal oil is more convenient. 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 243 

PIPER. 

PEPPER. 

[Black Peppee.] 

PIPERINA. 

PIPERINE. 

Pepper owes its smell to a volatile oil ; its pungent taste partly to a 
resin and partly to an alkaloid piperina. Pepper is an irritant when ap- 
plied to the skin, and internally resembles other aromatics. It is largely 
used as a condiment. In medicine it is sometimes employed as a counter- 
irritant or as a local stimulant. Pepper and its alkaloid have a certain 
efficacy in intermittent fever, especially in the older cases, either alone or 
administered with quinine. 

Dose. — In substance, five to twenty grains, thirty to one hundred and 
thirty centigrammes (.30 to 1.30). The peppercorns may be eaten as an 
antiperiodic. Of pipeline, one to ten grains, six to sixty-four centi- 
grammes (.06 to .64). 

PIX BURGUNDICA. 

BURGUNDY PITCH. 

Poix de Bourgogne, Poix Blanche, Fr. ; Burgunder Harz (Pech), G. 

This pitch is used exclusively as an external application in the form of 
a plaster. It is slightly irritating, and has that amount of efficacy in vari- 
ous chronic inflammations which comes from support and protection of 
the parts with some congestion of the skin. A hairy part should be 
shaved before applying an adhesive plaster, and the plaster should be 
warmed before an attempt is made to remove it. A little oil of turpen- 
tine, between the raised edge of the plaster and skin, will facilitate its re- 
moval if very tightly adherent. 

PIX CANADENSIS. 

CANADA PITCH. 

[Hemlock Pitch.] 

This may be used to make plasters, but is a little softer than the pre- 
ceding. A volatile oil distilled from it or the hemlock branches resembles 
closely the other volatile oils derived from the conifern?, and might be 
used internally in much the same way as oil of turpentine. 



244 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

PIX LIQUIDA. 

TAR. 

Resina Empyreumatica Liquida — Goudron, Goudron Vegetal, Fr. ; Theer, G. 

Tar is a very complex mixture of resins and hydrocarbons, of which 
the two which most distinguish it from other resins are creasote and car- 
bolic acid. It is probably to these that its irritant action on the skin is 
largely due. When taken internally, tar gives rise to more or less gastro- 
intestinal irritation, sometimes attended with headache, giddiness, and 
febrile symptoms. In the process of elimination through the kidneys it 
may give rise to irritation and increased diuresis. Many of these symp- 
toms can also be produced by its application over a large surface of the 
body. Tar-water and oil of tar also produce similar symptoms, and the 
latter preparation has caused death, with appearances not unlike those 
observed in carbolic-acid poisoning. Tar is used externally in the form 
of ointment, or, unmixed, in various skin diseases, especially eczema, psori- 
asis, and scabies. Tar is taken internally in the form of tar- water, and also 
as an atomized inhalation in pharyngitis, laryngitis, and even bronchitis. 
Its vapor, produced by gentle heating over a lamp, may also be inhaled in 
the latter affection. Its internal use has been recommended in bronchial 
catarrh and phthisis, as well as in some of the cutaneous diseases in which 
its external use has been mentioned. The sensitiveness of different pa- 
tients to tar seems to vary within wide limits. Tar may be administered 
in capsules or in pills made with wax and some vegetable powder, or with 
magnesia. Tar-water, made by agitating a pint of tar with four pints of 
water, decanting and filtering, can also be used in the quantity of one or 
two pints per diem. 

Dose. — In substance, five to twenty-four grains, thirty to one hundred 
and fifty centigrammes (.30 to 1.50). 

PLUMBI ACETAS. 

ACETATE OF LEAD. 

[Sugar of Lead.] 

Sel (Sucre) de Saturne, Fr. ; Essigsaures Bleioxyd, Bleizucker, G. 

Acetate of lead in large doses is an irritant poison, which may in ani- 
mals, after the acute stage has gone by, give rise to the symptoms of 
chronic lead disease, especially the paralyses. In man, however, the 
chronic symptoms are not developed from the single dose, which produces 
a sense of constriction in the mouth, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, fever, and 
scanty urine, and is almost always recovered from. Long-continued medi- 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 245 

cinal use of a salt of lead may, of course, give rise to the chronic effects, 
such as the blue line on the gums, colic, paralyses, and cerebral symp- 
toms ; but, as a matter of fact, this is of excessively rare occurrence, 
probably for the reason that it is never given long enough at a time to 
develop these effects. In a case of acute poisoning, emetics should be 
given, with sulphate of magnesia, in order to produce an insoluble sul- 
phate with the lead. Acetate of lead is used as an astringent in diarrhoea 
and dysentery, and has the great advantage, especially for children, that 
its taste is not disagreeable. It is said to check the too abundant sputa 
and the sweating of phthisis. It is employed as a styptic in hemorrhages 
from the lungs, kidneys, uterus, and bowels, but is probably not the most 
efficient drug which can be used for this purpose. Its astringent and 
sedative effect is supposed to have cured aneurism. Externally it is used 
as a lotion for contusions and excoriations, but should not be continued 
too long for fear of absorption. A lead wash is one of the best local ap- 
plications in ivy (Rhus toxicodendron) poisoning. It is better not to em- 
ploy acetate of lead as a collyrium, since, if ulceration of the cornea be 
present, a deposit may take place which will cause permanent opacity. 

Dose. — In hemorrhage, one to five grains, six to thirty centigrammes 
(.06 to .30), every hour. In diarrhoea, one grain, six centigrammes (.06), 
every two or three hours in pill ; or for children, a fraction of this dose in 
powder with sugar of milk. For colliquative sweats, two grains, twelve 
centigrammes (.12), two or three hours before they are likely to appear. 



PLUMB! CARBONAS. 

CARBONATE OF LEAD. 

[White Lead.] 

Cerussa, P. G. ; Ceruse, Fr. ; Bleiweiss, G. 

When mixed with oil this is the ordinary white paint, and undoubt- 
edly gives rise in the process of manufacture to many cases of lead poison- 
ing. It is used only as an external application in the form of powder or 
officinal ointment, and should not be continued too long, especially on an 
abraded surface. White paint may be used as an application to burns. 

PLUMBI IODIDUM. 

IODIDE OF LEAD. 

Used externally in the form of an ointment, which has no particular 
advantage except its color. 



246 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 



PLUMBI NITRAS. 

NITRATE OF LEAD. 

Salpetersaures Bleioxyd, Bleisalpeter, G. 

Used as an external astringent and deodorizer in gangrene, ozsena, 
sore nipples, and onychia. Solutions up to one per cent, may be employed. 
It lias been used as a disinfectant for drains, bilge- water, etc., on account 
of its affinity for sulphuretted hydrogen, but its expeusiveness is a disad- 
vantage for this purpose. 



PLUMBI OXIDUM. 

OXIDE OF LEAD. 

[Litharge.] 

Lithargyrum, P. G. ; Litharge, E. ; Bleigldtte, G. 

Litharge is used to make lead plaster, and sometimes as an external 
application mixed with oil. 

PODOPHYLLUM. 

PODOPHYLLUM. 

[May Apple.] 

Mandrake Root, E. ; Fassblattwurzel, G. 

Podophyllum contains a resin, upon which its cathartic action de- 
pends ; the absence of berberina and any other alkaloid seems to be 
conclusively demonstrated. Its powder is irritating to the air-passages 
when inhaled. The drug is said to produce its characteristic effects when 
applied to an ulcer. In small doses podophyllum is a laxative ; in large 
ones a vigorous, but slowly acting cathartic, which seems, on a basis both 
of clinical observation and physiological experiment, to have the power of 
stimulating the flow of the bile more than many other cathartics. The 
resin is much more commonly employed than the crude drug. It is often 
combined with other cathartics, like colocynth or aloes. 

Dose. — As a laxative, half a grain, three centigrammes (.03).; as a 
purgative, ten to twenty grains, sixty to one hundred and thirty centi- 
grammes (.60 to 1.30). 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 247 



POTASSA. 

POTASSA. 

Kali Causticum Fusum, P. G. ; Lapis Causticus Chirurgorum, E. ; Potasse 

Ganstique, Fr. ; Mtzkali, G. 

Caustic potassa is used for some surgical and gynaecological purposes 
where it is desired to break down morbid or cicatricial tissue, or occasion- 
ally for opening an abscess or bubo where there is danger of hemorrhage. 
Its uses are, however, very limited. Dissolved in water it may be used to 
make solutions of a strength greater than that of the "Liquor potassse," if 
such are desired, for external application. Its action should be carefully 
guarded by placing around the part to be attacked cotton soaked in vinegar 
or a piece of sticking-plaster. For any internal use a solution may be pre- 
scribed, although the "Liquor" is far stronger than could possibly be 
given undiluted, and, in fact, there are few purposes for which such a 
solution could be advantageously employed. 

Crude potassse or lye accidentally swallowed may cause irritant poison- 
ing and death. The antidote is a weak acid, as acetic or tartaric. 

POTASSA CUM CALCE. 

POTASSA WITH LIME. 

This is merely a dilution of the preceding preparation, for external use. 
The powder may be made into a paste with a little alcohol, and applied 
with the same precautions as in the case of potassa. 

POTASSA SULPHURATA. 

SULPHURATED POTASSA. 

[Potassii Sulphuretum, Pharm., 1870.] 

Liver of Potash, E. ; Foi de Soufre, Fr. ; Kalischwefelleber, G. 

This odoriferous drug is seldom used internally in any of the large 
number of diseases for which it was once recommended. It might have, 
perhaps, the same effect upon suppuration as the " sulphurated lime," but 
it has not been thus used. It has been employed externally, in skin dis- 
eases and mucous discharges, in the form of ointment or lotion. Baths 
have also been used, which irritate the skin and cause sweating and slight 
cutaneous eruptions. They have been found useful in rheumatism and 
other chronic diseases. Four ounces of the salt is a proper quantity for a 
full bath. An ointment may be made of sixteen per cent. 

Dose. — Internally, three to ten grains, twenty to sixty-five centi- 
grammes (.20 to .65). 



248 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

POTASSII ACETAS. 

ACETATE OP POTASSIUM. 

Terra Foliata Tartari, E. ; Essigsaures Kali, G. 

This preparation is an active diuretic, being decomposed either in the 
intestinal canal or in the blood, appearing in the urine as a bicarbonate 
and rendering it alkaline. It is, for all action on the blood, equivalent to 
a carbonate, with less disturbing effect upon the stomach. Small doses 
have a diaphoretic effect, and large ones may in some persons act as a 
cathartic. The uses of acetate of potassa are therefore double. Simply 
as a diuretic, often combined with others more stimulating, it is em- 
ployed in dropsy of various kinds, from nephritis and from disease of the 
liver and heart, in the latter case the combination with digitalis being 
most appropriate. It is used as an antacid in gout, rheumatism, and va- 
rious cutaneous affections, especially if connected with the uric acid 
diathesis. For these cases, however, Kthia salts have some advantages. 
In the treatment of acute rheumatism the potassa salt should be rapidly 
pushed until the urine is distinctly alkaline, and the dose then diminished. 
The extreme alkalization should be stopped as soon as prudent, and tonics, 
such as iron and quinine, be substituted. An extemporized acetate may 
be made by neutralizing the bicarbonate of potassium with vinegar, the 
mixture, which may also be sweetened, to be drunk during effervescence. 

Dose. — In acute rheumatism, one-half ounce to one ounce, fifteen to 
thirty grammes, in solution in divided doses, w T ill probably be required in 
twenty-four hours ; but the real guide should be the reaction of the urine, 
which should be tested from time to time with litmus paper. As a diapho- 
retic, ten grains, sixty centigrammes (.60), should be given at short inter- 
vals. 

POTASSII BICARBONAS. 

BICARBONATE OF POTASSIUM. 

Doppel-Kohlensanres Kali, G. 

This salt has essentially the same action in the blood as the last, and 
may be used for the same purposes, but is more likely to disorder the 
stomach if given in large doses. It is more useful when the acidity which 
it is desired to neutralize arises from the primse vise, and it is better to 
reserve the carbonate for such cases, and employ the acetate when it is 
simply desired to increase the alkalinity of the blood or urine. A solution 
may be used externally. 

Dose.- — Fifteen to sixty grains, one to to four grammes. 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 249 

POTASSII BICHROMAS. 

BICHROMATE OF POTASSIUM. 

Doppel-Chromsaures Kali, G. 

Bichromate of potassium has hardly any medicinal use except as an 
escharotic milder than chromic acid. It is largely used for the hardening 
of anatomical specimens and in some forms of galvanic battery. It is an 
antiseptic. 

POTASSII BITARTRAS. 

BITARTRATE OF POTASSIUM. 

Tartarus Depuratus, P. G. ; Gremor Tartari, Acid Tartrate of Potash, E. ; 
Pierre de Vin, Fr. ; Weinstein, G. 

Cream of tartar is laxative in a single large dose taken without much 
water, but a saturated solution in divided doses is diuretic. Excessive 
doses (four or five tablespoonfuls) of the salt may cause poisoning, with 
vomiting, purging, collapse, and death. As a cathartic, cream of tartar is 
seldom used alone, but with the milder drugs as a laxative, or with jalap 
as a hydragogue. The solution as a cooling drink may be sweetened 
and flavored, or if it is desired to increase its diuretic effects it may be 
combined with some more stimulating vegetable infusion, as broom, juni- 
per, buchu, or others. 

Dose. — As a cathartic, one-half an ounce to an ounce, fifteen to thirty 
grammes. The cream-of-tartar- water may be taken at intervals to the ex- 
tent of two pints a day. 

POTASSII BROMIDUM. 

BROMIDE OF POTASSIUM. 

Kalium Bromatum, P. G. ; Bromhalium, G. 

Bromide of potassium has a disagreeable strongly saline taste, and in 
large dose and too strongly concentrated solution, is likely to cause 
nausea or some pain in the stomach. It is absorbed from the stomach 
and rectum, and in small quantity from the skin in a cold bath. It is 
eliminated unchanged, chiefly by the urine. Small doses of the bromide, 
even several times repeated, give rise to no very marked effects, except 
sometimes to a little quietude, diminution of restlessness, and if the pa- 
tient is perfectly quiet and undisturbed, a slight inclination to sleep. There 
is no effect upon the pulse, except that which goes with rest. Upon the 



250 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 



pupils or upon the secretions, none, except perhaps a little diuresis. 
Larger doses, fifteen to ninety grains, one to six grammes, produce, ac- 
cording to the susceptibility of the person, a more or less decidedly quieting 
effect, and sleep is more sound and less liable to be disturbed by noises 
or trifling interruptions. A person sleeping under the influence of a full 
therapeutic dose can, however, be roused without difficulty. A not unpleas- 
ant prickling or tingling sensation over the whole body, about half an hour 
after the dose, has often been experienced by the author. There are no 
unpleasant sensations or depression on awaking, but usually a copious 
flow of urine. Acute fatal poisoning from the bromide alone is unknown. 
In an unpublished case communicated to the author, four ounces of bro- 
mide, taken within forty-eight hours, was followed by profound comatose 
sleep, and marked cutaneous anaesthesia, and inability to swallow, lasting 
for fourteen days. The pulse was at first about 80, and strong, but after- 
ward became feeble. The respiration was also feeble. After some days 
large quantities of mucus collected in the fauces. 

The most decided effects are those which follow a continued dose. 
Among them are acne, diminished reflex sensibility of the fauces, and of 
the genitourinary organs ; a slow and feeble pulse, aphonia, nauseous 
breath, congestion of the fauces, a hoarse cough, tottering gait, with a 
feeling of great weakness on trying to walk ; loss of mental activity, though 
this is rather a want of desire than of ability to think, and, finally, 
some hallucinations, and mildly maniacal attacks. Death is not certainly 
known to have occurred from bromide of potassium alone. Attention 
has been called to the great similarity which may exist between chronic 
bromism and the general paralysis of the insane, and the possibility of 
bromism obscuring and complicating the symptoms of cerebral disease in 
such a way as to lead to an unduly serious prognosis. Besides acne, an 
ecthyma-like eruption and cutaneous ulcers very difficult to heal so long 
as the bromide is continued, may make their appearance. The administra- 
tion of Fowler's solution or of tincture of cinchona is said to diminish 
the liability to these troublesome eruptions. 

This bromide is undoubtedly a general nervo-muscular sedative, with 
a peculiar affinity for the reflex-motor and cerebral centres. The theory 
has been held that its action is largely due to its contracting the smaller 
blood-vessels, thus rendering the tissues anaemic and unable to perform 
their functions. It is much more probable that the anaemia is the result 
than the cause of functional inactivity. It has also been suggested that 
bromide of potassium produces its effects solely as a potash salt, and that 
all its symptoms are to be explained by the depressing action which all 
potassa salts in very large doses exert upon the heart. It is possible that 
the potassium does have an effect upon the heart when the salt is given in 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 251 

very large doses ; but the amount of any potash salt required to act 
notably on the heart is larger than the ordinary doses of the bromide, 
and no other potash salt produces the same effect upon the nervous sys- 
tem. Moreover, the action of bromide of potassium is like, though prob- 
ably more intense than, that of the other bromides and of hydrobromic 
acid. 

The uses of bromide of potassium cover a great multitude of diseases, 
but the indications for its exhibition are quite definite. Nervous over- 
excitability may be stated in a general way as the condition calling for it. 

The following are some of the special conditions in which experience 
has shown it to be of value : In headache, especially if arising from over- 
work or excitement, or occurring in the course of continued fevers, a 
single dose, or better, two or three at short intervals, and amounting to 
from four to eight grammes altogether, may give great relief, especially if 
it be possible to administer the doses at or near bedtime, when the pa- 
tient is no longer liable to disturbances. In sleeplessness occurring under 
similar circumstances to those mentioned, the bromide may be given in 
the same way, although it may often require the assistance of some more 
powerful drug. In delirium tremens and that condition of " nervous- 
ness " immediately preceding its complete development, chloral and bro- 
mide are often given, the latter being in double proportion, and the dose 
being regulated chiefly by the chloral. For the noisy and restless insane the 
bromide alone, or in the combination just named, or with cannabis Indica, 
is of great value ; but insanity with depression or melancholia is not so 
likely to be benefited. If pain is present, opium may be indicated, and 
the bromide, under these circumstances, sometimes converts the painless 
but sleepless night into a much more refreshing period of slumber. The 
bromide is one of the best corrigents of morphine, and should be given, 
if possible, two or three hours in advance of the opiate. Genital excita- 
bility may be much influenced by the continued dose, which is to be 
employed in spermatorrhoea, in hysteria, and in some kinds of neuralgia 
connected with disturbances of the sexual function. The nervous disturb- 
ances attending the change of life are greatly relieved by it. In ordinary 
neuralgia it is not likely to be of much value. In some spasmodic affec- 
tions, such as tetanus and strychnia poisoning, it would be clearly indi- 
cated, if it were not for the slowness of its action relative to the rapidity 
of the poison or the disease. Tetanus, however, has been very successfully 
treated by it, and even a case of strychnia poisoning. Various spasmodic 
diseases of children, such as chorea and whooping-cough, have been bene- 
fited by it in conjunction with other drugs, especially tonics. Convulsions 
are often treated by it, though generally more powerful and rapidly acting 
drugs are used in its place or with it. 



252 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

Epilepsy is the most signal triumph of this drug, especially the cases 
where the fits are fully developed and occur in the daytime. Petit mal 
and nocturnal epilepsy, though perhaps favorably influenced, are not so 
fully controlled by it. In the former cases, a few are cured permanently, 
others for a greater or less number of years or months. Others have no fits 
so long as the bromide is continued, and almost all have the number of fits 
much diminished, while a small minority receive no benefit. In epilepsy 
the bromide is to be given until the symptoms are distinctly checked, or 
the condition of bromism becomes not only unpleasant but dangerous. It 
must be continued, supporting the patient's general health in the mean- 
time, for months or years. The action of bromide upon the heart, either 
direct or through the spinal centres, is often of value, as in nervous palpi- 
tation or in exophthalmic goitre. 

According to Kabuteau, the bromides have the same effect in hastening 
the elimination of metallic poisons (mercury and lead) that is possessed 
by the iodide. Bromide of potassium, which still holds, in spite of its dis- 
agreeable taste, the place at the head of the list of bromides, must be ad- 
ministered in solution, by the mouth or rectum. Its saline taste may be 
diminished by the addition of bicarbonate of sodium in about half its 
quantity, and the taste can be partly concealed by elixirs or syrups, but 
a large dose cannot be made very agreeable. 

The Dose has been alluded to in the preceding lines. It may be stated 
as varying from half a gramme to seven grammes, two or three times a 
day. Even larger doses have been given for some days at a time. If 
the drug is intended to produce sleep, or control symptoms present, more 
especially in the night, the doses may be given from the latter part of the 
afternoon until bedtime. 



POTASSII CARBONAS. 

CARBONATE OF POTASSIUM. 

Carbonate de Potasse, Fr. ; Kohlensaures Kali, G. 

This salt is much less irritating than "potassa," but more so than the 
bicarbonate. For all purposes of internal administration it is better to 
use the latter. Its uses and action, with the exception just noted, are the 
same. It may be used externally in the form of baths, which are antacid 
and irritant. A lotion of one hundred and twenty grains to the pint (one 
and one-half per cent. ) might be used in skin diseases. 

The Dose should be a little less than that of the bicarbonate. 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 253 

POTASSII CHLORAS. 

CHLORATE OP POTASSIUM. 

Kali Oxymuriaticum, E.; Chlorate de Potasse, Fr. ; Chlorsaures Kali, G. 

Chlorate of potassium has been used in medicine on the theory that 
it readily parts with the oxygen, of which it contains so large a proportion, 
to the advantage of the blood and the tissues. There is no reason to sup- 
pose that it is really decomposed in this way ; but it is absorbed and elim- 
inated unchanged by all the secretions, though chiefly the urine, which 
it increases in quantity. Small doses produce no marked symptoms, but 
large ones give rise to gastro-intestinal irritation and a peculiar nephri- 
tis, with scanty and dark urine. It has recently been shown that the 
dark urine is due to decomposed blood which blocks up the renal tubes, 
or is discharged in the form of peculiar blood casts. In large doses it 
has a depressing effect on the heart. Its principal use is as a deodorizer 
and detergent wash, gargle, or injection, which may be applied to any ul- 
cerating surface, but is specially used in all forms of stomatitis — mercu- 
rial, syphilitic, aphthous— or of pharyngitis, acute and chronic. It may 
be used as an injection in the nasal cavities. Its internal use is of com- 
paratively little importance, although it has been administered by the 
stomach in almost all the diseases in which it was found useful as a local 
application, and in many others, chiefly on the basis of the theory stated 
above. It has been supposed to be of benefit in ovarian tumors and in 
malignant disease, and also to prevent threatened abortion. Its modus 
operandi in these cases is obscure, to say the least. Chlorate of potassium 
should not be prescribed in the dry condition with any organic or easily 
oxidizable substance, such as sugar, sulphur, tannin, hypophosphite of 
sodium, or potassium. Strong acids will decompose it, and the same is 
true of an acid sulphate. Iodide of potassium should not be given with 
it, for fear of the formation of the poisonous iodate. It is best given in 
solution, though its powder without admixture could be taken without 
much difficulty. As a wash and gargle a solution saturated at an ordinary 
temperature may be properly used. For a local application in the mouth 
it may be melted and run into a bullet mould, and the mass be allowed 
to dissolve in the mouth. 

Dose. — Ten to thirty grains, sixty-five centigrammes to two grammes 
(.65 to 2), once in three or four hours. 



254 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

POTASSM CITRAS. 

CITRATE OF POTASSIUM. 

Citrate de Potasse, Fr. ; Citronsaures Kali, G. 

Citrate of potassium shares the action of the acetate, and may be used 
in the same way (see " Potassii Acetas " ; and " Liquor," and " Mistura Po- 
tassii Citratis"). 

Dose. — Twenty to sixty grains, one and one-half to four grammes. 
POTASSII CYANIDUM. 

CYANIDE OP POTASSIUM. 

Cyanure de Potassium, Fr. ; Gyankalium, G. 

The action of this salt is due to its hydrocyanic acid, from which, how- 
ever, it differs slightly in its poisonous effects by the presence of more 
local irritation, as shown by the black color of the interior of the stomach 
found after death. The salt also is not quite so rapid in its action. Poi- 
soning from it may happen on account of its common use in photography 
and in electro-plating. Its uses are those of hydrocyanic acid, and it has 
been applied externally, although there are no indications for it which 
cannot as well be fulfilled by other less dangerous drugs. 

Dose. — One-sixteenth to half a grain, four to thirty-two milligrammes 
(.004 to .032), once or twice a day. 

POTASSII ET SODII TARTRAS. 

TARTRATE OF POTASSIUM AND SODIUM. 

[Rochelle Salt.] 

A gentle laxative in a single large dose. Smaller doses frequently re- 
peated render the urine more copious and alkaline. 

Dose. — As a laxative, half an ounce to an ounce, fifteen to thirty 
grammes. To alkalize the urine, half a drachm to a drachm, two to four 
grammes, may be given every two or three hours. 

POTASSII FERROCYANIDUM. 

FERROCYANIDE OF POTASSIUM. 

Potassce Prussias Flava, Br. ; Yellow Prussiate of Potash, E. ; Prussiate 
Jaune de Potasse, Fr. ; Blutlaugensalz, G. 

Has no special medicinal virtues. It has been used in certain physio- 
logical experiments on account of giving a marked color reaction and being 
harmless in the circulation. It is used as a chemical test. 



UNITED STATES FHARMACOFCEIA. 255 

POTASSII HYPOPHOSPHIS. 

HYPOPHOSPHITE OF POTASSIUM. 

Unterphosphorigsaures Kali, G. 

This salt may be united in prescription with the other hypophosphites, 
viz., of calcium and sodium, the action and uses of which it shares. The 
syrup of the hypophosphites, however, will be found the most convenient 
form, as, on account of the deliquescence of the salt, it is not suited for 
prescription in the solid form, and there are no purposes for which it is 
desirable to use the hypophosphite of potash without the others. 

Dose. — Eight to thirty grains, one-half to one gramme. 
POTASSII IODIDUM. 

IODIDE OF POTASSIUM. 

Jodkalium, G. 

The action of iodide of potassium is nearly the same as that of the 
iodine, but the irritating effects are wanting, so that the salt is almost 
universally employed when the constitutional effects of iodine are desired. 
This very diffusible salt is rapidly absorbed from the stomach and quickly 
finds its way to the secretions. It is probably absorbed from the skin to 
some extent, and under some circumstances, such as the dry salt being 
applied to the skin or from a cold bath. Its effects are a metallic, some- 
what persistent taste in the mouth, the susceptibility to which varies 
greatly in different individuals ; an eruption, most frequently acniform, 
and a catarrh involving the nasal, conjunctival, and sometimes the laryn- 
geal and bronchial mucous membranes. Wasting of glandular organs and 
a heavy, depressed condition sometimes occur after a prolonged use ; but 
the severe gastric and nervous disturbances and general cachexia and 
wasting, although described as effects of iodide of potash, are certainly 
among the very rarest of accidents, even after large doses and prolonged 
treatment. Salivation after iodide of potassium may be of two kinds, the 
first a mere revival of former mercurial treatment, and the second a stimu- 
lation of the salivary glands by the iodide without the stomatitis and 
offensive odor of the mercury. 

No perfectly satisfactory explanation of the action of iodide of potas- 
sium has been given, and the proofs of its utility are entirely clinical. It 
is the most important drug in the treatment of the later stages of syphilis 
as manifested in the severer forms of cutaneous disease, in periostitis, or 
in gummata of the internal organs. These cases call for large doses. The 
curability of any disease by iodide of potassium, however, does not war- 
rant a diagnosis of syphilis. The iodide may be of benefit in chronic rheu- 



256 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

matism, especially muscular, but is as little a specific as many other drugs ; 
in acute it is surpassed by many means of treatment. Rheumatic neural- 
gia may be benefited by it. The compounds formed in the body by lead 
and mercury are broken up, and the metals again set free in the circulation 
by the iodide, and it is often used to eliminate them from the body ; but 
care should be taken that their effects are not temporarily increased to too 
great an extent. The dose in these cases should be small to begin with, 
and carefully augmented. It is well for purposes of diagnosis to ad- 
minister iodide of potassium for a few days before examining the urine 
for lead in a case of suspected poisoning. If the metal be not then found 
it is safe to exclude plumbism from the diagnosis. It has been used to 
promote the absorption of hypertrophied connective-tissue, as in spinal 
sclerosis, but there is no proof of its efficacy in this direction. As to 
chronic Bright's disease, it is neither cause nor cure. It should be given 
freely in all cases of cerebral tumors, and often in meningitis. Its elimi- 
nation through the respiratory mucous membrane is the explanation not 
only of the usual coryza, but of the relief afforded in asthma and chronic 
bronchitis. Experience has shown that iodide of potassium is often use- 
ful in aneurism of the aorta, but any explanation of this action is as yet 
not easy. Many other diseases have been treated by it, but enough has 
been said to point out the principal indications for its use. 

Iodide of potassium is usually prescribed in simple solution or in com- 
pound infusion, or syrup of sarsaparilla ; small doses may be given in pill. 
It should not be given with chlorate of potassa. 

Dose. — From five to thirty grains, thirty centigrammes to two grammes, 
thrice per diem. Occasionally in syphilis even more is used. 

POTASSII NITRAS. 

NITRATE OF POTASSIUM. 

Nitre, Saltpetre, E. ; Nitre Prismatique, Azotate {Nitrate) de Potasse, Fr. ; 
Salpetersaures Kali, Kalisalpeter, G. 

Small doses of this salt produce no marked effects, except occasionally 
a slight diuresis. In large doses — an ounce or more — it is a gastrointesti- 
nal irritant, and like other potash salts has a depressing effect upon the 
heart, which seems to account for the feeble pulse, debility, and collapse 
observed in poisoning. It has been used in several febrile diseases, such 
as pneumonia and rheumatism, and also as a diuretic in dropsy, but its 
utility in either of these conditions may be doubted. The fumes of burning 
nitre paper (see Charta Potassii Nitratis) are useful in spasmodic asthma. 

Dose. — Ten to thirty grains, sixty centigrammes to two grammes, in 
powder or solution. 



* UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 257 

POTASSII PERMANGANAS. 

PERMANGANATE OF POTASSIUM. 

Potassce Permanganas, Br. ; Kali Hypermanganicum Grystallisatum, P. G. ; 
Hypermanganas Potassicus s. Kalicus — Permanganate of Potash, E. ; Per- 
manganate de Potasse, Fr. ; Uebermangansaures Kali, G. 

This salt contains a large proportion of oxygen, with a part of which it 
readily disposes in favor of organic material, and is itself reduced to a 
lower oxide, as shown by the change of color from a beautiful purple to a 
muddy brown. It is by its activity as an oxidizer that it becomes a disin- 
fectant. It has been administered internally, but it would be difficult to 
say what are the indications for it. Locally it is of great value in many 
diseases attended with decomposing or offensive discharges, as ulcerating 
cancer, caries, gangrene, diphtheria, ozsena, otorrhcea, leucorrhcea, gonor- 
rhoea, offensive breath or perspiration. As a wash for the hands after dis- 
section or vaginal examination it has only the disadvantage of giving them 
a brown stain, which, however, can be removed by weak sulphurous or 
muriatic acids, or by sulphate of iron. This easily decomposable salt 
should not be prescribed with any organic material or other easily oxidiz- 
able substance. Accidental impurities in water may be sufficient to partly 
change the color of its solution. It is used both as a test and corrigent 
for the presence of organic impurities in drinking-water. A solution of 
four grains to the ounce (a little less than one per cent.) may be taken 
as the average for disinfecting purposes or as a lotion. In the disinfec- 
tion of drains or bilges of ships (for which it is very efficient) its costli- 
ness constitutes an objection. 

Dose. — Two to five grains, thirteen to thirty- two centigrammes (.13 to 
.32), in solution in distilled water. 



POTASSII SULPHAS. 

SULPHATE OF POTASSIUM. 

Potassce Sulphas, Br. ; Kali Sulfuricum, P. G. ; Sulfas Potassicus s. Kalicus, 
Arcanum Duplicatum, Tartarus Titriolatus, Sal Polychrestum Glaseri — 
Sulphate of Potash, E. ; Sulfate de Potasse, Fr. ; Schwefelsaures Kali, G. 

This salt has been used as a cathartic, but is harsh in its action. Death 
has taken place from overdoses. 

Dose. — Two to four drachms, eight to sixteen grammes. 
17 



258 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

POTASSII SULPHIS. 

SULPHITE OF POTASSIUM. 

Kali Sulfarosum, Sulfis Potassicus s. Kalicus — Sulfite de Potasse, Fr. ; 

Schwefligsaures Kali, G. 

Like the other sulphites this may be used as an internal antiseptic, 
although the treatment of zymotic diseases by the sulphites has not been 
followed by any exceptionally favorable results. It may be useful in fer- 
mentative dyspepsia. It may be used externally or locally as a cleansing 
lotion. It should not be prescribed with any oxidizing material. The 
sulphites are less stable than the hyposulphites. 

Dose. — Two to ten grains, twelve to sixty centigrammes (.12 to .60). 
POTASSII TARTRAS. 

TARTRATE OF POTASSIUM. 

Potasses Tartras, Br. ; Kali Tartaricum, P. G. ; Tartras Potassicus s. Kalicus, 
Tartarus Tartarisatus, Tartarus Solubilis — Tartrate of Potash, Soluble 
Tartar, E. ; Tartrate de Potasse, Tartre Soluble, Sel Vegetate, Fr. ; Neu- 
trales Weinsaures Kali, G. 

This salt is very similar to the citrate of potash and to the tartrate of 
potassium and sodium, and acts as a diuretic and antacid in small doses, 
and a laxative in large. It is less agreeable to the taste than the bitar- 
trate. 

Dose. — Half an ounce to an ounce, fifteen to thirty grammes. The 
same, or even less quantities, would in most cases, if given in divided doses 
during twenty-four hours, render the urine decidedly alkaline. 

PRINOS. 

PRINOS. 

[Black Aldee.] 

Winterberry, Feverbush, E. ; Prinos, Fr., G. 

Alder bark is astringent and bitter. It has, like many other indigen- 
ous bitters, been used in intermittent fever, as well as in diarrhoea and 
skin diseases. It may be applied locally. 

Dose. — Thirty grains, two grammes. A decoction made by the gen- 
eral rule may be given in the dose of one or two ounces, thirty to sixty 
grammes. 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 259 



PRUNUM. 

PRUNE. 

Prunes, Fr. ; Pflaumen, Zwetschen, G. 

This fruit is used chiefly as food, with a slight laxative tendency. They 
may, if taken to excess, like other sweet fruits, give rise to some intestinal 
disturbance. They are used to relieve or prevent chronic constipation, 
and their efficacy may be added to by stewing them with senna. They are 
used in confection of senna, and may also be given with other cathartics. 



PRUNUS VIRGINIANA. 

WILD CHERRY BARK. 

jScorce de Cerisier de Virginie, Fr. ; Wildkirschenrinde, G. 

This bark contains a bitter principle, and also amygdalin and emulsin, 
which in watery preparations, like the cold officinal infusion, or syrup, 
produce hydrocyanic acid. The latter does not make its presence mani- 
fest unless large doses are taken. Most of the proprietary drugs which 
bear the name of wild cherry owe much of their flavor to artificially pro- 
duced hydrocyanic acid, or to oil of bitter almonds, or, possibly, to nitro- 
benzol. Wild cherry may be used simply as a bitter tonic, but its sedative 
action, due to the acid, is supposed to be useful in the relief of cough, es- 
pecially in phthisis. In general, however, it is better for the sake of accu- 
racy to prescribe the officinal acid in an appropriate vehicle. 

Dose. — In substance, thirty or forty grains, but its preparations are 
much more convenient. The infusion is a good preparation, and may be 
used in doses of from half an ounce to an ounce. 



PULSATILLA. 

PULSATILLA. 

Herba Pulsatilla, P. G. ; Pulsatille, Coquelourde, Fr. ; Kiichenschelle, G. 

The preparations of this herb used in Germany are made from the 
fresh herb, but the dried is prescribed in the Pharmacopoeia. Pulsatilla 
contains an acrid principle, anemonin or " pulsatilla camphor," which causes 
inflammation when applied externally, and nephritis when given internally. 
Animals are poisoned by it with symptoms of weakness of the heart, and 
respiration, paralysis, and stupor. It has been used in many diseases, as 
gout, rheumatism, syphilis, and squamous diseases of the skin, to say 



260 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

nothing of its great reputation in " amaurosis ; " but, nevertheless, distinct 
indications for its exhibition seem to be wanting. 

Dose. — One and one-half to six grains, ten to forty centigrammes 
(.10 to .40), in powder, pill, or infusion. 

PULVIS ANTIMONIALIS. 

ANTIMONIAL POWDER. 

[James's Powder] 

Pulvis Antimonii Compositus, Pidvis Jacobi — James's Powder, E. ; Poudre 
Antimoniale de James, Fr. ; James's Antimonpulver, G. 

A convenient means of dispensing an antimonial in the solid form. It 
seems to vary greatly in its effects on different occasions, perhaps from 
differences in the amount of acid present to dissolve the oxide of antimony. 
Its action is essentially that of tartar emetic. 

Dose. — As a diaphoretic, three to eight grains, eighteen to fifty centi- 
grammes (.18 to .50), every three or four hours. As a cathartic and emetic, 
larger doses must be given. 

PULVIS AROMATICUS. 

AROMATIC POWDER. 

Pulvis Cinnamoni Compositus, Br. ; Compound Powder of Cinnamon, E. ; 
Poudre Aromatique, Fr. ; Aromatisches Pulver, G. 

This powder possesses the gently stimulating effects of its constituent 
spices, and may be used either alone as a carminative, or in conjunction 
with other drugs as a corrigent or vehicle. It is represented in the fluid 
form by an officinal extract. 

Dose. — Ten to thirty grains, sixty centigrammes to two grammes. 
PULVIS CRET/E COMPOSITUS. 

COMPOUND CHALK POWDER. 

Confectio Aromatica. 

Intended for the preparation of chalk mixture, the acacia and sugar 
delaying the settling of the chalk to the bottom of the phial. There is no 
reason why it might not be used in substance as an alkaline astringent, 
especially for diarrhoea in children. 

Dose. — Eight to sixty grains, one-half to four grammes. 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 261 

PULVIS EFFERVESCENS COMPOSITUS. 

COMPOUND EFFERVESCING POWDER. 

[Seidlitz Powdek.] 

Pulvis Aerophorus Laxans, s. P. Aerophorus Seidlitzensis, P. G. ; Seidlitz 
Powders, E. ; Poudre Gazifere Purgative, Poudre de Sedlitz, Fr. ; 
Abfiihrendes Brausepulver, Seidlitzpulver, G. 

This well-known laxative is effectual in most cases in the dose of a 
single powder, but in some persons remains without effect unless repeated 
more than once. It has a tendency to alkalize the urine. In small doses 
its effect is similar to that of the citrate of potash, and it may be used in 
small portions at a time during effervescence to diminish gastric irrita- 
bility, or simply as a sort of neutral mixture in slight febrile ailments of 
children! 

Dose. — One or two powders as a laxative ; as a diuretic or diaphoretic, 
small fractions of a powder. 

PULVIS GLYCYRRHIZ/E COMPOSITUS. 

COMPOUND POWDER OF GLYCYRRHIZA. 

Pulvis Liquiritice (Glycyrrhizce) Compositus, s. P. Pectoralis Kurellce, P. G. ; 
Poudre de Reglisse Composee, Fr. ; Brustpulver, G. 

The compound liquorice powder has for some time been used as a 
gentle and very convenient laxative, and is now very properly placed in 
the Pharmacopoeia. The senna is the most active ingredient. 

Dose. — A teaspoonful, more or less, according to circumstances and 
the experience of the patient. 

PULVIS IPECACUANH/E ET OPII. 

POWDER OF IPECAC AND OPIUM. 

[Pulvis Ipecacuanile Compositus, Pharm., 1870 — Dover's Powder. ] 

Pulvis Ipecacuanha? Opiatus, s. Pulvis Doweri, P. G. ; Dover's Powders, E. ; 
Poudre de Dower, Fr. ; Dower sches Pulver, G. 

The present directions differ from those in the last Pharmacopoeia in 
the use of sugar of milk instead of sulphate of potassium. As this latter 
salt was of no value except to assist in the minute subdivision of the vege- 



262 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

table powders, the change is updoubtedly an improvement. This well- 
known powder is supposed to represent the highest development of the 
diaphoretic action of opium, and is used where this effect is specially de- 
sired, as in acute rheumatism, or in the early stages of a coryza or other 
slight febrile attack. The combination with ipecac makes it specially 
useful in diarrhoea and dysentery. With sensitive persons this powder is 
a little more likely to nauseate than opium alone. 

The Dose varies as that of opium, the increased strength of which in 
the present edition should not be forgotten. It is five to fifteen grains, 
thirty-two centigrammes to one gramme (.32 to 1), mixed with water or 
syrup. It may conveniently be given in the form of pills, compressed or 
in the ordinary form. 



PULVIS JALAP/E COMPOSITUS. 

COMPOUND POWDER OP JALAP. 

An active cathartic, used chiefly to produce copious watery discharges 
in cases of dropsy. 

Dose. — Thirty to sixty grains, two to four grammes. 



PULVIS MORPHIIM/E COMPOSITUS. 

COMPOUND POWDER OF MORPHINE. 

[Tully's Powder.] 

This powder, though by no means new, is a recent introduction to the 
Pharmacopoeia. It is used by many physicians as a substitute for Dover's 
powder, and although the ipecac is supposed, in the latter preparation, to 
add greatly to the diaphoretic effect of the opium, it is very difficult to 
perceive any essential difference in the action of these two preparations. 
It is less disagreeable to the taste, and, on account of its greater bulk, 
more easily divided into minute doses for children than Dover's powder. 
It should be mixed with water in a large spoon, or given in wafer. 

The Dose is regulated by the morphia, of which it contains one sixty- 
first, and is usually considered the same as that of Dover's powder 
(making morphine equal to six parts of opium), viz., five to fifteen grains, 
thirty- two centigrammes to one gramme (.32 to 1). 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 263 

PULVIS RHEI COMPOSITUS. 

COMPOUND POWDER OF RHUBARB. 

Pulvis Magnesice cum Rheo, s. P. Infantum, s. P. Antacidus, P. G. ; Mag- 
nesia and Rhubarb, E. ; Poudre de Rhubarbe Composee, Fr. ; Kinder- 
pulver, G. 

This preparation might well enough have been left to extemporaneous 
prescription. It is antacid and laxative, and afterward astringent, and 
may be used in diarrhoea. 

Dose. — Thirty to sixty grains, two to four grammes. 

PYRETHRUM. 

PELLITORY. 

Pyrethri Radix, Br. ; Radix Pyrethri Romani — Pellitory Root, Pellitory of 
Spain, E. ; Pyrethre, Salivaire, Fr. ; Rbmische Betramwurzel, G. 

This root contains an acrid resin which is probably its active principle. 
Its almost exclusive use is as a masticatory, to promote, by its pungency 
in the mouth, the now of saliva. This action seems to be regarded as de- 
sirable in relieving certain pains about the head and face and in some 
local affections of the mouth. A piece of the root may be chewed or a 
decoction used as a gargle. A tincture is officinal. 

Dose. — Thirty to sixty grains, two to four grammes. 

PYROXYLINUM. 

PYROXYLIN. 

[Pyroxylon, Pharm., 1870 — Soluble Gun-Cotton.] 

Pyroxylin, Br. ; Soluble Gun- Cotton, E. ; Fulmicoton Soluble, Fr. ; Collo- 

diumwolle, G. 

This preparation is interesting from a medical point of view solely as 
forming the basis of collodion. 

QUASSIA. 

QUASSIA. 

Quassice Lignum, Br. ; Quassia Wood, Bitterwood, Bitterash, E. ; Quassie, 
Bois Amer, Fr. ; Quaissienholz, G. 

This well-known wood is a pure bitter, used to stimulate the appetite 
and digestion in dyspepsia. Quassia is a poison to many of the lower 
animals, including dogs, but in man it simply produces, like other bit- 



264 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

ters, when given too long or too freely, some gastric disturbance. An 
enema of the infusion is used to kill ascarides in the rectum. It is usu- 
ally given in the form of the officinal preparations or an infusion. A 
sort of weak infusion is prepared by the use of the so-called quassia cups, 
in which water is allowed to stand until it has acquired a bitter taste. 

Dose. — Fifteen to thirty grains, one or two grammes. 

QUERCUS ALBA. 

WHITE OAK. 

Cortex Quercus — iScorce de Chtne, Fr. ; Eichenrinde, G. 

"White oak bark contains a considerable (six to eleven) per cent, of 
quercitannic acid. It may be used in the form of decoction as an as- 
tringent external application. In fine powder it may be used as an in- 
gredient in tooth-powders. 

QUILLAIA 

QUILLAIA. 

[Soap Bark.] 

£corce de Quillaya, Fr. ; Seifenrinde, G. 

Quillaia owes its common name and its property of forming a froth 
with water to the glucoside saponin. This glucoside, which is found in a 
number of plants of the order caryophyllaceye, and in the officinal senega, 
is irritant to the upper respiratory passages and causes sneezing, cough, 
and increasing mucous secretion. It has also, when locally applied, an 
anaesthetic effect, while internally it is a paralysant of the heart and respi- 
ration. Saponin has been recommended on theoretical grounds as an 
antipyretic ; but neither it nor most of the drugs containing it is much 
used in this way. Quillaia cannot be considered a remedy of established 
value as yet. Its uses are those of a sternutatory in coryza. 

Dose. — A small quantity of the powdered bark may be snuffed up the 
nose. 

QUINIDIN/E SULPHAS. 

SULPHATE OF QUINIDINE. 

Sulfate de Quinidine, Fr. ; Schivefelsaures Chinidin (Cinchinin), G. 

Clinical observation seems to show that quinidine is both qualitatively 
and quantitatively the equivalent of quinine. Its sulphate is a little more 
soluble than the correspond!^ quinine salt, and having a smaller quan- 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 265 

tity of water of crystallization ought to produce the same effects in a 
slightly diminished dose. Practically, however, the doses are the same. 
Quinidia may be given in solution, mixture, powder (in wafer), or pill. 

Dose. — See Quinina. 

QUiNINA. 

QUININE. 

The salts of quinine all possess similar properties qualitatively ; they 
differ slightly on account of the amount of acid or of water of crystalliza- 
tion present, so that if the dose of quinine be taken as ten, the doses of its 
salts ought to be as follows : Bisulphate, fourteen and a half ; hydrobro- 
mate, eleven and a half ; hydro chlorate, ten and a half ; sulphate, eleven 
and a half ; valerianate, eleven and three-fourths. 

Quinine or any of its salts in solution produces an intensely bitter 
taste in the mouth. It is absorbed with rapidity from the stomach, and 
may give tokens of its presence in the urine within fifteen minutes. It 
continues to be excreted for forty-eight hours, more or less, the maximum 
rapidity being between three and six hours. The less soluble forms may be 
delayed much beyond the times mentioned. Ordinary doses are entirely 
absorbed, but excessive ones probably pass off to some extent in the 
faeces. The bile forms with solutions of quinia a precipitate, which is, 
however, redissolved in an excess of the precipitant. The quinia is ex- 
creted partly in the form of a crystallizable quinine salt, but largely as 
dihydroxylquinine, which has the fluorescence and some of the reactions 
of quinine, but has lost its physiological properties. Solutions of quinine 
are absorbed from the rectum with about the same rapidity as from the 
stomach, and, of course, with even more from the subcutaneous cellular 
tissue. Solutions for hypodermic injection should be strictly neutral 
and of a soluble salt. The hydrobromate is a good form for this use. 
Small doses of quinine cause in many persons a temporary feeling of 
excitement or exhilaration like that from a little morphia or a glass of 
wine. Larger ones produce "cinchonism," consisting in ringing or buzz- 
ing in the ears, a feeling of tightness in the head, which sometimes be- 
comes headache, deafness more or less complete, and muscular weakness 
or disinclination to move, and a staggering gait. The quantities neces- 
sary to bring on these effects vary with the susceptibility of the patient, 
women being more easily affected than men, and the nervous or weakly 
more than the robust. Four or five grains of the sulphate would in most 
men produce perceptible cinchonism, and in most women enough to be 
annoying. Fifteen grains, one gramme, is no more than a healthy man 
can take at a single dose without anything more than considerable deaf- 



266 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

ness and ringing and some general debility. Larger doses may cause 
almost total deafness, which in excessively rare instances may be perma- 
nent. Amaurosis lasting for weeks or months has been observed. Insen- 
sibility and coma, with a very feeble pulse and dilated, immovable pupils, 
are noted in extreme cases. The condition of the brain and nervous sys- 
tem which gives rise to these symptoms is probably congestion. The 
heart's action becomes somewhat weaker, and the blood tension is dimin- 
ished. Enormous doses of quinia, such as an ounce in the course of a 
night, or even at a single dose, have been taken without destroying life. 
In such cases undoubtedly a large proportion of the amount taken into 
the stomach escapes absorption. 

Quinine not very unfrequently produces some, but not very severe, 
gastro-intestinal irritation, and more rarely irritation of the urinary 
passages. In some persons quinine, even in small doses, gives rise to cuta- 
neous eruptions, which may be erythematous, scarlatiniform, eczematous, 
or purpuric. This is a mere idiosyncrasy, and has nothing to do with 
the intensity of the physiological effects just described. 

Of the many interesting facts in regard to quinine noticed of late 
years which seem to hint at some explanation of its action, the following 
may be briefly mentioned : Quinine kills infusoria and bacteria, checks 
the movements and formation of the white blood-corpuscles, and hinders 
their emigration through the arterial walls in inflammation of the frog's 
mesentery. As shown by the reaction with tincture of guiacum, it checks 
the ozonizing action of vegetable juices and of the blood. It hinders the 
oxidization of indigo into isatin, and delays the acidification of the blood 
which takes place after death. It checks phosphorescence. Upon the 
normal temperature it produces but little effect, except to modify the 
•slight rise which takes place after a full meal or vigorous exercise. It 
diminishes reflex excitability. When some attempts were made to follow 
quinine in the body by means of its fluorescence, it was found that there is 
present in the healthy body a substance closely resembling quinine, not 
only in its fluorescence, but in some of its chemical reactions, and hence 
named animal quinoidine. This subject has not been studied so thor- 
oughly as it deserves. 

The first and most important use of quinine is in intermittent fever, 
both as a prophylactic and in the treatment. One or two grains a day, 
with a little more on special exposure, will greatly reduce the number of 
malarial attacks among a body of men exposed to paludal influences. An 
expected chill may be generally stopped if the proper dose of quinine 
in a soluble form be administered from twelve to six hours before the 
time of the access. Nearer than that it is not quite so certain, but a chill 
is probably often modified if the dose be taken even immediately before 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 267 

the early symptoms. The subcutaneous method would allow the dose to 
be a little smaller, and to be given a little nearer the time of the chill with 
a prospect of its success. In the pernicious form this latter method may 
be imperatively called for, even at the risk of local inflammation. In 
treating intermittent, the doses should not be distributed throughout 
the day, but should be accumulated, so as to produce a maximum effect at 
the proper time. It is not necessary to wait for any preparation of the 
patient, though, if the bowels are previously moved, absorption may be 
favored. Aromatics and stimulants are useful adjuvants, and tend to 
make a smaller dose of the essential antiperiodic necessary. The highly 
complicated tincture of Warburg is said to be very effectual, but is not 
recognized in the Pharmacopoeia. Two doses of it, given near together, 
contain, in addition to about ten grains of quinia, aromatics, cathartics, 
antacids, and opiates. In the bilious remittent form of malarial fever the 
quinine is not so decisive in its action, but still forms an important part 
of the treatment. In this form the hypodermic method will enable the 
serious difficulties of vomiting and diarrhoea to be surmounted. 

The antipyretic action of quinine can be demonstrated, though less 
strikingly, in other kinds of fever, especially those of a septic character, as 
puerperal and erysipelatous, which are treated by large doses, and show 
comparatively little of the inconvenient effects of the drug. In the arti- 
ficial fever produced in dogs by the injection of putrid material into the 
veins, quinine has been shown to produce a very decided effect in lowering 
the temperature ; and in a few cases, where two dogs received the same 
dose of putrid poison, the one which took quinine recovered, while the 
other died. The chills of suppuration and pyaemia, however, do not yield 
to quinine, and in some doubtful cases this point may be of importance in 
diagnosis. 

The " catheter chill " may be warded off by the previous use of qui- 
nine. In typhoid, quinine has been used in small doses as a tonic, but 
with little effect either good or bad. In large doses it has been given 
throughout the course of the disease, but without very material effect 
upon its mortality or severity. It is, however, often useful during the lat- 
ter part of the disease, when the temperature is continuously high, if given 
in a single large dose, or two near together. The antipyretic effect of 
this dose is somewhat more permanent than that of a single cold bath, 
and may well be employed to supplement that mode of treatment. Acute 
rheumatism has been treated with large doses, but the results do not vary 
greatly from the average. Rheumatic patients appear to bear the drug- 
well. The fever of phthisis may be moderated by quinine in medium 
doses, so that the temperature neither rises so high nor falls so low as in 
cases left to themselves. The disease itself is not modified in its course. 



268 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

In other febrile diseases, like pneumonia, quinine has been used even when 
no malarial element can be detected in the cases, but with less decided 
results. In the early stages of a " cold," quinine may break it up. The 
chronic malarial cachexia, including enlargement of the spleen, is favor- 
ably influenced by quinine, but requires other treatment in addition. 
Leucocythsemia, receives little, if any, benefit therefrom. Neuralgia of 
malarial origin would naturally be treated by quinine, but the usefulness 
of the drug is not confined to this class of cases, many neuralgias which 
have nothing to do with marsh poisoning being cured or relieved by it. 
A solution of quinine has been suggested as a parasiticide for the bacte- 
ria supposed to be present in whooping-cough and hay fever. A saturated 
solution of the ordinary sulphate in water, is of the proper strength to use 
as a nasal douche in the latter affection and gives considerable relief, 
though no specific. Quite small doses of quinine are used for the " tonic " 
effect which all bitters exercise on the appetite and digestion. It has 
been said that physicians ought to feel it their duty to prescribe other 
bitters in all cases where merely the tonic effect is desired, on account of 
the increasing scarcity of cinchona bark. The successful plantations of 
cinchona in British India and elsewhere have somewhat detracted from 
the force of this remark. 

The action of quinine on the uterus has been stated to be powerfully 
oxytocic, frequently giving rise to miscarriages. The accumulated ex- 
perience of thousands of physicians ought long ago to have placed the 
certainty of this action beyond the shadow of a doubt, if it really existed, 
and the fact that it has had to wait until the last few years to be made 
evident, is strong proof that it does not exist. It is probably true that 
in cases where uterine action has already begun, or is just ready to begin 
spontaneously, quinine, like many other excitants and tonics, may provoke 
more rapid and efficient contractions. 

Quinina is less used than its salts, but it is not necessarily so, since it 
can be easily dispensed in any desirable form. A solution may be made 
with any mineral acid. The powder can be given suspended in water or 
syrup, or enclosed in wafer, or pills may be made with sulphuric or tar- 
taric acid. 

Dose. — From half a grain to one grain, three to six centigrammes 
(.03 to .06), is a small dose, useful only as a tonic, unless repeated at very 
short intervals, which is not a desirable method of administration. From 
two to five grains, thirteen to thirty-three centigrammes (.13 to .33), is a 
small dose ; but if repeated once in two or four hours will produce decided 
physiological effects, as even a single dose of five grains may do in many 
persons. From six to ten grains, forty to sixty-six centigrammes (.40 to .66), 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 269 

is a moderate dose, and should be repeated with. care. Fifteen to twenty 
grains, one gramme to one gramme and a half (1 to 1.5), may be considered 
a large dose, and anything over this a very large dose. From twenty to 
sixty grains, one and a third to four grammes in a day, is not inadmissi- 
ble in some cases. From seven and a half to fifteen grains, one to one 
and a half grammes, appropriately administered, ought to stop most chills 
in a healthy climate. More is necessary in a malarial region. 

QUININ/E BISULPHAS. 

BISULPHATE OF QUININE. 

This salt has been recently introduced, and has the advantage of 
greater solubility than that of the ordinary sulphate. This is of conse- 
quence only if the drug is to be used in the form of pills. 

Doses. — A little larger — forty-five per cent. — than those of quinina. 
QUININ/E HYDROBROMAS. 

HYDROBROMATE OF QUININE. 

A very useful salt for hypodermic injection. It is supposed to pro- 
duce less of the unpleasant head symptoms than the other salts in the 
same dose. 

Dose. — About the same as for quinine, if given by the mouth ; if hypo- 
dermically, smaller doses will be efficient. 

QUININ/E HYDROCHLORAS. 

HYDROOHLORATE OF QUININE. 

Has been used subcutaneously. 

Dose. — As of the alkaloid, or, if subcutaneously, a little less. 

QUININ/E SULPHAS. 

SULPHATE OF QUININE. 

Chininum Sulfuricum, P. G. ; Sulfas Quinicus — Sulphate of Quinine, Di- 
sulphate or Basic Sulphate of Quinia, E. ; Sulfate de Quinine, Fr. ; 
Schwefelsaures Chinin, G. 

This is by far the most commonly used of all the salts. It can be dis- 
pensed in every way, but is not so soluble as the bisulphate for pills, and 
if dissolved with acid for subcutaneous use, is more apt to be irritating 
than the hydrochlorate or hydrobromate. 

Dose.— As of the alkaloid. 



270 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

QUININE VALERIANAS. 

VALERIANATE OF QUININE. 

Chininum Valerianicum, P. G. ; Valerianate de Quinine, Fr. ; Baldrian- 

saures Chinin, G. 

This is the only salt of quinine in which the acid is supposed to 
modify the effect of the bases, except possibly in the hydrobromate. It is 
used generally in small doses where the nervine and quieting effect of the 
valerianic acid is desired in addition to the tonic action of the quinine. 

Dose. — One or two grains, six to twelve centigrammes (.06 to .12), 
several times a day. 

RESINA. 

RESIN. 

[Colophony.] 

Colophonium, P. G. ; Rosin, Colophony, E. ; Colophane, Fr.; Kolophonium, 

Geigenharz, G. 

Used to make ointment and plasters. 

RESINA COPAIB/E. 

RESIN OF COPAIBA. 

This mixture of resins is, in large doses, a gastro-intestinal irritant. 
It is a diuretic, sometimes giving rise to lumbar pain and albuminuria, but 
causing less irritation of the bladder and urethra than the oil of copaiba. 
It does not seem to be quite certain whether it is as good an anti-blenor- 
rhagic as the balsam itself. 

It may be used as a diuretic in dropsy, being much less disagreeable 
that the crude copaiba. It is administered in the dose of from fifteen to 
twenty grains, one to one and one-third gramme, in mixture with some 
aromatic water, three or four times a day. 

RESINA JALAP/E. 

RESIN OF JALAP. 

The officinal resin, which may, if desirable, be made white by the use 
of animal charcoal, is composed of two resins, one of which is called con- 
volvulin. The resin jalapin is not found in the officinal jalap, but in 
" male jalap " and in scammony. These resins are all cathartics. The 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 271 

resina jalapse is somewhat more harsh in its action than the root itself, 
although the other constituents of the root probably have no other than 
a mechanical effect. 

Dose. — Two to five grains, thirteen to thirty-three centigrammes (.13 
to .33), in pill. 

RESINA PODOPHYLLI. 

RESIN OF PODOPHYLLUM. 

The action and uses of this resin are those of the podophyllum. It 
is an active purgative and cholagogue. 

Dose. — From one-eighth of a grain to a grain, eight milligrammes to 
six centigrammes (.008 to .06). 

RESINA SCAMMONII. 

RESIN OF SCAMMONY. 

Good scammony contains so large a proportion of resin, that its dose 
is but little larger than that of the resin, although the commercial drug, 
chiefly from the presence of mechanical impurities and adulterations, 
usually needs about twice as much. 

This resin is an active cathartic. It may be administered in an emul- 
sion formed by rubbing with milk or water or in powder. 

Dose. — Four to eight grains, twenty-five to fifty centigrammes (.25 
to .50). 

RHEUM. 

RHUBARB. 

Rhei Radix, Br. ; Rhubarb Root, E. ; Rhubarbe, Fr. ; Rhabarber, G. 

Laborious researches have not yet made the chemistry of rhubarb sat- 
isfactory. The root contains a kind of tannic acid, as well as chryso- 
phanic acid — to which the color it imparts to the secretions is probably 
due — various resins, and oxalate of lime. Although chrysophanic acid 
sometimes acts as a cathartic (see Chrysarobinum), neither it nor any of 
the other known constituents of the drug is a very vigorous one, and it 
cannot be said that the active principle is determined. It is probably 
closely akin to that of senna. In quite small doses, one to four grains, six 
to twenty-five centigrammes, rhubarb has but little effect beyond increas- 
ing the appetite and digestion in cases where these functions are deficient. 
If repeated, it tends to cause some constipation, in consequence, mainly, of 



272 THEKAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 



the tannic acid. The sweat and milk become yellow, and the urine a yel- 
lowish brown, becoming a reddish brown with alkalies. Larger (thirty to 
sixty grains, two to four grammes) doses increase the intestinal evacuations, 
which consist of pultaceous yellow stools, the color being that of the 
rhubarb. It is apt to leave after its action some constipation, which 
can be partially avoided by attention to diet and habits. This property, 
which is not peculiar to rhubarb, but is in this case probably due to the 
tannic acid, fits this drug especially for use in the beginning of a diar- 
rhoea caused by irritating material in the bowels. Ehubarb is used as a 
tonic or laxative in the form of powder or infusion, both of which are 
objectionable on account of the bitter and disagreeable taste, or the tinct- 
ures or pills, many of which are officinal. A little piece of the root eaten 
every day sometimes answers a good purpose in habitual constipation. 

Dose. — Small, one-half to four grains, three to twenty-five centi- 
grammes (.03 to .25) ; laxative, eight to fifteen grains, one-half to one 
gramme ; large, thirty to sixty grains, two to four grammes. 



RHUS GLABRA. 

RHUS GLABRA. 

[Ehus Glabrum, Pharm., 1870 — Sumach.] 

Smooth Sumach, Pennsylvania or Upland Sumach, E. ; Sumac, Fr. ; 

Sumach, G. 

These berries contain tannic and malic acids. An infusion may be 
used as an acidulous and astringent drink or gargle in stomatitis and 
pharyngitis. 

Dose. — Indefinite. 



RHUS TOXICODENDRON. 

RHUS TOXICODENDRON. 

[Poison Ivy — Poison Oak.] 

Sumach Vmeneux, Fr.; Gift-Sumach, G. 

The poisonous properties of this plant are well known. It produces 
an eczematous eruption attended with much burning and swelling of the 
skin, and fever. Some persons are entirely devoid of susceptibility to this 
poison, while others experience the effects from the slightest contact or 
even without contact. Ehus venenata, or " dogwood," is even more active. 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 273 



The active principle has been found to be toxicodendric acid. The treat- 
ment consists in alkaline lotions or solutions of lead acetate. Grindelia 
robusta, the fluid extract diluted ten times, is a convenient and soothing 
application. Internally these leaves give rise to symptoms of narcotic 
poisoning, consisting of vertigo, faintness, delirium, and convulsions, with 
a slow, small, and irregular pulse, and diuresis and diaphoresis are ob- 
served. 

It is difficult to see any indications for the use of this plant. The 
fresh leaves would, unless care were taken to administer to none but per- 
sons insensible to their external effects, be likely to do more harm than their 
slight diaphoretic action would do good. The present Pharmacopoeia 
must contemplate a tincture made from the fresh leaves under the general 
formula. (See page 343 of the Pharmacopoeia.) A specially qualified 
pharmacist should be selected to make it. 

Dose of this drug in substance cannot be stated. Five grains is 
spoken of as that of the powdered leaves. 

ROSA CENTIFOLIA. 

PALS ROSS. 

Used merely to impart a delicate flavor. 

ROSA GALLICA. 

RED ROSE. 

Red rose-buds are a little more astringent than the pale rose, and 
have been used as an external application. They are employed to impart 
flavor and color to several officinal preparations. 



ROSMARINUS. 

ROSEMARY. 

Folia Bosmarini s. Boris Marini, P. G. ; Folia Anthos — Feuilles de Bomarin, 

Fr. ; Bosmarinbldtter', G. 

Contains a bitter resin, tannin, and volatile oil, the latter of which is the 
most important. It possesses the usual somewhat stimulant and carmina- 
tive action of many volatile oils. It is not used in substance, but its oil 
is officinal. An infusion of the plant, in the proportion of one in fifty or 
one hundred, may be used in tablespoonful doses. Like many other fra- 
grant herbs, rosemary may be used as a fomentation. 
18 



2<"4 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

RUBUS. 

RUBUS. 

[Blackberry.] 

Ecorce de Bonce Noir, Fr. ; Brombeerrinde, G. 

This drug owes its efficacy to tannin. It is used as an astringent in 
the form of a decoction made by the general rule, or weaker, with water 
or milk, of which six or eight ounces, one hundred and eighty or two 
hundred and forty cubic centimeters may be used in twenty-four hours. 
A wine of the berries of these plants is an agreeable and useful astringent. 

Dose. — In substance, fifteen to thirty grains, one to two grammes, in 
powder. The dose is limited rather by its bulkiness than from any fear 
of overaction, the doses of decoction mentioned above corresponding to 
considerably more than this. 

RUBUS ID/EUS. 

RASPBERRY. 

Used in medicine simply for its color and flavor in the form of syrup. 

RUMEX. 

RUMEX. 

[Yellow Dock.] 
Badix Bumicis s. Lapathi — Bacine de Patience Frisee, Fr. ; Grindwurzel, G. 

Dockroot is astringent, bitter, and sometimes laxative. It is also re- 
puted " alterative," and has been used accordingly. The leaves of some 
other species of this genus have an agreeable acid taste, like that of the 
garden rhubarb, to which they are nearly related. They have been used 
as antiscorbutics. The root is given in powder or decoction (by the gen- 
eral rule). It has been used externally as a poultice, ointment, or wash 
in skin diseases. 

Dose. — Of the decoction, one to two ounces, thirty to sixty cubic 
centimeters. 

SABINA. 

SAVINE. 

Sabince Cacumina, Br. ; Summitates (Herba) Sabince, P. G. ; Savin Tops, E. ; 
Sabine, Fr. ; Sadebaumspitzen, Sevenkraut, G. 

The activity of savin depends upon its volatile oil, and hence the dried 
drug is much less efficient than the fresh. The symptoms produced by it 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 275 

are those of irritation of the alimentary canal as well as of the kidneys and 
bladder, together with, in extreme cases, dyspnoea, general anaesthesia, 
convulsions, and coma. Death may take place from large doses in twelve 
or fourteen hours. It has been used in amenorrhcea, and to produce abor- 
tion, and has been recently recommended in menorrhagia and to stop 
abortion. It is used externally as an irritant in order to continue the dis- 
charge from a blistered surface. 

Dose. — Five to fifteen grains, thirty-three centigrammes to one gramme 
(.33 to 1). 

SACCHARUM. 

SUGAR. 

Saccharum Purification, Br. ; Refined Sugar, Cane-Sugar, E. ; Sucre, Sucre 
de Canne, Fr. ; Zucker, Rohrzucker, G. 

The chemistry and dietetic uses of sugar are beyond the limits of this 
article. In pharmacy and therapeutics its place is chiefly that of a vehicle, 
corrigent, and preservative. The syrups have the advantage of protect- 
ing the active ingredients against putrefaction and some kinds of oxidation, 
but not always against fermentation. A similar action takes place in other 
preparations, as the compound iron mixture and the saccharated carbonate 
of iron. It is used as an ingredient in powders, troches, and extempo- 
raneous mixtures, to cover the taste or to make insoluble substances 
more easily miscible with water. It should be remembered that sugar 
and syrup, although they partly cover a bitter or too pungent taste, cause 
the taste to linger longer in the mouth, while for many persons sweet- 
ness rather adds to the repulsiveness of a nauseous dose. 

SACCHARUM LACTIS. 

SUGAR OF MILK. 

Lactin, Milk Sugar, E. ; Sucre de Lait, Fr. ; Milchzucker, G. 

This sugar is harder, less soluble, and less sweet than cane-sugar, 
hence it is a better excipient and diluent for powders that require fine 
trituration. It is used largely as a diluent in the present edition of the 
Pharmacopoeia, as in the abstracts, denarcotized opium, etc. It is partly 
the material of homoeopathic and other pellets. 

SALICINUM. 

SALICIN. 



276 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 



SALIX. 

SALIX. 

[Willow.] 

Willow Bark, E. ; iSJcorce de Saule, Fr. ; Weidenrinde, G. 

Salicin has been used as a bitter, and as an inferior substitute for quinine 
for many years, but has recently received new importance from having 
been successfully employed, like salicylic acid, in the treatment of acute 
rheumatism. It is eliminated by the urine, more or less changed, giving 
with a solution of ferric chloride the same reaction as salicylic acid. It is 
given in the same doses as salicylic acid, and produces the same effects, 
but rather more slowly and with less gastro-intestinal disturbance than 
the acid. Many patients, although not experiencing so speedy relief from 
salicin as from the acid, yet at the end of a week are quite as strong and 
have as good an appetite as if the more rapidly acting drug had been 
given. The willow bark has been used in infusion as a tonic, and even as 
an antipyretic, but is inconvenient for the latter purpose on account of its 
bulk. The salicin may be given in pill, wafer, or mixture. 

Dose. — Of the willow bark as an antiperiodic, a drachm, or as much 
as can be taken without causing nausea and vomiting ; as a tonic, ten to 
twenty grains, thirty to sixty centigrammes (.30 to .60). Of salicin, three 
to fifteen grains, eighteen centigrammes to one gramme (.18 to 1), every 
one or two hours in rheumatism ; twenty to sixty grains in one dose, or in 
three doses near together some hours before a chill is expected. 

SALVIA. 

SALVIA. 

[Sage.] 
Folia (Herba) Salvia?, P. G. ; Sange Officinale, Fr. ; Salbeibldtter, G. 

The leaves of sage contain a volatile oil, and are bitterish and astrin- 
gent. They are used as a condiment. The infusion of sage is liked by some 
persons as a beverage in febrile disorders, and has been used to check the 
night-sweating of phthisis. It also has, like other aromatics, a slight 
effect in relieving intestinal pain and flatulence. It may be used as an 
astringent gargle. If the taste and stimulating effects are alone desired, 
the infusion should be made rapidly ; but if it is to be employed for its 
astringent action, the water should be allowed to remain longer upon the 
herb. 

Dose. — One to two fluidounces, thirty to sixty cubic centimeters, of 
the infusion. 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 277 



SAMBUCUS. 

SAMBUCUS. 

[Elder.] 

Sambuci Flores, Br. ; Elder Flowers, E. ; Fleurs de Bureau, Fr. ; Flieder- 

blumen, Hollunderbluthen, G. 

Nearly all the parts of this plant have been used in medicine, and 
seem to have generally a diaphoretic and cathartic action, or, in large 
doses, emetic. The flowers, which are officinal, contain a volatile oil and 
a resin. They are used externally in the form of fomentations and oint- 
ments. A water may be distilled to be used for its fragrance. 



SANGUINARIA. 

SANGUINARIA. 

[Bloodroot.] 

Bloodroot contains three alkaloids, of which, however, only one, san- 
guinarina, seems to represent the activity of the drug. This forms bright 
red salts with acids, and is probably identical with chelerethrin (see Cheli- 
donium). It is acrid, gives rise to sneezing when taken into the nose, 
and when given by the stomach causes nausea, vomiting, and diminished 
frequency of the heart's action. Sanguinaria itself produces essentially 
the same effects which have, in cases of poisoning, been carried further 
than in the experiments made with the alkaloid. Vertigo, impaired 
vision, muscular prostration, and a much more extreme degree of action 
on the heart, and death, have resulted from overdoses. Sanguinaria is 
stated to be expectorant in doses smaller than are used to produce even 
the lesser degrees of its physiological action, and it is seldom pushed to 
marked depressing effects. It has been used in a very large number of 
diseases, among which it is difficult to trace the indications for any of its 
more obvious effects. Locally, sanguinaria has been used in substance as 
an ingredient of a cancer paste, and, in infusion, as a stimulating gargle 
or cutaneous lotion. 

Dose. — As an emetic, ten to twenty grains, sixty-four to one hundred 
and thirty centigrammes (.64 to 1.30), in pill or infusion ; for other pur- 
poses, as expectorant or " alterative," one to five grains, six to thirty-two 
centigrammes (.06 to .32). 



278 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

SANTALUM RUBRUM. 

RED SAUNDERS. 

Pterocarpi Lignum, Br. ; Lignum Santalinum Rubrum — Red Sandal Wood, 
E. ; Santal Rouge, Fr. ; Rothes Santelholz, G. 

This wood is used solely to impart color. 

SANTONICA. 

SANTONIOA. 

[Levant Wormseed.] 

F lores Cince, P. G. ; Semen Cince, s. Contra, s. Sanctum, s. Santonici — 
Levant Wormseed, E. ; Barbotine, Semencine, Fr. ; Wurmsamen, Zit- 
iversamen, G. 

Dose. — Ten to twenty grains, sixty to one hundred and thirty centi- 
grammes (.60 to 1.30), twice a day. 

SANTONINUM. 

SANTONIN. 

Santonine, Fr. ; Santonin, Gr. 

Santonica contains a volatile oil, resins, and a bitter principle, san- 
tonin, which, as well as the crude drug, is used to expel the ascaris lum- 
bricoides. Santonin produces some peculiar effects beside those for which 
it is usually given. It colors the urine yellow or sometimes a purplish 
red, the difference being probably due to the acid or alkaline reaction of 
the fluid, and when large doses are taken the vision of the patient becomes 
affected, so that objects appear yellow, green, or violet. Poisoning by 
santonin is attended by gastro-intestinal irritation, giddiness, trembling, 
dilated pupils, stupor, loss of consciousness with convulsions, and rapid 
pulse and respiration. It has been successfully used in some cases to in- 
crease the acuteness of vision. 

If santonin is to be employed as an anthelmintic it may be easily taken 
in the form of powder or troches, since its comparative insolubility pre- 
vents its disagreeable taste from being noticed ; if for its constitutional 
effect, it is desirable to make it more soluble, which may be done with 
alcohol and syrup, or the santoninate of soda may be used. 

Dose. — One to five grains for an adult, six to thirty centigrammes (.06 
to .30) ; one-fourth of a grain, sixteen milligrammes (.016), to a child. 
Dangerous symptoms have occurred from two, three, and four grains, and 
one fatal case from two. On account of the slow action of the drug, doses 
should not be given in rapid succession. 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 279 

SAPO. 

SOAP. 

Savon, Fr. ; Seife, G. 

SAPO VIRIDIS. 

GREEN SOAP. 

Soap is used in a number of officinal preparations, both for external 
and internal application. It has by itself a slight physiological action, 
being feebly laxative. Either of these soaps is a useful antidote in acid 
poisoning, as the alkali is readily seized upon by even a weak acid, and the 
fatty acids set free are absolutely innocuous. Externally, soap is used for 
cleansing the skin, removing fatty substances, and softening the epider- 
mis. If too long applied, soft soap may be a decided irritant. Soft soap, 
which is more alkaline than the hard, is used in some cutaneous diseases, 
especially in eczema. 

SARSAPARILLA. 

SARSAPARILLA. 

Sarsce Radix, Br. ; Radix Sarsaparillce, P. G. ; Salsepareille, Fr.; Sassapa- 

rilla, G. 

Sarsaparilla contains starch, resin, a very small quantity of essential 
oil, a dark-colored extractive, and a neutral acrid principle, parillin, which 
in large doses causes gastro-intestinal irritation, general depression and 
diaphoresis. Sarsaparilla, itself, exhibits no very active properties and is 
used, chiefly as a vehicle, in the form of its various decoctions and extracts. 
It has been supposed very beneficial in syphilis. But, while it is probable 
that, when given, as is best done, in well diluted preparations, and with 
other diaphoretics, it is a valuable adjuvant, the cure of the disease is not 
confided to it alone. It is not given in substance. 

SASSAFRAS. 

SASSAFRAS. 

This bark, rich in oil and containing a considerable quantity of tannin 
and its derivatives, has the general action of aromatics. An infusion 
made by the general rule may be freely used. 



280 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

SASSAFRAS MEDULLA. 

SASSAFRAS PITH. 

The pith of sassafras contains, as do also the leaves, sufficient mucilage 
to make an agreeable demulcent for external or internal use. 

SCAMMONIUM. 

SCAMMONY. 

Scammonee, Fr. ; Scammonium, G. 

The activity of scammony resides in its resin, of which it contains be- 
tween eighty and ninety per cent., the remainder consisting of starch, 
mucilage, and sugar, which perhaps facilitate its action by promoting 
mechanical subdivision. 

Scammony is an active but not always certain cathartic, causing more 
or less gastro-intestinal irritation. A portion of the resin is absorbed, as 
has been shown by an infant being fatally purged by a dose taken by its 
nurse. 

Scammony is seldom used alone, on account of the uncertainty and 
harshness of its action, but it enters into many more or less complex com- 
binations. It has the advantage of being easily administered, either rubbed 
up with milk or water or in powder with sugar of milk. 

Dose. — Of pure scammony, which is almost the same thing as the 
resin, five to fifteen grains ; of the commercial, ten to twenty, in propor- 
tion to the amount of impurity. 

SCBLLA. 

SQUILL. 

Bulbus Scillce, P. G. ; Squills, E. ; Scille, Squille, Fr. ; Meerzwiebel, G. 

The chemistry of squill is not satisfactorily made out, but it probably 
contains a bitter principle called scillitin, and an acrid one not isolated. 
Scillitin and squill cause vomiting and purging when given in large doses, 
together with dyspnoea, bloody urine, coma, and convulsions. Death 
from squill is said to be accompanied by cessation of the heart's action in 
systole. Smaller doses produce effects closely akin to those of digitalis in 
rendering the pulse slower and more forcible, and increasing the flow of 
urine. The expectorant effect with which it is universally credited is 
shown only by clinical observation, and not by physiological experiment. 

Squill is used chiefly in respiratory diseases, such as bronchitis and 
croup, partly in small doses as an expectorant without emetic action, and 
partly in larger ones as an emetic. For the latter purpose, as in croup, 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 281 

it is generally given with some other emetic. The officinal " compound 
syrup of squill " contains, in addition to the squill, tartar emetic. 

It is frequently employed in dropsy with digitalis, which it assists in 
its diuretic action as well as in strengthening the heart, so likely to be 
weakened in dropsical cases even when the effusions are not the direct 
result of valvular lesions. 

Dose. — One to three grains, six to twenty centigrammes (.06 to .20), 
which may be gradually increased to eight, half a gramme. It may be 
easily given in pill. As an expectorant the syrup is most frequently used. 

SCOPARIUS. 

SCOPARIUS. 

[Broom.] 

Scoparii Cacumina, Br. ; Herba Scoparii — Broom Tops, E. ; Genet a Balais, 
Fr. ; Besenginster, Pfriemenkraut, G. 

This plant has long been known as an efficient diuretic. It contains 
scoparin, a neutral and probably not important principle, and the alkaloid 
spartein, together with a considerable proportion of potassa salts. Al- 
though spartein has some action as a cardiac and nervous sedative, its 
physiological effects are not developed in the doses of broom in ordinary 
use. Broom is used in dropsy, either alone or more usually with other 
diuretics. The decoction is generally used. Of this, made by the general 
rule, four to eight ounces, somewhat diluted, may be taken in the course 
of twenty-four hours. 

SCUTELLARIA. 

SCUTELLARIA. 

[SCULLCAP. ] 

Hoodwort, Madweed, E. ; Scutellaire, Fr. ; Helmkraut, G. 

Possesses the mild effects of many labiatse. It has been supposed to 
have a special action on the nervous system in controlling restlessness, 
spasmodic affections, and slight pain, but there is no sufficient evidence 
that it possesses any powers beyond those of many other mints, of which, 
indeed, it does not share the aromatic smell and taste. Its claims as pre- 
venting or curing hydrophobia possess only a historical interest. It is 
rather bulky to be given in a pill, but two or three grains can be used in 
this way. An infusion or the fluid extract is more convenient. 

Dose. — Indefinite. 



282 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

SENEGA. 

SENEGA. 

Senegce Radix, Br. ; Senega Root, Senega Snakeroot, E. ; Polygale de Vir- 

ginie, Fr. ; Senegawurzel, G. 

This plant owes its activity chiefly to senegin, a glucoside closely al- 
lied to, if not identical with saponin. Senega produces irritation of the 
throat, with some salivation and symptoms of gastro-intestinal irritation, 
as well as an inclination to cough and increased bronchial secretion. The 
urine and perspiration may be a little increased. The uses of senega are 
those of a stimulant expectorant. It is used in the later stages of typhoid 
pneumonia, bronchitis, and croup, to promote a freer discharge of accu- 
mulated mucus. It is suitable only after the more active inflammatory 
symptoms have passed by. 

Dose. — Ten to twenty grains, sixty-four to one hundred and thirty 
centigrammes (.64 to 1.30). The decoction and syrup are more used. 

SENNA. 

SENNA. 

Folia Sennce, Senna Leaves, E. ; Feuilles de Sene, Fr. ; Sennesblatter, G. 

The chemistry of this drug is, like that of rhubarb, which it much re- 
sembles, not in a satisfactory state. Senna contains chr} r sophanic acid, 
but it is probable that its cathartic properties are due to a cathartate of 
lime and magnesia. Senna produces active, but not violent or drastic 
catharsis, attended with considerable griping, flatulence, and nausea. 
Aromatics, like fennel and ginger, or salines, are given with it to correct 
this tendency (see Compound Infusion of Senna). Injected into a vein, 
senna causes purging attended with an increased flow of bile. Senna im- 
parts to the urine a color resembling that of bile, from which it may be 
easily distinguished by turning red with alkalies. It is used in cases 
where a vigorous, but not specially hydragogue action is required. 

Dose. — Half a drachm to two drachms, two to eight grammes. 

SERPENTARIA. 

SERPENTARIA. 

[Virginia Snakeroot.] 

Serpentarice Radix, Br. ; Serpentary Root, E. ; Serpentaire (Gouleuvree) de 
Virginie, Fr. ; Virginische Schlangenwurzel, G. 

Serpentaria contains a volatile oil and a bitter. In large doses it pro- 
duces some gastric disturbance, with fulness in the head and quickened 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 283 

pulse. It is called a stimulant tonic and is used in low typhoid conditions 
occurring in any acute disease. It is combined with alcohol and cinchona, 
which are often indicated in the same condition, in the celebrated " com- 
pound tincture of cinchona " of Huxham. The infusion is a useful form 
of administration. 

Dose. — Ten to thirty grains, sixty-four centigrammes to two grammes 
(.64 to 2). 

SEVUM. 

SUET. 

Sevum Prceparatum, Br. ; Sebum, P. G. ; Sebum Ovillum — Prepared Suet, 
Mutton Suet, E. ; Suif, Fr. ; Talg, Hammeltalg, G. 

Suet is a somewhat harder fat than lard, but is also more apt to be- 
come rancid. It is used in liniments, etc., to make them harder. It can 
also be applied alone as a dressing to ulcers. 

SINAPIS ALBA. 

WHITE MUSTARD. 

Semen Erucoe — Yellow Mustard Seed, E. ; Moutarde Blanche, Fr. ; Weisser 

Sen/, G. 

SINAPIS NIGRA. 

BLACK MUSTARD. 

Semen Sinapis, P. G. ; Moutarde Noire (Grise), Fr. ; Schwarzer Sen/, G. 

Both kinds of mustard seed contain from one-third to one-naif of their 
weight of a bland fixed oil. Besides this, both contain a ferment, myrosin, 
which acting on myronate of potassa contained in the black mustard seed, 
and on a somewhat analogous compound, sinalbin, contained in the white, 
gives rise, in the former, to the officinal oil of mustard, and in the latter 
to an acrid but non-volatile oil. The commercial flour of mustard is a 
mixture of both kinds. It is used as a condiment in the form of a paste, 
sometimes mixed with other spices. In medicine, the same compound, 
when given in doses of two to four drachms, eight to fifteen grammes, is 
an efficient and very prompt emetic, and is frequently administered in 
domestic practice as being the first at hand. If, however, owing to defi- 
cient sensibility of the stomach and nervous system (as for instance, in 
opium poisoning), it fails to act, it may give rise to gastritis, which will 
afterward be troublesome. Externally, as a poultice, it is used in almost 



284 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

every disease accompanied with pain, in order to produce rapid rubefaction 
and counter-irritation. A mustard poultice should be made with warm, 
but not hot, water, nor with vinegar. For delicate skins, or when a more 
prolonged action is desirable, it may be diluted with flaxseed or rye meal. 
It should not be allowed to form a blister, as such are hard to heal. The 
officinal mustard paper is a convenient and cleanly application. For 
milder counter-irritation, used over a large surface, mustard water may be 
used as a bath, or to moisten cloths to be wrapped about the limbs. The 
oil may be applied, well diluted, to regions where poultices or fomenta- 
tions cannot easily be kept in place. "White mustard seed has been used 
in substance, unground, as a mechanical laxative. It produces no irrita- 
tion. The black mustard seed is kept separately as a powder. 

Dose. — Of mixed mustard powder, as an emetic, two to four drachms, 
eight to fifteen grammes (a heaping teaspoonful) ; of white mustard seed, 
as a laxative, unbruised, a tablespoonful. 



SODA. 

SODA. 

Sodce Caustica, Br. ; Natrum Causticum s. Hydricum, Caustic Soda, Sodium 
Hydrate, E. ; Soude Caustique, Fr. ; Natron, Aetznatron, G. 

Soda may be used for the same purposes as potassa. It is somewhat 
less deliquescent. It may be dissolved in water to make a solution of any 
desired strength. 



SODII ACETAS. 

ACETATE OF SODIUM. 

Sodce Acetas, Br. ; Natrum Aceticum, P. G. ; Acetas Sodicus (Natricus), 
Terra Foliata Tartari Crystallisata, E. ; Acetate de Soude, Fr. ; Essig- 
saures Natron, G. 

This salt has the same general diuretic and antacid action with the 
acetate of potassium, but is probably a little less powerful. It would be 
preferred if, for any reason, it were desirable to administer an alkaline 
acetate in the solid form, on account of its lesser disposition to deli- 
quesce. 

Dose. — Fifteen to one hundred and twenty grains, one to eight 
grammes, in solution. 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. S^Z 

SODII ARSENIAS. 

ARSENIATE OF SODIUM. 

Sodce Arsenias, Br. ; Natrum Arsenicum, Arsenias Natricus, Sodicus — 
Arseniate (Arseniate) of Soda, E. ; Arseniate de Soude, Fr. ; Arsen- 
saures Natron, G. 

The activity of this salt is due to its arsenic acid, and its rises are those 
described under the head of arsenious acid, from which the higher oxide 
does not essentially differ in physiological action. It has been considered 
milder in its action than the other arsenical preparations, but it appears 
probable from the doses stated that really a smaller quantity of arsenic 
was administered. With this preparation, as with the others, in many 
cases the dose should be gradually increased until the signs of its physio- 
logical activity appear. 

Dose. — One-twentieth to one-third of a grain, three to twenty milli- 
grammes (.003 to .020), in pill or solution. 

SODII BENZOAS. 

BENZOATE OF SODIUM. 

This salt shares the action of benzoic acid upon the urine. (See Ben- 
zoic Acid and the Benzoates of Ammonia and Lithia.) It would be less 
useful than the lithia salt, however, since the urate of sodium is less solu- 
ble than the corresponding lithia salt. It has been used as an internal 
antiseptic in appropriate diseases, especially puerperal fever, with alleged 
great success. It has been inhaled in the form of an atomized solution in 
phthisis, but without producing, except in the first few cases in which it 
was tried, any marked improvement in the symptoms, or, in the fatal 
cases submitted to autopsy, any signs of healing. A five-per-cent. solution 
may be used for inhaling. 

Dose. — Ten to twenty-three grains, two-thirds of a gramme to a 
gramme and a half (.64 to 1.5). 

SODII BICARBONAS. 

BICARBONATE OF SODIUM. 

Sodce Bicarbonas, Br. ; Natrum Bicarbonicum, P. G. ; Natrum Carbonicum 
Acidulum, Bicarbonas Sodicus — Bicarbonate of Soda, Sodium Hydrocar- 
bonate, E. ; Bicarbonate de Soude, sel Digestive de Vichy, Fr. ; Doppel- 
kohlensaures Natron, G. 

This salt is an ingredient of many preparations, especially those in- 
tended for effervescence. It is one of the best antacids for use in the 



286 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

stomach, because it has very slight irritant properties. It renders the 
urine alkaline, and is somewhat diuretic. Too long continued use of large 
quantities tends to weaken the stomach and perpetuate the dyspeptic 
symptoms it is designed to relieve. It is indicated as a palliative when 
there is acidity of the stomach arising from abnormal fermentations and 
when a general acid diathesis exists. Long-continued use may give rise 
to an alkaline cachexia distinguished by anaemia and scorbutic symptoms. 
For most purposes where increased alkalinity of the blood is desired, as in 
rheumatism or the uric acid diathesis, although the soda salt may be 
useful, the potassa salts are to be preferred. In diabetes this salt has 
proved of considerable value. Given before a meal, bicarbonate of soda 
tends to stimulate the flow of gastric juice, and thus facilitate digestion. 

Dose. — Eight to thirty grains, one-half to two grammes, in water or 
compressed pill. 

SODII BICARBONAS VENALIS. 

COMMERCIAL BICARBONATE OF SODIUM. 

May be used externally. 

SODII BISULPHIS. 

BISULPHITE OF SODIUM. 

This recent introduction to the Pharmacopoeia contains more sulphu- 
rous acid than the older sulphite, and hence may be considered a more 
powerful antiseptic. It has, however, a more pungent taste, and gives off 
sulphurous acid on exposure. 

Dose. — Eight to thirty grains, one-half to two grammes. 

SODII BORAS. 

BORATE OF SODIUM. 

Borax, Br., P. G. ; Natrum Biboricum, Boras Sodicus, Boras — Borax, E. ; 
Borate de Soude, Fr. ; Borsaures Natron, G. 

Boracic acid so feebly counteracts its base that this salt has still an 
alkaline reaction ; hence borax has similar effects to those of other sodium 
salts. It is stated, when given internally, to have a solvent action on 
the urates second only to that of carbonate of lithia. The contractions 
of the uterus in labor have been supposed to be promoted by it, and it has 
also been used as an emmenagogue. Recently its use has been advocated 
in epilepsy as a substitute for bromide of potassium, or, rather, for the 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 287 

next resource after that salt has failed. It is chiefly used locally as an ap- 
plication in various kinds of inflammation in the mouth, tongue, fauces, 
and nasal passages, as well as for aphthae and thrush. It can also be em- 
ployed in skin diseases in the form of lotion. In the mouth it can be 
applied as a simple wash, in powder with sugar, the classical and officinal 
" honey," or in glycerine. A lump of borax may be allowed to dissolve in 
the mouth. A solution of thirty grains to the ounce or more, six per cent, 
and upward, may be used externally. 

Dose. — Internally, eight to forty-five grains, half a gramme to three 
grammes. 



SODII BROMIDUM. 

BROMIDE OF SODIUM. 

Natrium Bromatum, Bromuretum Sodicum — Bromure de Sodium, Fr. ; 

Bromnatrium, G. 

This salt is much less disagreeable to the taste than bromide of potas- 
sium, and also produces somewhat less of the undesirable effects of the 
long-continued administration of this drug. While it is undoubtedly true 
that in animals the toxic effects of the sodium are much inferior to those 
of the potassium salt, clinical evidence seems to show that both the un- 
pleasant results known collectively as bromism and the therapeutic action 
can be produced by the bromide of sodium, and, while it cannot be re- 
garded as equally active with bromide of potassium, it may be used in 
cases where the long-continued use of a bromide is demanded, as in epi- 
lepsy. 

Dose. — From fifteen to sixty grains, one to four grammes, as a single 
dose, which is to be repeated at intervals, depending upon the nature of 
the case. It has been given for some days at the rate of an ounce a day, 
though this is to be considered a very large dose, and one to be carefully 
watched. It is to be given in solution. 



SODII CARBONAS. 

CARBONATE OF SODIUM. 

Sodos Carbonas, Br. ; Natrum Carbonicum Crudum, P. G. ; Car*bonas Sodi- 
cus, Sal Soda — Sal Soda, Washing Soda, E. ; Carbonate de Soude, Fr. ; 
Kohlensaures Natron, Soda, G. 



288 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 



SODII CARBONAS EXSICCATUS. 

DRIED CARBONATE OF SODIUM. 

Sodce Garbonas Exsiccata, Br. ; Natrum Garbonicum Siccum, P. G. ; Dried 
Carbonate of Soda, E. ; Carbonate de Sonde Sec, Fr. ; Getrocknete Soda, G. 

The carbonate of sodium is used only for pharmaceutical purposes. 
The dried carbonate is more irritating than the bicarbonate, and when 
taken internally, in large doses, produces gastro-intestinal inflammation, 
and, after a time, alkaline cachexia. It is more active than the bicarbo- 
nate when used externally, and may be employed to make an alkaline 
bath or lotion for diseases of the skin. A lotion may be made of the 
strength of from ten to twenty grains to the ounce, two to four per cent. 
There are no internal uses for which this salt is preferable to the bicarbo- 
nate, but if used the 

Dose should be from four to twenty-four grains, one-fourth of a 
gramme to a gramme and one-half, well diluted. 

SODII CHLORAS. 

CHLORATE OF SODIUM. 

Sodium chlorate differs from the corresponding potassium salt in its 
much greater solubility in water, which makes it somewhat easier to dis- 
pense in the fluid form, especially for internal use. Considering, how- 
ever, the dangers of such administration from the action of the drug on 
the blood and on the kidneys ^see Potassii Chloras), and also the fact that 
a saturated solution of the potassium chlorate is strong enough, the advan- 
tage of greater solubility, which appears to be the only one, is somewhat 
doubtful. 

Dose. — Internally, eight to twenty-four grains, half a gramme to a 
gramme and one-half, in solution. As a gargle or wash, a solution of 
from fifteen to thirty grains to the ounce, three to six per cent., may be 
used. 

SODII OHLORIDUM. 

CHLORIDE OF SODIUM. 

Natrium Chloratum Purum, P. G. ; Chloruretum Sodicum, Sal Commune s. 
Culinare — Common Salt, Table Salt, Sodium Chloride, E. ; Chlorure de 
Sodium, Sel Commun, Sel de Cuisine, Fr. ; Chlornatrium, Kochsalz, G. 

Common salt is not only a drug, but one of the necessaries of life 
for man and many of the lower animals. In large doses, and but slightly 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 289 

diluted, chloride of sodium may produce irritant effects upon the skin 
or upon the gastro-intestinal mucous membrane, as is shown by vomit- 
ing and purging. Death has resulted from its ingestion in excessive 
quantity (one pound). As an article of diet, salt probably stimulates the 
flow of the digestive fluids, as well as furnishes the necessary hydrochloric 
acid to the gastric juice. It promotes the metamorphosis of tissue, raises the 
temperature, and increases the number of the red blood corpuscles. It is 
probable that scurvy, which is often attributed to the excessive use of salted 
meat, is rather the result of the absence of certain substances contained only 
in fresh meat and vegetables, than of the presence of chloride of sodium. 
A complete deprivation of salt seems to produce quite as disastrous re- 
sults as an excessive use. Its strictly medical uses are limited, since it is 
hardly ever given internally as a drug, except for a placebo. If prescribed 
in dyspepsia, it would be as a condiment. Mineral waters containing it 
have been used with advantage, and among these should be reckoned 
sea-water, which it has been proposed, not only to administer as a drug, 
but to use in making bread. The use of chloride of sodium has been 
recommended in phthisis to improve the general nutrition. It has been 
used with alleged success in intermittent fever. A considerable quantity 
of salt (one ounce) mixed with warm water may be used as an emetic when 
no better is at hand. It is an antidote to nitrate of silver if an over-dose 
be taken. Sea-water may be used as a laxative, and a saline enema is 
more effectual than one of water. Common salt is an agent frequently 
employed to preserve the due ratio of salinity in fluids with reference to 
their exosmotic action, as in cases where a solution, consisting largely 
of common salt, is injected into the veins in collapse from cholera or from 
hemorrhage. Such a solution should contain in one thousand grammes 
(one liter) of water, five grammes of chloride of sodium, half a gramme of 
sulphate, fifteen centigrammes of phosphate, and twenty-one centigrammes 
of carbonate of sodium.* A solution of twenty grains of salt to the pint, 
one -fifth of one per cent., if used as a nasal douche, is less irritating than 
water alone, as it approximates more nearly the density of the saline solu- 
tions circulating in the mucous membrane. A much stronger solution is 
often used as a gargle in pharyngitis, tonsillitis, or diphtheria, or may be 
employed as a stimulating wash for various external lesions. Salt baths in- 

* This is, with the exception of some phosphate of calcium and magnesium, the sa- 
line composition of the Mood serum, as given by Hoppe-Seyler. Dr. Jennings, in the 
Lancet, September 16, 1882, gives the following solution for use as an intravenous in- 
jection in hemorrhage : Water, twenty ounces ; chloride of sodium, fifty grains ; chlo- 
ride of potassium, three grains ; sulphate of sodium and carbonate of sodium, each two 
and a half grains ; phosphate of sodium, two grains. The mixed powders may be kept 
on hand, to be dissolved when the occasion arises. 

19 



290 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

crease the metamorphosis of tissue, and are to be looked upon as general 
tonics. Sea-bathing adds many important accessories to the mere con- 
tact of salt water with the skin, but the latter is not without effect. A 
warm salt bath is more rubefacient than one of water alone, and may be 
used for its derivative effects in headaches, uterine pains, etc. A hot bag of 
salt is often a soothing local application, and retains the heat a long time. 

Dose. — Indefinite. A teaspoonful of dry salt may be given in haemop- 
tysis. An ounce, in considerable water, is likely to cause vomiting. 

SODII HYPOPHOSPHIS. 

HYPOPHOSPHITE OF SODIUM. 

Sodce Hypophosphis, Br. Add. ; Natrum Hypophosphorosum, Hypophos- 
phis Sodicus — Hyphosphite of Soda, E. ; Hypophosphite de Sonde, Fr. ; 
Unter phosphor igsaures Natron, G. 

Shares in the supposed general stimulating effects of the other hypo- 
phosphites, and is given in cases of nervous exhaustion or depression, or 
in phthisis. It has some value as a tonic, but is almost invariably given 
with the other hypophosphites. 

Dose. — Eight to fifteen grains, half a gramme to a gramme. 
SODII HYPOSULPHIS. 

HYPOSULPHITE OF SODIUM. 

Natrum Subsulfurosum (Ilyposulfnrosum), P. G. ; Hyposulphis Sodicus — 
Hyposulfite de Sonde, Sulfite Sulfure de Soude, Fr. ; Unter schwefligsaures 
Natron, G. 

Hyposulphite of sodium is an antiseptic and deodorizer. It is used 
externally, in lotion, in some skin diseases as a parasiticide, and by injec- 
tion into various cavities to prevent decomposition. It may be given to pre- 
vent the dyspeptic symptoms which arise from the fermentation of food in 
the stomach. The theoretical advantages of the drug, in zymotic diseases, 
have not been sustained by experience. A lotion may be made of the 
strength of forty grains to the ounce, eight per cent. 

Dose. — Fifteen grains, one gramme. 

SODII IODIDUM. 

IODIDE OF SODIUM. 

Natrum Iodatum — Iodure de Sodium, Fr. ; Jodnatrinm, G. 

May be used instead of iodide of potassium, and, it is said, without 
producing its disagreeable effects ; but since the iodic acne and coryza 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 291 

may be the results of the action of hydriodic acid or of iodine, this state- 
ment does not seem consistent with the other facts. 

Dose. — Five to thirty grains, thirty-two centigrammes to two grammes 
(.32 to 2), in solution or with some syrup. 

SODII NITRAS. 

NITRATE OF SODIUM. 

Sodce Nitras, Br. ; Natrum Nitricum, P. G. ; Nitras (Azotas) Sodicus, Ni- 
trum Cubicum — Nitrate of Soda, Cubic Nitre, E. ; Azotate {Nitrate) de 
Sonde, Nitre Cubique, Nitre de Chili, Fr. ; Chilisalpeter, G. 

Is a mild cathartic. The solution dissolves false membranes, and 
hence has been used by atomization in croup. 

Dose. — One or two ounces. 

SODII PHOSPHAS. 

PHOSPHATE OF SODIUM. 

Sodoz Phosphas, Br. ; Natrum Phosphor icum, P. G. ; Phosphas Sodicus 
(Natricus), Sal Mirabile Perlatum — Phosphate of Soda, E. ; Phosphate de 
Soude, Fr. ; Phosphorsaures Natrum, G. 

A mild laxative with an alkaline reaction. It may be used for children, 
as it can be administered in milk, to which it imparts no disagreeable 
taste. When the discharges are green, this salt will usually correct the 
color and promote the return to the normal condition by neutralizing the 
excess of acid to which the color and the diarrhoea are due. 

Dose. — Small, as an antacid for children, two to ten grains, twelve to 
sixty-four centigrammes (.12 to .64) ; as a purgative for an adult, one 
ounce, thirty grammes. 

SODII PYROPHOSPHAS. 

PYROPHOSPHATE OF SODIUM. 

This salt is used in preparing the pyrophosphate of iron. 

SODII SALICYLAS. 

SALICYLATE OF SODIUM. 

Salicylate of sodium owes its chief efficacy to salicylic acid. It has the 
advantage over the acid that it is more soluble and has less tendency to 
cause gastrointestinal irritation, while after absorption it has precisely 



292 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

the same action. It is not certain whether the base under these circum- 
stances exerts any alkalizing effect ; but as most of the acid is excreted in 
the acid form by the urine, its effect in this direction must be small. It 
is used in febrile diseases as an antipyretic, but chiefly in acute rheuma- 
tism, in exactly the same way as and with the same effects as the acid. 
In order to introduce the same amount of acid in the form of a salt, the 
dose must either be about one-half larger, or be given more frequently. 
It may be simply dissolved in water or mixed with a syrup. 

Dose. — Five to fifteen grains, thirty- two centigrammes to one 
gramme (.32 to 1). 

SODII SANTONINAS. 

SANTONINATE OF SODIUM. 

This new introduction to the Pharmacopoeia furnishes a soluble form for 
the administration of santonin, for the action of which that title may be 
consulted. As an anthelmintic this preparation cannot theoretically be ad- 
vised, as it is likely to be rapidly absorbed, and thus but a small quantity 
will be brought in contact with the worm. It is found, however, to act very 
well in this form. Singularly enough, the constitutional symptoms are 
less developed with this preparation than with santonin, which is, perhaps, 
accounted for by the more rapid elimination as well as absorption. The 
dose may consequently be larger. 

Dose. — Eight to ten grains for an adult, fifty to sixty centigrammes 
(.50 to. 60). 

SODII SULPHAS. 

SULPHATE OF SODIUM. 

Sodce Sulphas, Br. ; Natrum Sulfuricum, P. G. ; Sulfas Sodicus [Natricus), 
Sal Mirabile Glauberi — Sulphate of Soda, Glauber Salts, E. ; Sulfate de 
Soude, Set de Glauber, Fr. ; Glaubersalz, G. 

Sulphate of sodium is usually a cathartic, though in small doses and 
in a small quantity of water it may pass off by the urine. It has a rather 
bitter and disagreeable taste, and is comparatively little used at present. 
It may be employed in various gastric and hepatic derangements. Small 
doses are a useful corrigent to the action of morphine in dysentery. 

Dose. — As a purgative, one-half an ounce to an ounce, fifteen to thirty 
grammes. For use in dysentery with morphine, eight grains, sixty-four 
centigrammes, after each movement of the bowels. 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 293 

SODII SULPHIS. 

SULPHITE OF SODIUM. 

Natrum Sulfuriosum, Sulfis Sodicus (Natricus) — Sulfite de Soude, Fr. ; 

Schwefligsaures Natron, G. 

A disinfectant and deodorizer. Its action and uses are those of the 
other sulphites, hyposulphites, and sulphurous acid. 

Dose. — Fifteen to sixty grains, one to four grammes. 

» 

SODII SULPHOCARBOLAS. 

SULPHOCARBOLATE OF SODIUM. 

Sulphophenate (Phenosulphonate) of Sodium, E. ; Sulphophenate de Soude, 
Fr. ; Phenylschwefelsaures Natron, G. 

The mixture of sulphuric and carbolic acids seems to deprive each of 
them of its most irritating properties. This sulphocarbolate may be given 
in doses of fifteen or thirty grains without producing any marked symp- 
toms ; but it has been supposed that the carbolic acid, being set free in 
the body while sulphate of sodium is excreted by the urine, gives rise to 
the therapeutic but not the toxic action. This salt is antiseptic, but more 
feebly so than carbolic acid. It has been used in various zymotic and 
febrile diseases, but the results have not been such as to give it a high 
place as a remedy on clinical grounds, or to furnish much support to the 
theory just mentioned, upon which it was used. It is a good local appli- 
cation in putrid affections of the fauces, as in diphtheria, and may also be 
used internally in the same class of diseases. The application may be 
made in the form of a saturated solution or an insufflation. 

Dose. — Fifteen to thirty grains, one to two grammes. 

SPIGELIA. 

SPIGELIA. 

[PlNKROOT.] 

Spigelie du Maryland, Fr. ; Marylandische Spigelie, G. 

The active priDciple of this drug is a bitter, of which the more precise 
chemistry is unknown. It is an anthelmintic, and sometimes a cathartic. 
In large doses it may produce cerebral symptoms, such as dimness of 
vision, dilated pupil, and muscular spasms. Death is said to have oc- 
curred from its uses, but must be excessively rare, considering the great 



294 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

frequency of its administration. It should be given with a cathartic. 
Senna is frequently chosen for this purpose. 

Dose. — In powder, for a child, ten to twenty grains, sixty-four to one 
hundred and thirty centigrammes ; for an adult, one to two drachms, 
four to eight grammes. An infusion of this amount, or the fluid extract, 
is a more convenient preparation. 

SPIRITUS >ETHER1S. 

SPIRIT OF ETHER. 

Spiritus JEthereus s. Liquor Anodynus Mineralis Hoffmanni, P. G. ; JEther 
Sulfuricus Alcoolisatus, F. P. ; lather Hydrique (Sulfurique) Alcoolise, 
Liqueur Anodine d 'Hoffman, Fr. ; Hoffmanstropfen, G. 

This preparation may be useful if it is desired to give ether by the 
stomach. It is a stimulant, and to a certain extent anodyne. 

Dose. — One to four fluidrachms, four to sixteen cubic centimeters, 
which should be mixed with sweetened water at the time of administration. 

SPIRITUS >ETHERIS COMPOSITUS. 

COMPOUND SPIRIT OF ETHER. 

[Hoffmann's Anodyne.] 

Liqueur Nervine de Bang, Fr. ; Zusammengesetzter Aetherweingeist, G. 

The effects of the heavy oil of wine, which should distinguish this prep- 
aration from the preceding, are somewhat anodyne and narcotic. Un- 
fortunately this rather expensive ingredient is often reduced much below 
the pharmacopceial proportions, or an inferior product substituted for it. 
Hoffman's anodyne is often used to procure sleep and allay slight spas- 
modic pains, and restlessness in cases where opium is undesirable, and 
also not infrequently in addition to the opium as a corrigent and adjuvant. 

Dose. — Thirty minims to two drachms, two to eight cubic centimeters, 
in water. 

SPIRITUS /ETHERIS NITROSI. 

SPIRIT OF NITROUS ETHER. 

[Sweet Spirit of Nitre.] 

Spiritus Nitri Dulcis, Spiritus Nitrico- Miner 'eus, E. ; Ether Azoteux Alcoo- 
lise, Liqueur Anodine Nitreuse, Fr. ; Versilsster Salpetergeist, G. 

This well-known febrifuge, when taken in the usual doses, produces no 
very obvious effects on the stomach, except those of a slight stimulant and 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 295 

carminative. It increases the water, but not the solid constituents of the 
urine, and if the skin is kept warm, produces diaphoresis. Its vapor in- 
haled may produce serious symptoms, such as headache, giddiness, and 
some cyanosis. Death has taken place from inhaling a large quantity of 
vapor, disseminated in a room by the breaking of a package. Sweet 
spirit of nitre is used to relieve slight febrile symptoms, and to allay 
cough, as well as to increase the quantity of urine, and to relieve slight 
abdominal pain. It may be given in sweetened water. 

Dose. — As a diaphoretic and febrifuge, twenty to thirty drops, fre- 
quently repeated ; as a diuretic, half a drachm to a drachm, two to four 
cubic centimeters, usually with some other diuretic. 

SPIRITUS AMMONI/E. 

SPIRIT OF AMMONIA. 

Liquor Ammonii Caustici Spirituosus, P. G. ; Spiritus Ammoniaci Caustici 
Dyondii — Ammoniated Alcohol, E. ; Alcoole d'Ammoniaque, Liqueur 
d'Ammoniaque Vineuse, Fr. ; Weingeistige Ammoniakflussigkeit, G. 

Combines the stimulant effects of ammonia with those of alcohol, but 
in the usual doses the latter ingredient can have comparatively little effect. 
Considerably diluted it may be used externally. It is little employed. 

Dose. — Ten to thirty drops in watqr. 

SPIRITUS AMMONS/B AROMATICUS. 

AROMATIC SPIRIT OF AMMONIA. 

Alcoolat Ammoniacal Aromatique, Fr. ; Aromatischer Ammoniakgeist, G. 

Has nearly the same properties as the last preparation, but has the 
stimulant action as well as the agreeable taste and odor of several volatile 
oils. It may be used as a stimulant in fainting or nervousness, or may 
be added, as a corrigent, to medicines which are likely to cause gastric or 
intestinal irritation. It may be used for the expectorant effects of the 
carbonate of ammonia. 

Dose. — Thirty to sixty drops, diluted. 

SPIRITUS ANISI. 

SPIRIT OF ANISE. 

Alcoolat d Anise, Fr. ; Anisgeist, G. 
For uses and properties, see Anise. 
Dose. — One or two fluidrachms, four to eight cubic centimeters. 



296 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

SPIRITUS AURAIMTII. 

SPIRIT OF ORANGE. 

A flavoring, and slight stimulant. 
Dose. — To be regulated by the alcohol. 

SPIRITUS CAMPHOR/E. 

SPIRIT OF CAMPHOR. 

Alcohol Camphoratus, F. P. ; Spiritus Camphoratus, P. G. ; Tinctura Cam- 
phorce — Tincture of Camphor, E. ; Esprit de Camphre, Alcool Camphre, 
Fr. ; Kampferspiritus, G. 

This solution may be used to obtain the effects of camphor internally. 
If dropped into water, the camphor will be precipitated, but can be taken 
at once, or retained in suspension, if desired, by some viscid medium. It 
may also be taken on a lump of sugar. 

It is much used externally as a lotion, or ingredient of liniments. This 
is by no means the strongest possible camphor tincture. Ordinary alco- 
hol dissolves seventy-five per cent., and absolute alcohol still more. 

Dose. — Five to twenty drops. If it is to be used for large doses they 
may be ten times as large as those stated under camphor. 

SPIRITUS CHLOROFORMI. 

SPIRIT OF CHLOROFORM. 

Alcoole de Ghlorqforme, Fr. ; Chlorqform-spiritus, G. 

This alcoholic solution of chloroform was formerly called chloric 
ether, and used for inhalation. It is employed at present simply as a 
convenient form for introducing chloroform into mixtures for internal 
use. 

The Dose is stated as from half a fluidrachm to a drachm, two to four 
cubic centimeters, but if sufficiently diluted to obviate the irritating ef- 
fects, considerably more might be given "without danger. 

SPIRITUS CINNAMOMI. 

SPIRIT OF CINNAMON. 

Alcoole de Gannelle, Fr. ; Zimmtspiritus, G. 
Aromatic and stimulant. 
Dose. — Eight to thirty drops. 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 297 

SPIRITUS FRUMENTI. 

WHISKEY. 

Eau de Vie de Grains, Fr. ; Kornbranntwein, G. 

This well-known beverage is one of the stronger alcoholic liquors, and 
is to be looked upon simply as a preparation of alcohol. The average 
strength in alcohol is between forty and fifty per cent. New whiskey con- 
tains a considerable proportion of amylic alcohol, or fusel oil, which tends 
to produce headache ; but time changes this alcohol to ethers, which give 
the peculiar flavor. 

Dose. — Depends entirely upon the habits of the patient and the views 
of the physician. A quart may be fatal. 

SPIRITUS GAULTHERI/E. 

SPIRIT OF GAULTHERIA. 

Flavoring, aromatic, stimulant, and antiseptic. 

Dose. — One or more drachms, if used for anything more than a flavor. 

SPIRITUS JUNIPERI. 

SPIRIT OF JUNIPER. 

Alcoolat (Esprit) de Genievre, Fr. ; Wachholderspiritus, G. 

Stimulant and diuretic. It should be remembered that spiritus juni- 
peri is not the officinal name of gin, although this preparation resembles it 
in composition. 

Dose. — Thirty to sixty minims, two to four cubic centimeters. 
SPIRITUS JUNIPERI COMPOSITUS. 

COMPOUND SPIRIT OF JUNIPER. 

A diuretic and stimulant. It is much weaker than the preceding prep- 
aration, both in alcoholic strength and in volatile oil ; hence it approxi- 
mates much more closely to gin, and might be used for the same purposes 
and in the same doses. 

Dose. — Must be regulated chiefly by the alcohol, but is stated as two 
to four fluidrachms, eight to sixteen cubic centimeters. 



298 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

SPIRITUS LAVANDULAE. 

SPIRIT OF LAVENDER. 

Alcoolat (Esprit Eau) de Lavande, Fr. ; Lavendelspiritus, G. 

A perfume and flavoring. Is hardly used at all as a medicine. The 
former " compound spirit of lavender " is transferred to the list of tinc- 
tures. 

Dose. — Thirty minims to a fluidrachm, two to four cubic centimeters. 
SPIRITUS LIMONIS. 

SPIRIT OF LEMON. 

[Essence of Lemon.] 
Alcoolat (Esprit) de Citrons, Fr. ; Citronenessenz, G. 
A flavoring. 

SPIRITUS MENTHA PIPERIT/E. 

SPIRIT OF PEPPERMINT. 

[Essence of Peppermint.] 

Spiritus Menthce Piperita? Anglicus, P. G. ; Alcoolat (Essence) de Menthe 
Poivree, F. ; Englische Pfefferminzessenz, G. 

A flavoring and carminative. It may be used to relieve flatulence and 
slight gastric or colicky pains. A few drops produce a sense of coolness 
in the mouth and stimulate the flow of saliva. It may be given on sugar 
or in water. 

Dose. — Fifteen to thirty drops. 

SPIRITUS MENTH/E VIRIDIS. 

SPIRIT OF SPEARMINT. 

[Essence of Spearmint.] 

The uses of this essence are the same as those of the preceding prep- 
aration. 

Dose. — Fifteen to forty-five drops. 

SPIRITUS MYRCI>E. 

SPIRIT OF MYROIA. 

[Bay Hum.] 
Is used as a wash or perfume. 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 299 

SPIRITUS MYRISTIC/E. 

SPIRIT OP NUTMEG. 

[Essence of Nutmeg.] 
Alcoole (Esprit) de Muscade, Fr. ; Muskatspiritus, G. 
Used chiefly for flavoring. 
Dose. — One or two fluidrachms, four to eight cubic centimeters. 

SPIRITUS ODORATUS. 

PERFUMED SPIRIT. 

[Cologne Watee.] 

A perfume or ingredient of lotions ; more elegant or stimulating than 
alcohol. 

SPIRITUS VINI GALLICI. 

BRANDY. 

Spirit of French Wine, E. ; Eau de Vie, Cognac, Fr. ; Franzbranntwein, G. 

This is one of the stronger alcoholic liquors. It possesses but little of 
physiological importance to distinguish it, except a flavor more agreeable 
to some persons than that of other liquors, and a slight degree of astrin- 
gency. Much of the liquor called brandy is undoubtedly more or less 
factitious. The native brandies are probably more pure than most of the 
imported liquors which go by this name ; but so long as no injurious in- 
gredients are added, as they seldom are, the compound may, if satisfac- 
tory in taste and odor, be accepted without too rigid an inquiry as to its 
origin. 

Dose. — Depends upon too many factors to be stated generally without 
regard to the individual case. 

STAPHISAGRIA. 

STAPHISAGRIA. 

[Stavesacee. ] 

Semina Staphidis Agrice s. Pedicularis — Stavesacre, E. ; Staphisaigre, Fr. ; 

Stephanskorner, Ldusekorner, G. 

These seeds contain an alkaloid, delphinine, which is in some respects 
like veratrine. The alkaloid produces on the skin or mucous membranes 
prickling, burning, and inflammation. When absorbed, it diminishes the 
activity of the heart and respiration, and kills by general adynamia. It 



300 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 



has been used externally in neuralgias in the form of an alcoholic solution 
or ointment, of the strength of one to sixty, thirty, or eight parts of the 
excipient. It has been suggested, but certainly not extensively used, for 
dropsy and rheumatism, and as an antipyretic. The seeds also contain 
two other alkaloids not known to have any therapeutic importance. Staves- 
acre is itself used externally in the form of a parasiticide ointment, one 
part of the powdered seeds to two parts each of olive oil and lard. The 
fatty oil of stavesacre, extracted by ether, contains the delphinine, and has 
also been used as a parasiticide in pediculosis. 

Dose. — Of the alkaloid delphinine, one-twelfth to one-sixth of a grain, 
five milligrammes to one centigramme (.005 to .01). 

STILLINGIA. 

STILLINGIA. 

[Queen's Root.] 

Queen's Delight, Silver Leaf, E. ; Stillingie, Fr., G. 

Stillingia contains a resin which has not been carefully investigated. 
Like many other euphorbiacese it is an emetic, and is also considered 
" alterative." It has been used in syphilis, scrofula, and cutaneous dis- 
eases. A decoction is a convenient form, or the officinal fluid extract is 
better. 

Dose. — Fifteen to thirty grains, one to two grammes, of the powder, 
or from one to two ounces, thirty to sixty cubic centimeters of a decoc- 
tion (one to sixteen). 

STRAMONII FOLIA. 

STRAMONIUM LEAVES. 

Thorn Apple Leaves, E. ; Feuilles de Stramoine, Fr. ; Stechapfelblatter, G. 

STRAMONII SEMEN. 

STRAMONIUM SEED. 

Stramonia Semina, Br. ; Stramonium Seeds, E. ; Semences (Graines) de 
Stramoine, Fr. ; Stechapfelsamen, G. 

All parts of this plant contain two alkaloids, daturine, which is proba- 
bly the same as hyoscyamine, and atropine. The seeds, as containing the 
larger proportion of the active principles, are used for the preparations, 
while the leaves are sometimes employed for smoking in a pipe or ciga- 
rette in asthma. 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 301 

The action of stramonium is more closely allied to that of belladonna 
than of hyoscyamus. That is, it has a greater tendency to the production 
of excitement and delirium than of quietude or sleep. A description 
of its action on the heart and nervous system will be found under the 
title Atropine. Poisoning has not very unfrequently taken place from eat- 
ing the seeds of this plant, which grows abundantly in waste places almost 
everywhere. Poisoning is attended with symptoms like those of bella- 
donna, viz. : rapid pulse, a curious, active, and fantastic delirium, some- 
times lasting for several days, of which, although the actions performed 
are voluntary, and apparently conscious, the patient remembers nothing. 
The pupils are dilated and a red eruption often appears. 

There are few or none of the purposes of stramonium which cannot be 
subserved by belladonna, and vice versa. Other species of datura, as D. 
tatula and D. ferox, have the same action, and may be used for smoking 
in the same way as the D. stramonium. In poisoning from stramonium 
the same treatment should be put in force as is recommended under 
atropine. 

Dose. — Of the leaves, two grains, thirteen centigrammes ; of the 
seeds, one grain, six centigrammes ; of daturine, one-sixtieth to one-thir- 
tieth of a grain, one to three milligrammes (.001 to .003). 

STRYCHNIA. 

STRYCHNINE. 

Strychninum, P. G. ; Strychnine, Fr. ; Strychnin, G. 

STRYCHNIN/E SULPHAS. 

SULPHATE OF STRYCHNINE. 

Strychninum Sulfuricum — Sulfate de Strychnine, Fr. ; Schivefelsaures 

Strychnin, G. 

This alkaloid, with another, brucine, which closely resembles it quali- 
tatively, is the active principle of nux vomica and ignatia. It may be used 
to obtain all the effects of these drugs. It is absorbed and eliminated 
through the usual channels, of which the digestive canal is the most fre- 
quently used, although the hypodermic method is often, and the endermic 
occasionally employed. 

In the mouth strychnia is probably the most bitter substance known. 
In the stomach it produces locally the effects of other bitters in causing 
hunger and promoting the flow of the digestive fluids. 

A single ordinary or therapeutic dose usually gives rise to no symp- 
toms, except to those just noted, or, if administered subcutaneously, to a 



302 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

slight increase in the acuteness of vision. A larger dose produces tremor 
of the extremities, a little stiffness in the masticatory muscles, and in those 
of the neck and chest, together with some formication and hyperesthesia. 
Still larger doses produce more stiffness of the muscles, and poisonous 
ones violent general muscular contractions, occurring in paroxysms, usu- 
ally excited by some external stimulus, and closely resembling tetanus. 
During these paroxysms the muscles of respiration are firmly contracted, 
so that a condition of asphyxia results, from which, if long enough con- 
tinued, the patient dies. The pulse is not very much affected, except as 
it may be by any violent exertion, although the blood-pressure is much 
raised, probably by the vaso-motor centre sharing in the general excita- 
bility. The sensorium is not directly affected by the poison, but may be 
disturbed by the asphyxia. Death may take place in animals from spasm 
of the glottis, but in man this does not happen, the causes of a fatal result 
being respiratory spasm, when death takes place during a paroxysm ; ex- 
haustion, when it occurs between the paroxysms ; and finally, from a pro- 
found impression on the nervous centres, — and, perhaps, especially on that 
of respiration, — like that of the overwhelming attack of some acute dis- 
ease, when the patient sinks rapidly under a very large dose with few or 
no convulsions. If small doses are frequently repeated, a similar condition 
to the less intense grades of poisoning may be more slowly developed, 
and will in this case counterfeit still more closely traumatic or idiopathic 
tetanus. 

Experiments show that this spasmodic action depends upon increased 
excitability of the reflex centres in the spinal cord, and probably of some 
other ganglionic structures, as the retina, and, perhaps, the sympathetic 
ganglia. The nerves, sensory and motor, are comparatively little affected. 
One-twelfth of a grain, five milligrammes, of strychnine may produce slight 
symptoms of poisoning. The minimum fatal dose may be placed somewhere 
between one-half and two grains, three to twelve centigrammes. If fully 
and rapidly absorbed, one grain would probably be a fatal dose to persons 
of average size and strength and without treatment, although much larger 
doses than this have been recovered from. 

The treatment of strychnine poisoning should consist in emptying the 
stomach as promptly as possible ; the administration of chemical antidotes, 
if any poison is left ; and the use of means to counteract the exciting effect 
of the drug on the spinal cord. Of the chemical antidotes, tannin is per- 
haps the best, or iodine in iodide of potassium may be used. For the lat- 
ter indication, physostigma has been proposed, but not much used. 
Tobacco is an efficient antidote. Chloral and bromide of potassium are 
theoretically indicated and have been successfully employed. They are, 
however, somewhat slow in developing their full effects, and the interval 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 303 

may be bridged over by the use of chloroform, or ether, by inhalation. 
Intravenous injection of chloral has been suggested. Curare, which may 
stop the spasms by paralyzing the motor nerves, is not a true antidote, 
since it does not counteract the effect of the strychnine on the spinal cord. 
It is an interesting fact that methyl-strychnine, instead of resembling 
strychnine physiologically, as it does closely in a chemical point of view, 
acts on the nervous system like curare. The post-mortem appearances of 
strychnine poisoning are not characteristic, although in a frog, which had 
been kept for a long time under its influence, the spinal cord was found 
congested. 

Strychnine and its salts, as well as the preparations of nux vomica, 
are used as bitter tonics in cases of want of appetite and indigestion. 
For this purpose the tincture of nux vomica is a very convenient form, 
although combinations of this alkaloid with iron, with quinine, and the 
hypophosphites are often made. Strychnine probably exercises a gen- 
eral tonic and excitant effect upon the whole nervous system, as well as in 
the stomach. As a respiratory and cardiac stimulant, especially in conjunc- 
tion with digitalis, it may be used in diseases of the heart attended with 
dyspnoea. It is used in the various forms of paralysis, especially the periph- 
eral, like those from lead, mercury, alcohol, diphtheria, or from a severe 
bruise. It is to be more carefully employed in those of central origin, on 
account of the risk of aggravating inflammatory or congestive conditions 
which may be present. This is especially true of myelitis ; but excellent 
results have been attained in this condition by the use of large doses, and 
it has been recently shown that such doses may be used at a much earlier 
period in the disease than has heretofore been thought advisable. The 
determination of the proper time to begin this treatment requires con- 
siderable discretion, and the earliest administrations should be somewhat 
tentative. Cerebral paralysis is little if at all benefited by strychnine. 
When administered in cases where a special group of muscles is paralyzed 
from cerebral lesion, the symptoms of its action are often first perceived 
in the paralyzed side or limb. Incontinence of urine, especially in the 
aged, where a deficiency of reflex activity on the part of the sphincter ex- 
ists, is benefited by strychnine. Probably the favorable action of the alka- 
loid as an adjunct to cathartics, or even alone, in cases of chronic consti- 
pation, is attributable to its exciting effects upon the ganglionic plexuses 
in the intestine or the larger sympathetic ganglia in the abdomen. In 
some cases of sensory paralysis, but more particularly in that of the optic 
nerve, as in various toxic amauroses, it undoubtedly increases for a time 
the acuteness of vision, and it is alleged that in cases of well-marked optic 
atrophy the improvement is not only temporary, but may go on to cure. 
In these cases, improvement, if it is to take place at all, is usually manifest 



304 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

after the first dose, if sufficiently large, and a short trial will suffice to show 
whether it is worth while to keep on. Strychnine has also been used in 
many other nervous affections in which it is difficult to see its applicability, 
but is, nevertheless, useful in some of them. The most important of these 
is epilepsy, and in particular that form which is least amenable to the 
bromides, viz., "petit mal." 

Dose. — One-sixtieth increased to one-eighth of a grain, one to eight 
milligrammes (.001 to .008), or even more if the increase is gradual and 
the effects carefully watched ; either in pill, or, if the bitter taste is not too 
disagreeable, in solution. The sulphate may boused subcutaneously. 

STYRAX. 

STORAX. 

Styrax Prceparatus, Br ; Styrax Liquidus, P. G. ; Balsamum Styracis — - 
Liquid Storax, E. ; Styrax Liquide, Fr. ; Fliissiger Storax, G. 

Styrax is a complex resin containing the fragrant styrol and cinnamic 
acid. It has been used, like copaiba, for its alterative effect on the mu- 
cous membrane, but is at present employed chiefly as an external applica- 
tion, diluted with alcohol and olive oil, in scabies, and as a dressing for 
ulcers. Balsam of Peru is often added to improve the odor and effect. 

Dose. — Eight to twenty-three grains, half a gramme to a gramme and 
a half. 

SULPHURIS IODIDUM. 

IODIDE OF SULPHUR. 

Sulfur Iodatum, P. G. ; Ioduretum Sulfuric, F. P. ; lodure de Sou/re, Fr. ; 

Jodschwefel, G. 

This preparation is very easily decomposed, setting free iodine, which, 
of course, imparts to it irritant properties. It has been given internally 
in eczema, lepra, and lupus, and applied externally in the form of oint- 
ment in the same class of cases. It is little used at present. It may be 
made into an ointment with from three to twelve parts of excipient. 



SULPHUR LOTUM. 

WASHED SULPHUR. 

Sulphur Depuratum, s. Flores Sidphuris Loti, P. G. ; Sou/re Lave, Fr. ; 

Gereinigte Schwefelblumen, G. 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 305 



SULPHUR PR/ECIPiTATUM. 

PRECIPITATED SULPHUR. 

Lac (s. Magisterium) Sulphuris — Milk of Sulphur, E. ; Sou/re Frecipite, 
Lait de Sou/re, Fr. ; Schwefelmilch, G. 

SULPHUR SUBLIMATUM. 

SUBLIMED SULPHUR. 

Flores Sulphuris — Flowers of Sulphur, E. ; Fleurs (Creme) de Soufre, Fr.; 
Schwefelblumen, Schwefelblilthe, G. 

These three preparations differ little in character, action, or uses. The 
sublimed sulphur retains a trace of sulphurous acid which is washed out 
in the " washed sulphur." The precipitated sulphur forms a finer powder 
than the others, and sometimes retains a trace of sulphides or sulphuretted 
hydrogen resulting from the manner of its preparation. In the stomach 
these nearly tasteless powders undergo no change, but in the intestines 
are partly changed into sulphides, which act as very mild laxatives, per- 
haps assisted by the mechanical stimulation of the unchanged sulphur, 
but which are partly absorbed, giving rise in the blood to sulphuretted 
hydrogen, perceptible, after continued use, in the perspiration and breath. 
A portion is oxidized, and increases the sulphates in the urine. These 
effects are more marked after the use of sulphur precipitatum, probably 
for the reason that in this preparation the sulphur is more finely divided, 
and hence more easily acted on by the intestinal secretions. It is not cer- 
tain that sulphur has any other action on the functions or secretions. 

Sulphur is used internally almost exclusively as a laxative, where it is 
desired to get a mild and totally unirritating effect, and a pultaceous 
rather than liquid stools, as in piles and rectal or anal irritation. It is 
usually combined with other mild cathartics, as in the " compound liquo- 
rice powder." It has also been given in rheumatism, but if the constitu- 
tional action is desirable, as in this disease and in mercurialism, the al- 
kaline sulphides are more efficient. In lead-poisoning the laxative effect 
is an important addition to the constitutional, so that the sulphur might 
in this case deserve the preference. 

Sulphur has been considered of great value in the treatment of hay 
fever, a piece of " roll brimstone " being held in the mouth ; and in diph- 
theria, the sublimed sulphur being blown into the fauces. It is difficult 
to see how these procedures can be of great value, since the amount of 
sulphurous acid present, which must be the only active constituent, is ex- 
tremely small in airy case. Externally, sulphur has been very extensively 
used as a cure for itch, in the form of ointment. The number of. for- 
20 



306 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

mulse for sulphur ointments is large, and the explanation of their ac- 
tion not altogether satisfactory. It is to be noticed that all the more 
recent preparations, made with purified or precipitated sulphur, contain 
an alkaline ingredient, i.e., a salt of potash, of ammonia, of lime, or soap. 
It is highly probable that the older sulphur ointments, made with sub- 
limed sulphur, and without this addition, owed their efficacy as parasiti- 
cides to a larger amount of sulphurous acid than is now likely to be 
present. Sulphur alone does not kill the itch insect ; but, on the other 
hand, salves made with addition of alkalies develop sulphides, which are 
rapid and efficient poisons to the parasite. The mechanical effect of sul- 
phur in breaking up the burrows and dislodging the inhabitants, or pre- 
vent their supply of air, as well as similar results from the eczema pro- 
duced, are also important factors in the curative action. Similar ointments 
are used in other affections of the skin. Sulphur fumigations are really 
applications of volatile sulphurous acid. Most sulphur baths and sulphur 
mineral waters are solutions of sulphuretted hydrogen, or the alkaline 
sulphides. 

Dose. — As a laxative, one to four drachms, four to sixteen grammes. 
If a constitutional effect is desired, a smaller dose is to be given, and re- 
peated several times in the day. For this latter purpose the precipitated 
sulphur is to be preferred. Any syrup may be used as a vehicle, as in 
the classic " brimstone and treacle " of Mrs. Squeers. 

SUMBUL. 

SUMBUL. 
Racine de Sumbul, Fr. ; Sumbulwurzel, Mbschwurzel, G. 

This possesses a musky odor, which gives it one of its common names, 
and bitter aromatic taste. It has the properties and uses of many other 
members of its class, having been used as a nervine on account of its vola- 
tile constituent, and as a mucous alterative on account of its resin. It is, 
however, little employed at present. 

Dose. — In powder, eight to twenty-three grains, one-half to one and 
♦one-half gramme. 

SUPPOSITORIA. 

SUPPOSITORIES. 

Suppositoires, Fr. ; Stuhlzdpfchen, G. 

Suppositories form a convenient means of applying drugs to the rec- 
tum or vagina, where they niay produce either a purely local effect, as in 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 307 

the case of astringents or antiseptics, or a general action due to absorp- 
tion, as in the case of opiates or other neurotics or mercurials. Their 
absorption is probably a little slower than in the case of drugs given by 
the mouth, but rather on account of the excipient employed than from the 
locality. It is safer, however, when powerful drugs are thus administered, 
not to exceed the dose which would be proper if given by the mouth. 
Urethral suppositories are a convenient means of making topical applica- 
tion. They may be made with glycerine and gelatine, as well as with the 
officinal excipient. 

SYRUPUS. 

SYRUP. 

Syrupus Simplex, P. G. ; Syrupus Sacchari s. Albus — Simple Syrup, E. ; 
Strop de Sucre, Sirop Simple, Fr. ; Weisser Syrup, G. 

This simple solution of sugar is used as an ingredient in many prepa- 
rations, and often enters into prescriptions. Its uses are to cover a dis- 
agreeable taste or to protect active ingredients from decomposition. 

SYRUPUS ACACI>E. 

SYRUP OF ACACIA. 

Syrupus Gummosus, P. G. ; Sirop de Gomme, Fr. ; Gummisyrup, G. 

Demulcent, or a vehicle in mixtures to hold in suspension insoluble 
ingredients. The syrup becomes acid much less rapidly than the " mucilage 
of acacia." 

SYRUPUS ACIDI CITRIC!. 

SYRUP OP CITRIC ACID. 

Sirop aVAcide Citrique, Fr. ; Citronsauressyrup, G. 

A flavoring, or, diluted with water, a beverage when lemon syrup is 
not to be had. 

SYRUPUS ACIDI HYDRIODICI. 

SYRUP OP HYDRIODIC ACID. 

Hydriodic acid is not directed in the Pharmacopoeia, on account of its 
great liability to change by the development of free iodine. It may be pre- 
pared extemporaneously by the following recipe : Iodide of potassium, 
two hundred and nine and three-fourths grains, dissolved in water, three 
drachms ; tartaric acid in crystals, one hundred and ninety and one-fourth 



308 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

grains, in water, three drachms. Mix the solutions, and after cooling in ice- 
water for an hour, decant or filter from the bitartrate of potash and add 
water to make two ounces : each fluidrachm represents ten grains of iodine. 
Or iodide of potassium, grammes sixteen and a half ; crystallized tartaric 
acid, grammes fifteen ; each to be dissolved in fifteen cubic centimeters of 
water, treated as before, and the product brought up to cubic centimeters 
one hundred and twenty-six. This will give ten centigrammes of acid to 
each cubic centimeter of solution, and is ten times stronger than the syrup. 
It is, however, subject to rapid change, and as it would require to be much 
diluted, presents no special advantages over the syrup. Hydriodic acid 
may be used instead of iodide of potassium, especially in asthma and bron- 
chitis. It is much more easily administered, and produces similar effects. 

The Dose of the syrup may be from one drachm, or four grammes, 
containing about two-thirds of a grain, or four centigrammes, of hydriodic 
acid to one ounce, or thirty grammes, containing nearly five grammes, or 
thirty centigrammes. These doses correspond to about forty -six minims, 
and to a little over six fluidrachms respectively. 

SYRUPUS ALLII. 

SYRUP OF GARLIC. 

Syrup d'Ail, Fr. ; Knoblauchsyrup, G. 
This is used chiefly as a stimulant expectorant for children. 
Dose. — A teaspoonful may be given to a child a year old. 

SYRUPUS ALTH/E/E. 

SYRUP OF ALTHJEA. 

A mucilaginous demulcent. 

SYRUPUS AMYGDAUE. 

SYRUP OF ALMOND. 

Syrupus Emulsivus, Strop d' Orgeat (d'Amandes, Emulsif), Fr. ; Mandel- 

syrup, G. 

A demulcent and flavoring, which may be supposed to have an effect 
in diminishing local irritation in the fauces, or a general sedative action 
due to the hydrocyanic acid contained therein. This, however, is exceed- 
ingly small. 

Dose. — Indefinite. 



UNITED STATES FHAKMACOPCEIA. 309 



SYRUPUS AURANTM. 

SYRUP OF ORANGE. 

Used simply for its flavor in mixtures, etc. Its somewliat bitter and 
pronounced taste make it a good vehicle for drugs which possess some 
pungency of their own, as, for instance, chloral. 

SYRUPUS AURANTII FLORUM. 

SYRUP OF ORANGE FLOWERS. 

A delicate, but to some persons sickish, flavoring. 

SYRUPUS CALCII LACTOPHOSPHATIS. 

SYRUP OF LACTOPHOSPHATE OF CALCIUM. 

In this preparation the phosphate of lime is dissolved in lactic acid 
without entering into the chemical combination suggested by its name, 
and is supposed to be more easily absorbed. The phosphates are appa- 
rently highly important for animal as well as vegetable nutrition, and it 
is claimed for this preparation that it promotes not only the growth of 
bone, but acts as a general nutrient tonic. It is often combined with 
other tonics and restoratives, especially cod-liver oil. It should not be 
given to infants with their milk, on account of its acidity. 

Dose. — One fluidrachm to one fluidounce, four to sixteen cubic centi- 
meters. 

SYRUPUS CALCIS. 

SYRUP OF LIME. 

Liquor Calais Saccharatus, Br. ; Saccharated Solution of Lime, E. ; Saccha- 
rate (Sucrate) de Ghaux Liquide, Fr. ; Kalksaccharat-Losung, G. 

Water containing sugar dissolves a much larger proportion of lime than 
simple water. This may be used somewhat diluted as an antacid, and 
may be added to the milk of children or persons with irritable stomachs 
in much less than the dose required of lime-water. It is said to be bet- 
ter borne than lime-water. It has also been proposed for use in acute 
rheumatism. It may be used as an antidote to carbolic or oxalic acid in 
poisoning. 

Dose. — Fifteen minims to a teaspoonful, one to five cubic centimeters, 
diluted. 



310 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

SYRUPUS FERRI BROMIDI. 

SYRUP OF BROMIDE OF IRON. 

The bromide of iron is irritant in large doses, but has been used in 
various diseases where iron is indicated. Possibly the bromine may 
modify somewhat its effect in cases where its peculiar action on the ner- 
vous system is called for, as in hysteria with ansemia. 

Dose. — Eight to forty -five grains, one-half to three grammes, or about 
six to thirty five minims. 

SYRUPUS FERRI IODIDI. 

SYRUP OF IODIDE OF IRON. 

Syi*upus Ferri Iodati, P. G.; Sir op d'lodure de Fer, Fr. ; Eisenjodur- 

syrup, G. 

This syrup is supposed to combine the activity of iron and of iodine, 
and to be especially indicated in the scrofulous diathesis, but its virtues 
are chiefly those of the iron. 

Dose. — Eight to forty-five grains, one-half to three grammes, or about 
six to thirty-five minims. 

SYRUPUS FERRI QUININ/E ET STRYCHNI/E PHOS- 

PHATUM. 

SYRUP OF THE PHOSPHATES OF IRON, QUININE, AND STRYCHNINE. 

This syrup is a convenient form for administering these powerful tonics 
together. 

Dose. — From one to two fluidrachms, four to eight cubic centimeters. 
Five grammes, equalling a very little less than four cubic centimeters, or a 
small teaspoonful, contain one-thirtieth of a grain, or two milligrammes, 
of strychnia and about one grain sixty-six milligrammes each of quinine 
and phosphate of iron. 

SYRUPUS HYPOPHOSPHITUM. 

SYRUP OF HYPOPHOSPHTTES. 

A convenient form for preserving and administering the hypophos- 
phites (for the effects of which see the articles on Hypophosphite of Cal- 
cium, Potassium, and Sodium). 

Dose. — Two to eight drachms, eight to thirty-two grammes, corre- 
sponding to seven to twenty-eight grains, or from forty-eight to one 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 311 

hundred and eighty-eight centigrammes (.48 to 1.88) of the mixed hypo- 
phosphites. "Using fluidrachms and cubic centimeters instead of the 
weights which they approximate, would make the doses given equal to 
about eight or nine to thirty-seven grains, or sixty to two hundred centi- 
grammes (.60 to 2.00). 

SYRUPUS HYPOPHOSPHITUM CUM FERRO. 

SYRUP OP HYPOPHOSPHITBS WITH IRON. 
Dose. — The same as of the preceding. 

SYRUPUS IPECACUANHA. 

SYRUP OP IPECAC. 

Sirop d' Ipecacuanha, Fr. ; Ipecacuanhasyrup, G. 

Used as an emetic and expectorant, chiefly for children. 

Dose. — As an emetic for an adult, half an ounce to an ounce, sixteen 
to thirty grammes ; for a child, half a drachm to a drachm, two to four 
grammes, repeated once or twice. If these are taken as fluid measures 
instead of by weight, the amount of ipecac contained will be about one- 
third larger. 

As an expectorant the dose is to be reckoned in minims, from two to 
thirty, or centigrammes, from twelve to two hundred (.12 to 200). 

SYRUPUS KRAMERI>E. 

SYRUP OFKRAMERIA. 

Syrupus Batanhce — Sirop de Ratanhia, Fr. ; Batanhiasyrup, G. 

An astringent in diarrhoea. 

Dose. — For an adult, a fluidounce, or thirty cubic centimeters ; for a 
child, from fifteen minims, a cubic centimeter, upward. 

SYRUPUS LACTUCARII. 

SYRUP OP LACTUCARIUM. 

A very feeble hypnotic. 

Dose. — Two fluidrachms, eight cubic centimeters, and upward. 
SYRUPUS LIMONIS. 

SYRUP OP LEMON. 

An agreeable flavoring, as a vehicle or for a beverage. 
Dose. — Indefinite. 



312 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

SYRUPUS PICIS LIQUID/E. 

SYRUP OF TAR. 

This is simply a sweetened tar-water, which, however, is made with 
hot instead of cold water, and is consequently richer in the essential con- 
stituents of the tar. It may be used like tar, as a stimulant or alterative, 
in chronic inflammations of the respiratory and urinary mucous mem- 
branes. 

Dose. — Should be somewhat less than that of tar-water, perhaps half 
an ounce, fifteen cubic centimeters, every two or three hours, a watch be- 
ing kept for over-irritation of urinary organs, or poisoning like that from 
carbolic acid. 

SYRUPUS PRUNI VIRGINIANS. 

SYRUP OF WILD CHERRY. 

Sirop d'lScorce de Cerisier, Fr.; Wildkirschenrindensyrup, G. 

Chiefly used in cough mixtures on account of the small amount of hy- 
drocyanic acid contained. It is somewhat astringent and may be used in 
diarrhoea. 

Dose. — One to four fluidrachms, four to sixteen cubic centimeters. 

SYRUPUS RHEI. 

SYRUP OF RHUBARB. 

A cathartic, differing from the preparations of the same name in the 
last edition by the presence of cinnamon and carbonate of potassa. 

Dose. — For an infant, a fluidrachm, four cubic centimeters. 
SYRUPUS RHEI AROMATICUS. 

AROMATIC SYRUP OF RHUBARB. 

Gewurzter Bhabarbersaft, G. 

A cathartic for children in diarrhoea from irritating ingesta. 

Dose. — One fluidrachm, four cubic centimeters or upward, when a full 
cathartic action is desired. 

SYRUPUS ROS/E. 

SYRUP OF ROSE. 

Used for flavoring and coloring. Slightly astringent. 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 313 

SYRUPUS RUBI. 

SYRUP OF RUBUS. 

Slightly astringent. 

Dose. — One or two fluidrachms. 

SYRUPUS RUBI ID/El, 

SYRUP OF RASPBERRY. 

Flavoring for medicines or beverages. 
Dose. — Indefinite. 

SYRUPUS SARSAPARILUE COMPOSITUS. 

COMPOUND SYRUP OF SARSAFARILLA. 

Sirop Sudorifique, Fr. 

Somewhat diaphoretic. Used chiefly as a vehicle for iodide of potas- 
sium. 

Dose. — One to four fluidrachms, diluted. 

SYRUPUS SCILUE. 

SYRUP OF SQUILL. 

Meerzwiebelsyrup, G. 

This syrup is used chiefly in the treatment of bronchitis and croup. 
The smaller doses are simply expectorant, while the larger ones, if repeated, 
cause vomiting, which in the case of children suffering from this affection 
is often desirable. 

Dose. — Fifteen minims to one drachm, one to four cubic centimeters, 
as an expectorant for an adult, or emetic for a child. 

SYRUPUS SCILL/E COMPOSITUS. 

COMPOUND SYRUP OF SQUILL. 

[Hive Sykup. Croup Syrup.] 

Sirop de Settle Compose, Fr. ; Zusammengesetzer Meerzwiebelsyrup, G. 

This well-known preparation is used in the same class of cases as the 
last. It is more nauseant and depressing, and like all the depressing 



314 THEEAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

drugs should be used with great caution, if at all, in membranous or diph- 
theritic croup. 

Dose. — Ten to thirty minims, eighty to two hundred and forty centi- 
grammes (.80 to 2.40), which may be repeated according to the effect de- 
sired, frequently if vomiting is indicated. Adults may take larger doses, 
less frequently repeated, in bronchitis. 

SYRUPUS SENEG/E. 
SYRUP OP SENEGA. 

Strop de Polygala, Fr. 
Is used in the later stages of bronchitis. 
Dose. — One or two fluidrachms, four to eight cubic centimeters. 

SYRUPUS SENN/E. 

SYRUP OF SENNA. 

A mild cathartic for children. 

Dose. — One to four fluidrachms, four to sixteen cubic centimeters. 

SYRUPUS TOLUTANUS. 

SYRUP OF TOLU. 

Sir op Balsamique, Fr. 

A flavoring used in cough-mixtures. It is possible that the tolu may, 
in process of elimination through the bronchial mucous membrane, have 
some slight effect akin to that of volatile oils. 

Dose. — Indefinite. 

SYRUPUS ZINGIBERIS. 

SYRUP OF GINGER. 

Ingwersyrup, G. 

A flavoring and adjuvant, chiefly with saline and irritant cathartics, 
carminatives, or with bromide of potassium. 

Dose. — One drachm, four cubic centimeters and upward. 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 315 



TABACUM. 

TOBACCO. 

Tabaci Folia, Br. ; Folia Nicotiance, P. G. ; Leaf Tobacco, E. ; Nicotiane, 

Tabac, Fr. ; Tabaksblatter, G. 

Tobacco contains an alkaloid, nicotine, and a peculiar " tobacco cam- 
phor," nicotianin, which seems to have somewhat similar properties. 
The various forms in which tobacco is prepared for use, and probably 
also the soil and climate in which it is grown, cause it to vary in strength, 
and it is, moreover, by no means certain that the activity of tobacco 
smoke is due to the same active principle as that of tobacco itself. 

Nicotine is one of the most poisonous substances known. It is ab- 
sorbed from the mucous and cutaneous surfaces, and even the unbroken 
skin, and fatal poisoning has taken place from its external application, 
even in small quantity. It produces local irritation of the fauces, oeso- 
phagus, and stomach, and, soon after its absorption, develops symptoms 
pointing to an action on the brain, first, in the direction of stimulation, 
and afterward of narcotism. At first nicotine increases the frequency of 
the heart's action and the arterial pressure, while later the heart becomes 
irregular and feeble. The rapidity of the pulse which has been increased 
by nicotine is again increased by atropine. The respiration undergoes 
similar changes to those of the pulse. Nausea and vomiting and increased 
intestinal peristalsis are among the most characteristic effects of this drug. 

Tobacco itself produces similar effects to those of nicotine, but some- 
what less rapid in their onset, and affecting more distinctly the intestinal 
canal. They are obviously, in most cases, not likely to go on to the 
extreme result, as when the strong alkaloid is administered to animals, or 
in the not very frequent instances where an overdose of tobacco is given 
by the mouth or rectum. The chronic use of tobacco in excess is likely 
to give rise to pharyngitis, dyspepsia, and nervous palpitation of the 
heart. 

The medicinal uses of tobacco are limited. It has been used as a para- 
siticide and a topical application in some skin diseases, in domestic as well 
as in professional practice, but it is a dangerous remedy which possesses 
no advantages over many safer ones. It has been also employed as an 
emetic, but should be considered merely as a resort in an emergency 
when there is no opportunity to procure a safer and equally efficient 
means of emptying the stomach. It has been given both by the stomach, 
and more particularly in the form of enemata, in intestinal obstruction and 
hernia. The usual explanation of its action in these cases, i.e., that it re- 
laxes spasm, is not admissible in all instances^ since, on the one hand, 



316 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

spasm is not always an important element in the disease ; and, on the 
other, tobacco increases, rather than decreases, peristalsis. In another set 
of cases, however, where the obstruction is due to mechanical accumula- 
tions from local paralysis of the intestinal walls, the physiological action 
of tobacco is indicated. 

Tobacco has been administered in whooping-cough and asthma, but 
less dangerous remedies are to be preferred. In asthmatic persons un- 
accustomed to smoking, a cigar may give the same sort of relief that 
comes from stramonium or nitre paper. In some persons smoking acts as 
a useful laxative. It seems to be an antidote to strychnia, and, perhaps, a 
remedy in other forms of tetanus. 

Tobacco may be administered in the form of a decoction, or even 
pills. Nicotine is not used in medicine, but has been recommended in 
tetanus and strychnia-poisoning in the dose of ten or fifteen milligrammes 
(.010 or .015) by the stomach, or one milligramme (.001) subcutaneously. 
Under other circumstances nicotine, if used at all, should not be given in 
more than from one to three milligrammes (.001 to .003) doses. 

Dose of tobacco, internally, from half a grain to two and one-half 
grains, three to fifteen centigrammes (.03 to .15) ; a decoction of from eight 
to fifteen grains, half a gramme to one gramme, may be used by enema. 
Five or six grains are emetic. 



t> j 



TAMARINDUS. 

TAMARIND. 

Pulpa Tamarindorum Cruda s. Fructus Tamarind or um, P. G. ; Tamarin, 

Fr. ; Tamarindenmus, G. 

Tamarinds contain vegetable acids, sugar, and mucilage. The pulp is 
used with other cathartics. Tamarind water is employed chiefly as an 
agreeable acidulous drink. The pulp may be boiled with milk (one ounce 
to one pint, thirty grammes to one-half liter) to make a whey for the same 
purpose. 

TANACETUM. 

TANSY. 

Summitates Tanaceti — Tanaisie, Herbe aux Vers, Fr. ; Rainfarn, Wurm- 

kraut, G. 

The activity of tansy depends upon its volatile oil, which is among the 
more powerful and irritating members of this class. It is strongly diu- 
retic. The herb and the oil are legitimately used in amenorrhoea, but per- 
haps as frequently in order to produce abortion, which, like many other 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 317 

intestinal irritants and excitants to the nervous system, they may do. A 
case of death has been recorded in a woman who took the oil for this pur- 
pose, but without success, so far as the dislodgement of the foetus was 
concerned. 

Dose. — Powder, from fifteen grains to two drachms, one to four 
grammes, in decoction. Of the oil, one to four drops. 

TARAXACUM. 

TARAXACUM. 

[Dandelion.] 

Pissenlit, Dent de Lion, Fr. ; Lowenzahn, G. 

Dandelion root contains a bitter principle and inulin. It has been used 
with special reference to hepatic affections, but there is no evidence that it 
has any other action than that of a bitter tonic. A decoction may be given 
in doses of one to three fluidounces, thirty to ninety cubic centimeters. 
The extract is often used as an excipient in pills. 

TEREBINTHINA. 

TURPENTINE. 

TEREBINTHINA CANADENSIS. 

CANADA TURPENTINE. 

[Balsam of Fm.] 

Balsamum Canadense — Canada Balsam, E. ; Baume du Canada, Fr. ; 

Canadischer Terpentin, G. 

Turpentine may be employed for external use in plasters, and has been 
given internally in the same kind of cases as many other oleo-resins, that 
is, as a stimulant and alterative to the mucous membranes. 

Dose. — Fifteen to sixty grains, one to four grammes. 

THUJA. 

THUJA. 

[Arbor VrrE.] 

Arbre de Vie, Fr. ; Lebensbaum, G. 

This indigenous tree is astringent and aromatic. A decoction from its 
leaves has been used in various diseases where the volatile oil may be 
considered the active principle. The oil itself has been employed as a 



318 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 



-vermifuge. An ointment prepared from it is somewhat irritant, like that 
from the kindred savine, and has been used in rheumatism. 

Dose. — One drachm, four grammes, in infusion. A fluid extract would 
be better. 

THYMOL. 

THYMOL. 

This crystalline solid is the most important constituent of the oil of 
thyme, and is contained therein in the proportion of fifty per cent., more 
or less. Many specimens of commercial oil of thyme have had the thymol 
removed. It is a powerful antiseptic, resembling in its therapeutic action, 
as well as in its chemical affinities, phenol or carbolic acid. It is much 
less poisonous than the latter, and is, moreover, antiseptically active in a 
smaller dose, which gives it decided advantages. On the other hand, it 
is more difficult to make into solutions for ordinary use, and a solution of 
one in a thousand, made with the aid of a little alcohol, is by no means de- 
void of irritating properties. The smell, which is ordinarily considered 
less disagreeable than that of carbolic acid, is, when strong, decidedly 
sickish, and the choice between it and carbolic acid becomes a matter of 
individual preference. In hospital practice it has the disadvantage of 
attracting flies. It may, however, be used for all the external and surgi- 
cal purposes of carbolic acid, in the strength of one or two in a thousand. 
Such a solution requires the aid of alcohol. Thymol dissolves well in a 
chloral solution, or in one of soda or potassa. An ointment of one to six 
per cent., five to thirty grains to the ounce of petrolatum, may be used in 
skin diseases. 

TINCTURA ACONITI. 

TINCTURE OF ACONITE. 

Teinture de Racine d'Aconit, Fr. ; Eisenhuttinktur, G. 

The Pharmacopoeia has been greatly improved by having at present 
but one alcoholic preparation of any part of the aconite plant. The tinc- 
tures of the leaves are weak and uncertain, and the tinctures made from 
the root, which have been, and are used, vary widely in strength, as will 
be seen from the following figures, which represent the number of parts of 
aconite used in preparing one hundred parts of tincture by weight : U. S. 
P., 1880, 40 ; U. S. P., 1870, 47.6 ; British, 16 ; German, 10 ; Fleming's, 
79 ; Linimentum Aconiti, Br. (a very strong tincture), 108. A French 
" alcoolature " is made with equal parts of the fresh root and of alcohol, 
and should be a very strong preparation, yet it is recommended in as large, 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 319 

or larger, doses as would be given of our officinal tincture. The officinal 
tincture maybe a very feeble preparation. The author has taken one hun- 
dred drops of so-called tincture of aconite root with barely perceptible 
effect. 

The Dose is frequently stated as five to ten drops, three times a day, 
and this might be used in rheumatism or neuralgia, but in febrile disor- 
ders it is much better, if a trustworthy preparation is used, to give a drop, 
or even a fraction of a drop, every fifteen or thirty minutes until the pecu- 
liar tingling of the lips and tongue is perceived, or a moisture appears on 
the skin and the pyrexia is diminished. It should be largely diluted with 
water ; half a drop in a teaspoonf u.1 is perceptible but not disagreeable. 

TINCTURA ALOES. 

TINCTURE OF ALOES. 

Aloetinlctur, G. 

This preparation is three times as strong as that of the last edition. 

Dose. — One to four fluidrachms, four to sixteen cubic centimeters, as 
a purgative ; eight to fifteen minims, one-half to one cubic centimeter, 
twice a day, as a laxative. 

TINCTURA ALOES ET MYRRH/E. 

TINCTURE OP ALOES AND MYRRH. 

Elixir Proprietatis Paracelsi, P. G. ; Elixir de Propriety Fr. ; Aloselixir, G. 

This tincture is purgative and has a special tendency to congest the 
pelvic organs, the uterus and its appendages included. Hence it is espe- 
cially useful when a cathartic becomes necessary in the course of chlorosis 
or amenorrhoea. It may, however, be used as a purgative irrespective of 
these conditions. 

Dose. — One to two fluidrachms, four to eight cubic centimeters (4 to 8). 
TINCTURA ARNIC/E FLORUM. 

TINCTURE OF ARNICA FLOWERS. 

[Tinctura Arnica, Pharm., 1870.] 

This once popular tincture is used almost entirely as an external appli- 
cation in bruises, sprains, etc. It has been found that under this treat- 
ment a bruise loses its color and swelling nearly as fast as with the alcohol 
alone. It h liable to produce eczema. If used internally, the Dose would 
be from thirty minims to two fluidrachms, two to eight cubic centimeters. 



320 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

TINCTURA ARNIC/E RADICIS. 

TINCTURE OF ARNICA ROOT. 

Teinture d' 'Arnica, Fr. ; Arnikatinktur, G. 
Dose. — Two to five fluidrachms, eight to twenty cubic centimeters. 

TINCTURA ASAFCETID/E. 

TINCTURE OF ASAFETIDA. 

Teinture d Ase-fetide, Fr. ; Stinkasanttinktur, G. 

When added to water produces a milky mixture. 

Dose. — Thirty minims to one fluidrachm, two to four cubic centi- 
meters. 

TINCTURA AURANTII AMARI. 

TINCTURE OF BITTER ORANGE FEEL. 

[Tinctura Aueantii, Pharm. , 1870.] 
A flavoring. 
Dose. — One or two teaspoonfuls. 

TINCTURA AURANTII DULCIS. 

TINCTURE OF SWEET ORANGE PEEL. 

A flavoring. 

Dose. — One or two teaspoonfuls. 

TINCTURA BELLADONN/E. 

TINCTURE OF BELLADONNA. 

Belladonnatinktur, G. 

This preparation, made from dried leaves, is not altogether constant 
in its effects. The active dose must be sought by beginning with a 
minimum and working upward until some dryness of the throat and dila- 
tation of the pupils is perceived. 

Dose. — Eight to thirty minims, one-half to two cubic centimeters. 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 321 

TINCTURA BENZOINI. 

TINCTURE OF BENZOIN. 

Teinture de Benzoin, Fr. ; Benzoetinktur, G. 

This and the following tinctures are precipitated by water, but are fre- 
quently mixed with it. They are used internally in catarrhal affections, 
and may be also administered by atomization. A few drops in hot water 
makes an agreeable and soothing inhalation. Externally they are applied 
to many bruises, abrasions, bed-sores, etc., forming a thin pellicle of 
resin. Pills may be washed with this tincture to protect them for a time 
from solution. Diluted with water this tincture is used as a cosmetic. 

Dose. — Thirty minims to a fluidrachm, two to four cubic centimeters. 
TINCTURA BENZOINI COMPOSITA. 

COMPOUND TINCTURE OF BENZOIN. 

Tinctura Balsamica, Balsamum Commendatoris, Elixir Traumaticum — Tein- 
ture Balsamique, Baume du Commandeur de Permes, Fr. ; Persischer 
Wundbalsam, G. 

The uses and dose are those of the preceding tincture. This tincture 
represents many mediaeval preparations, which were used both externally 
and internally. 

TINCTURA BRYONI/E. 

TINCTURE OF BRYONIA. 

An active purgative. The active principle of bryonia is soluble in 
alcohol. 

The Dose, which corresponds to the doses of the dried root usually 
stated, is from two to ten fluidrachms, or eight to forty cubic centimeters. 



TINCTURA CALENDUL/E. 

TINCTURE OF CALENDULA. 

Has been used as an application to wounds and bruises, which it is 
said to protect from inflammation and suppuration. 

It may be used in doses limited chiefly by the amount of alcohoL they 
contain. 

21 



322 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

TINCTURA CALUMB^E. 

TINCTURE OP CALUMBA. 

Kolombotinktur, G. 

A bitter tonic, weaker than in the last edition. 

Dose. — One to six fluidrachms. If a large dose of the bitter be 
desired, however, it is better to make the mixture to consist partly of an 
infusion or fluid extract. 

TINCTURA CANNABIS INDIC/E. 

TINCTURE OF INDIAN CANNABIS. 

[Tinctuka Cannabis, Pharm., 1870.] 

It is not certain whether this preparation will be preferable, as to 
uniform activity, to that made with the resin. It is somewhat weaker in 
its proportion of resin, but it would be safe to begin with the same dose 
as of the former tincture, and increase until its effects are perceptible. 

Dose. — Forty drops, or one and a half cubic centimeter. 

TINCTURA CANTHARIDIS. 

TINCTURE OP CANTHARIDES. 

Spanischfliegentinktur, G. 

This is the preparation usually employed when it is desired to admin- 
ister cantharides internally. If an overdose is given it will cause great 
gastro-intestinal irritation, as well as inflammation of the kidneys and blad- 
der, with sympathetic irritation of the genital organs. It is sometimes 
used as a diuretic, and also as an emmenagogue. Externally this tincture 
may be applied as an irritant ; but for blistering, the other preparations 
are more convenient. In small proportions it is used in hair- washes to 
stimulate the scalp. 

Dose. — Three drops to a fluidrachm, one-half to four cubic centimeters, 
three times a day in some mucilaginous vehicle. 

TINCTURA CAPSICI. 

TINCTURE OF CAPSICUM. 

Teinture de Piment des Jardin, Fr. ; Spanischpfeffertinktur, G. 

A cutaneous and gastric irritant. It may be used externally for pur- 
poses of counter-irritation, and internally as a stimulant to digestion. 

Dose.— Eight to one hundred and twenty minims, one-half to eight 
cubic centimeters, well diluted. 



UNITED STATES PHAKMACOPCEIA. 323 



TINCTURA CARDAMOMI. 

TINCTURE OF CARDAMOM. 

Carminative. 

Dose. — One or two fluidrachms, four to eight cubic centimeters. 

TINCTURA CARDAMOMI COMPOSITA. 

COMPOUND TINCTURE OF CARDAMOM. 

Zusammengesetzte Kardamomentinktur, G. 
Carminative. 
Dose. — One or two fluidrachms, four to eight cubic centimeters. 

TINCTURA CATECHU COMPOSITA. 

COMPOUND TINCTURE OF CATECHU. 

[Tinctura Catechu, Pharm., 1870.] 

Astringent. It is used internally in diarrhoea with chalk mixture. It 
should not be given with iron. Externally it may be applied to fissures 
and ulcers, as of the nipples or of the anus. 

Dose. — Fifteen minims to two fluidrachms, one to eight cubic centi- 
meters. 

TINCTURA CHIRAT^E. 

TINCTURE OF CHIRATA. 

Teinture de Chirette, Fr. 
A bitter tonic. 

Dose. — Thirty minims to two fluidrachms, two to eight cubic centi- 
meters. 

TINCTURA CIMICIFUG^E. 

TINCTURE OF CIMICIFUGA. 

Those who have the most confidence in cimicifuga state that prepa- 
rations should be made from the fresh root, which is not the case with this 
tincture. 

Dose. — One-half to two fluidrachms, two to eight cubic centimeters. 



324 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 



TINCTURA CINCHON/E. 

TINCTURE OF CINCHONA. 

Teinture de Quinquina, Fr. 

A bitter tonic. Used to obtain the effects of the smaller doses of the 
cinchona alkaloids, but not usually for an antiperiodic action. 

Dose. — One or two fluidrachms, four to eight cubic centimeters, rep- 
resenting not far from two to four centigrammes, or one or two thirds of 
a grain of the mixed alkaloids. 

TINCTURA CINCHONA COMPOSITA. 

COMPOUND TINCTURE OF CINCHONA. 

[Huxhah's Tincture of Bark.] 

More frequently used than the last preparation. It exercises the stim- 
ulating properties of serpentaria, as well as those of cinchona. It is used 
chiefly in the typhoid condition. 

Dose. — One to four fluidrachms, four to sixteen cubic centimeters. 
TINCTURA CINNAMOMI. 

TINCTURE OF CINNAMON. 

Teinture de Cannelle, Fr. 
Slightly astringent, carminative, and aromatic. 

Dose. — Half a fluidrachm to two fluidrachms, two to eight cubic 
centimeters. 

TINCTURA COLCHICI. 

TINCTURE OF COLCHICUM. 

Teinture de Sentences de Colchique, Fr. 

May be used to obtain the peculiar effects of colchicum, although there 
seems no necessity for both this preparation and the wine of colchicum 
seed, the doses of each, as well as the alcoholic strength, being for all 
practical purposes the same. 

Dose. — Fifteen to thirty minims, one to two cubic centimeters, or 
one-fourth as many more drops as minims. 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 325 

TINCTURA CONN. 

TINCTURE OF CONIUM. 

Teinture Gigu'e, Fr. ; Schierlingstinktur, G. 

This is undoubtedly a much more efficient preparation than that of the 
same name in the last edition of the Pharmacopoeia. One part is about 
equal to one and a half parts of the succus of the British Pharmacopoeia. 
It is of about one eighth of the strength of the fluid extract. It would be 
safer to begin with a 

Dose of sixty minims, four cubic centimeters, although more than this 
would, in most cases, be required to produce a physiological effect. 

TINCTURA CROCI. 

TINCTURE OP SAFFRON. 

Teinture cle Safran, Fr. ; Safrantinktur, G. 

Used for coloring. The quantity necessary to produce any marked 
effect from the saffron would contain an amount of alcohol sufficient to 
conceal its activity. 

TINCTURA CUBEBiC. 

TINCTURE OF CUBEB. 

Kubebentinktur, G. 

If given in large doses, exercises some of the specific effects of cubeb. 
The smaller doses are aromatic and stimulant. 

Dose. — Eight minims to three fluidrachms, one-half to twelve cubic 
centimeters. 

TINCTURA DIGITALIS. 

TINCTURE OF DIGITALIS. 

Tingerhuttinktur, G. 

This tincture is sometimes considered inferior to the infusion, espe- 
cially when a diuretic effect is desired. It produces, however, the specific 
action of the leaves, and is very convenient for administration in heart 
disease. Large doses, such as half an ounce, fifteen cubic centimeters, 



326 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

have been used in delirium tremens, but for ordinary use in cardiac dis- 
ease the 

Dose is from eight to twenty drops, increased cautiously, its adminis- 
tration being guided by the pulse, the gastric irritability and the amount 
of renal secretion. It has been given subcutaneously, but only in cases of 
emergency, as in aconite poisoning. 

TINCTUR/E HERBARUM RECENTIUM. 

TINCTURES OF FRESH HERBS. 

The activity of many plants is destroyed or diminished in the drying 
process, so that preparations from the fresh specimens are desirable if 
their full action is desired. The directions in the Pharmacopoeia will give 
tinctures corresponding to a little more than half the strength of the 
French alcoolatures, varying with the proportion of juice in the plant. 
Their doses must be ascertained from actual trial, as they cannot be 
accurately calculated, either from the dose of the dry herb or its prepara- 
tions, and the dose of the fresh in substance is not usually known. The 
varying amount of water in the juices of the fresh plants must vary consid- 
erably, so that the bulk of the tincture will not bear an invariable propor- 
tion to the substance of the herb. Some of the drugs which might be ad- 
vantageously represented in this way are stated a few lines below. Of these 
aconite and belladonna might be very properly neglected, since their alka- 
loids being non-volatile, and, so far as known, not liable to decomposition, 
the ordinary preparations are efficient. Approximate doses are stated. 
Aconite root, fifteen to thirty drops per diem in divided doses ; * bella- 
donna leaves, seven to twenty drops in each dose ; •(• cimicifuga, one-half to 
two fluidrachms, repeated until constitutional symptoms are produced ; 
conium leaves, five to twenty drachms ; J conium seeds, fifteen minims 
should produce some physiological effect ; gelsemium root, three to eight 
drops ; || serpentaria, half a drachm to two drachms. 

TINCTURA FERRI ACETATIS. 

Dose. — Fifteen drops to a teaspoonful, one to four cubic centimeters. 



* Calculated from the French alcoolature. 

f Calculated from the German tincture of the leaves and flowering tops, which con- 
tains a smaller proportion of alcohol. 

X Calculated from the dose of an unofficinal weaker tincture given by Bartholow. 
| Calculated from statements of Harley (Old Vegetable Neurotics). 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 327 

TINCTURA FERRI CHLORIDL 

TINCTURE OF CHLORIDE OF IRON. 

[Tincture of Ferric Chloride.] 

Tinctura Ferri Perchloridi, Br. ; Tinctura Ferri Sesquichloridi — Tincture of 
Ferchloride of Iron, E. ; Teinture de Ferchlorure de Fer, Fr. ; Eisen- 
chloridtinktur, G. 

This is one of the most powerful and widely used of the preparations 
of iron. It is astringent and acid, and not always well borne by delicate 
stomachs. A small amount of hydrochloric ether is probably developed 
by the action of the free acid on the alcohol, which has been supposed to 
have a specially beneficial effect on some renal diseases. It is used for the 
general purposes of a ferruginous tonic in those who can bear it, and will, 
from its acid contents, if not too concentrated, assist digestion like the di- 
lute hydrochloric acid. It has been used in erysipelas, both internally in 
large doses and externally, as well as in diphtheria. In both of these dis- 
eases it opposes itself to the ansemia so rapidly developed, while in the lat- 
ter it is undoubtedly a topical antiseptic and astringent. It has been used 
as a spray in hemorrhage from the lungs, and also for the general purposes 
of an astringent, for which the simple solution of the same salt is usually 
employed. It may be administered in simple dilution, although syrup, or 
better, glycerin, is a more agreeable vehicle, and if the local effect in the 
fauces is desired, causes it to be delayed longer in contact with the dis- 
eased parts on the way down. 

Dose. — Five minims to a fluidrachm, thirty-two centigrammes to four 
cubic centimeters three times a day in chronic cases, but in acute inflam- 
mation in the fauces it should be given much more frequently, once in an 
hour, or even half an hour or less. 



TINCTURA GALL/E. 

TINCTURE OF NUTGALL. 

Teinture de Noix de Galle, Fr. ; GalldpfeUinktur, G. 

A powerful astringent, in which, however, the tannic acid may be 
slowly converted into gallic. 

Dose. — One-half to three fluidrachms, two to twelve cubic centi- 
meters. 



328 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

TINCTURA GELSEMII. 

TINCTURE OF GELSEMIUM. 

May be used to obtain the specific effects of the drug, although prepa- 
rations from the fresh root are to be preferred. 

Dose. — Thirty minims to two fluidrachms and a half, two to ten cubic 
centimeters. 

TINCTURA GENTIAN/E COMPOSITA. 

COMPOUND TINCTURE OF GENTIAN. 

A bitter tonic. It is probably often taken rather for the effects of the 
alcohol than for the bitter. With ferric salts it forms a dark precipitate. 

Dose. — A fluidrachm to half a fluidounce, four to sixteen cubic centi- 
meters. 

TINCTURA GUAIACI. 

TINCTURE OF GUAIAC. 

Tinctura Guajaci, P. G. ; Teinture de R'esine de Ga'iac, Fr. ; GuajaJctinktur, G. 

Has been used in chronic rheumatism. The guaiacum is precipitated 
on the addition of water, and therefore each dose should be diluted at 
the time of administration, or else a mucilage or syrup be selected as a 
vehicle. 

Dose. — One to three fluidrachms, four to twelve cubic centimeters. 
TINCTURA GUAIACI AM M ON I AT A. 

AMMONIATED TINCTURE OF GUAIAC. 

Has been used in chronic rheumatism and amenorrhcea. It has also, 
like other preparations of the resin, been supposed useful in the treatment 
of acute tonsillitis. A small quantity poured into water makes a cleanly 
and not disagreeable gargle. 

Dose. — One or two fluidrachms, four to eight cubic centimeters. 
TINCTURA HUMULI. 

TINCTURE OF HOPS. 

Tinctura Lupuli, Br. ; Teinture de ffoublon, Fr. ; Hopfentinktur, G. 

A somewhat uncertain preparation, containing the bitter of the hops, 
as well as a certain amount of the narcotic properties. It may be used as 






UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 329 

a feeble nervine and hypnotic where more powerful drugs are undesirable. 
The fluid extract and oleo-resin of lupulin are, however, more trustworthy 
preparations. 

Dose. — One to three fluidrachms, four to twelve cubic centimeters. 
TINCTURA HYDRASTIS. 

TINCTURE OF HYDRASTIS. 

A bitter tonic. 

Dose. — Two to five fluidrachms, eight to twenty cubic centimeters, 
three times a day. The dose must be regulated somewhat by the amount 
of alcohol. 

TINCTURA HYOSCYAMI. 

TINCTURE OF HYOSCYAMUS. 

Teinture de Jusquiame, Fr. ; Bilsenkraulcttinktur, G. 

This preparation represents the active properties of hyoscyamus. It is 
used chiefly as a hypnotic or anodyne when opium does not agree. Its 
power in either of these directions, however, is not to be compared to 
that of opium. It might very properly be given with the tincture of the 
latter drug as a corrigent in very much the same way as belladonna. 

Dose. — A fluidrachm, four cubic centimeters. 

TINCTURA IGNATI/E. 

TINCTURE OF IGNATIA. 

Contains the virtues of extract of ignatia, which depend upon strych- 
nia and brucia. May be used, like tincture of nux vomica, as a bitter 
tonic. A more definite preparation should be selected to obtain the fully 
developed effects of strychnia. 

Dose. — Fifteen minims to a fluidrachm, one to four cubic centimeters. 

TINCTURA IODI. 

TINCTURE OF IODINE. 

[Tinctuka Iodinii, Pharm., 1870.] 

This well-known tincture is employed chiefly as a cutaneous irritant, 
or as an injection into serous sacs or suppurating cavities. From these 
situations it may be absorbed from the skin slowly and slightly, but from 
a serous cavity very rapidly. It usually requires two or three applications 



330 THEEAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

to produce decided irritant effects upon the skin, which becomes brown 
and dry, and finally peels off, leaving a delicate cuticle formed beneath it. 
In positions where the skin is thin and more sensitive it may raise a blis- 
ter. The tincture may be used as a means for generating the vapor of 
iodine for inhalation. It may be given internally, but for this purpose 
the ''Liquor iodi compositus " is much better. The " compound tincture " 
has been dropped from the Pharmacopoeia. If a stronger and more rapid 
irritant effect is desired, an ethereal tincture may be prescribed much 
stronger than the officinal. 

Dose. — Eight to thirty drops in a solution of iodide of potassium, or 
an ounce or two of syrup of orange peel. 

TINCTURA IPECACUANHA ET OPII. 

TINCTURE OF IPECACUANHA AND OPIUM. 

[Liquid Dover's Powder.] 

This tincture corresponds exactly by weight to Dover's powder (pulvis 
ipecacuanha et opii), ten parts containing one part each of opium and 
ipecac, and the dose must be regulated chiefly by the considerations which 
control the amount of opium. Too large a dose, however, may cause 
nausea from the ipecac. 

Dose. — Four to fifteen minims, one-fourth to one cubic centimeter. 
The minims closely correspond to the same number of drops. 

TINCTURA KINO. 

TINCTURE OF KINO. 

An astringent. The present edition of the Pharmacopoeia orders this 
tincture to be made with the addition of glycerin, in order to obviate the 
tendency to gelatinize. 

Dose. — One-half to two fluidrachms, two to eight cubic centimeters. 
TINCTURA KRAMERI/E. 

TINCTURE OF ERAMERIA. 

Tincture of Bhatany, E. ; Tinctura Ratanhce, P. G. ; Teinture de Ratanhia, 

Fr. ; Batanhatinktur, G. 

An astringent, containing more alcohol than the last preparation. 

Dose. — One-half to two fluidrachms, two to eight cubic centimeters. 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 331 

TINCTURA LAVANDUL/E COMPOSITA. 

COMPOUND TINCTURE OF LAVENDER. 

[Spikitus Lavandula Compositus, Pharm., 1870.] 

An aromatic stimulant, which may be used as a vehicle or corrigent, 
and alone in colic or flatulence. It may be mixed with sweetened water 
or with sugar. 

Dose. — One-half to two fluidrachms, one to four cubic centimeters. 
TINCTURA LOBELI/E. 

TINCTURE OF LOBELIA. 

Dose. — As an antispasmodic in asthma, one-half to two fluidrachms, 
two to eight cubic centimeters, every two or three hours until relief, but 
not for too long a time ; as an emetic, three fluidrachms, twelve cubic 
centimeters. 

TINCTURA MATICO. 

TINCTURE OF MATICO. 

An aromatic stimulant, and mucous alterative. 

Dose. — One-half to two and a half fluidounces, twenty to eighty cubic 
centimeters. 

TINCTURA MOSCHI. 

TINCTURE OF MUSK. 

This tincture retains the smell, and probably the therapeutic activity, 
of musk. It is used chiefly as a perfume, but might be employed in the 
same class of cases as the musk itself. Since alcohol is usually indicated 
in these cases, its presence in the tincture is of no disadvantage. 

Dose. — Forty to one hundred drops, alone or with other tinctures, or 
in a mixture. 

TINCTURA MYRRH/E. 

TINCTURE OF MYRRH. 

May be used as an aromatic local stimulant to make a wash for un- 
healthy gums, or to disinfect fetid and decomposing secretions and accre- 
tions in the mouth. With an astringent it makes a useful lotion for piles 
or unhealthy ulcerations. 



332 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

TINCTURA NUCIS VOMIC/E. 

TINCTURE OP NUX VOMICA. 

A bitter tonic. 

Dose. — Eight to thirty drops. 

TINCTURA OPII. 

TINCTURE OF OPIUM. 

Tlnctura Opii Simplex, P. G. ; Tinctura Thebaica, Tinctura Meconii — Laud- 
anum, E.; Teinture d 'Opium, Teinture Theba'ique, Fr.; Einfache Opium- 
tinktur, G. 

This most important of all the tinctures is nearly one-half stronger 
than in the last edition, if the latter were made from the lowest grade of 
opium permissible in that edition, and this be made from an average grade 
between the limits assigned in the present edition. In most cases it may 
well be replaced by the "tinctura opii deodorata." The dose must, of 
course, vary widely, both as to size and frequency of administration, and 
that given below is intended as a single dose for a healthy adult. 

Dose. — For an adult, six minims, thirty-seven one-hundredths of a 
cubic centimeter, or about twelve drops, is a rather small dose. By 
weight one part of opium is contained in ten of the tincture. 

TINCTURA OPII CAMPHORATA. 

CAMPHORATED TINCTURE OF OPIUM. 

Tinctura Gamphoroe Composita, Br. ; Tinctura Opii Benzoica, P. G. ; Elixir 
Paregoricum — Paregoric Elixir, E. ; Elixir Paregorique, Fr. ; Benzoe- 
saurehaltige Opiumtinktur, G. 

This is one of the weakest preparations of opium, often used for chil- 
dren. It adds to the virtues of opium those of the stimulating volatile 
oils. It may be employed to relieve abdominal pain of a colicky and flat- 
ulent character, or to check an irritable cough. The quantity necessary 
to equal the dose, stated in the previous article, is a little less than three 
drachms, or eleven cubic centimeters, but since it is seldom used to pro- 
duce the full effects of opium the 

Dose is one or two fluidrachms, four to eight cubic centimeters. 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 333 

TINCTURA OPII DEODORATA. 

DEODORIZED TINCTURE OF OPIUM. 

This preparation is wanting in narcotine, and also in the peculiar and 
disagreeable smell of opium. It has less of the nauseating and disagree- 
able after-effects of the drug than the simple tincture, and is often pre- 
ferred to it for internal administration. 

The Doses are the same as those of the simple tincture when reckoned 
by weight ; but it should be remembered that owing to its containing a 
lesser proportion of alcohol, drops are more or less nearly equivalent to 
minims instead of being, as with the other tincture, about half that 
measure. 

TINCTURA PHYSOSTIGMATIS. 

TINCTURE OF FHYSO STIGMA. 

The uses of this preparation are simply those of physostigma or its 
alkaloid. 

Dose. — Ten grains, sixty-five centigrammes, or about twelve minims, 
increased until the specific effects of the drug are obtained. 

TINCTURA PYRETHRI. 

TINCTURE OF FYRETHRUM. 

Tincture of Pellitory, E. ; Bertramwurzeltinktur, G. 

Is used as a local irritant in the mouth, or to diminish the pain in 
carious teeth. For these uses it need not be diluted more than is neces- 
sary to get rid of the irritating effect of the alcohol. 

Dose. — A few drops held in the mouth. 

TINCTURA QUASSI/E. 

TINCTURE OF QUASSIA. 

This tincture is somewhat stronger than in the last edition. It is an 
intense bitter. 

Dose. — One-half to two fluidrachms, two to eight cubic centimeters. 

TINCTURA RHEL 

TINCTURE OF RHUBARB. 

The strength of this preparation is slightly increased in the present 
edition, but not enough to make it a very powerful cathartic. The quan- 



334 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

tity of tincture necessary to produce full cathartic effects will contain, 
especially if the rhubarb employed be not of the very best quality, an 
amount of alcohol not to be left out of sight in estimating its value. 
Hence it is used rather as an adjuvant to other cathartics, or as a laxa- 
tive and tonic in gastric and intestinal torpor. 

Dose. — As a cathartic, must, in most cases, be not less than half a 
fluidounce, fifteen cubic centimeters. As a laxative or tonic, one drachm, 
four cubic centimeters, more or less. 

TINCTURA RHEI AROMATICA. 

AROMATIC TINCTURE OF RHUBARB. 

The strongest of this set of rhubarb tinctures. 

The doses may be somewhat less than those given under Tinctura Rhei, 
say from two drachms to half a fluid ounce, or more as a cathartic. 

TINCTURA RHEI DULCIS. 

SWEET TINCTURE OF RHUBARB. 

Weaker than either of the other two tinctures. Intended chiefly for 
children. A child of ten or twelve years old might take the doses of 
this preparation corresponding to those mentioned under Tinctura Ehei. 

TINCTURA SANGUINARI/E. 

TINCTURE OF SANGUINARIA. 

Dose.^ — As an emetic, one to three fluidrachms, four to twelve cubic 
centimeters ; as an expectorant, eight to sixty minims, one-half to four 
cubic centimeters. 

TINCTURA SAPONIS VIRIDIS. 

TINCTURE OF GREEN SOAP. 

A somewhat more elegant form of soft soap, intended for external use 
in cutaneous diseases where an alkaline application is desired, as in 
eczema, or in seborrhoea of the scalp, when its solution in three parts of 
alcohol may be used for shampooing. 

TINCTURA SCILL/E. 

TINCTURE OF SQUILL. 

Frequently used as a diuretic, alone or combined with digitalis, juni- 
per, or the salines. 

Dose. — Eight to twenty-four minims, one-half to one and a half cubic 
centimeter. 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 335 

TINCTURA SERPENTARI/E. 

TINCTURE OP SERPENTARIA. 

Schlangenwurzeltinktur, G. 

A stimulant, used in typhoidal conditions. 

Dose* — One to three fluidrachins, four to twelve cubic centimeters. 

TINCTURA STRAMONI1. 

TINCTURE OP STRAMONIUM. 

May be used to obtain the characteristic effects of stramonium or 
atropine. 

Dose. — From fifteen minims, one cubic centimeter, upward, until 
slight dilatation of the pupils or some dryness of the throat appears. 

TINCTURA SUMBUL. 

TINCTURE OP SUMBUL. 
Dose. — One to four fluidrachms, four to sixteen cubic centimeters. 

TINCTURA TOLUTANA. 

TINCTURE OF TOLU. 

Used as a flavoring, chiefly in cough syrups. 

TINCTURA VALERIAN/E. 

TINCTURE OF VALERIAN. 

It is not advisable to use this preparation in hysterical cases on account 
of the alcohol. It may be used in typhoid or delirium tremens if it be 
thought that valerian has much value in these conditions. 

Dose. — One to two fluidrachms. 

TINCTURA VALERIANAE AMMONIATA. 

AMMONIATED TINCTURE OP VALERIAN. 

May be used for all the purposes in which Valeria is desirable. 
Dose may be the same as that of the last preparation. 



336 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

TINCTURA VANILL/E. 

TINCTURE OF VANILLA. 
A flavoring. 

The Dose is a few drops, sufficient to impart the desired amount of 

taste. 

TINCTURA VERATRI VIRIDIS. 

TINCTURE OF VERATRUM VIRIDE. 

Tincture of American Hellebore, Tincture of Green Hellebore, E. 

May be used to produce the characteristic effects of veratrum viride, 
especially upon the heart, in febrile diseases. 

Dose may be six or eight drops every three hours until nausea occurs 
or the pulse falls. It is better given, however, in smaller doses, say two 
or three drops every hour, the same indications being watched for. 

TINCTURA ZINGIBERIS. 

TINCTURE OF GINGER. 

Ingwertinktur, G. 
A local irritant. Internally a gastric stimulant and carminative. 
Dose. — Fifteen to seventy-five minims, one to five cubic centimeters. 

TRAGACANTHA. 

TRAGACANTH. 

Gomme Adragante, Fr. 

This gum is employed in pharmacy to form, emulsions for the suspen- 
sion of insoluble powders, and is better than acacia for emulsions of cod- 
liver oil. It is also used in troches. On the other hand, since it does 
not fully dissolve in water, it does not form, like acacia, an agreeable mu- 
cilage for demulcent purposes. 

TRITICUM. 

TRITICUM. 

[Couch-grass.] 

Rhizoma Graminis, P. G. ; Radix Graminis — Quickgrass, Quickens, Quitch, 
E. ; Petit Chiendent, Fr. ; Quechenwurzel, Graswurzel, G. 

The root-stocks of this troublesome plant contain sugar, which appears 
to be its most active constituent. It is largely used as a demulcent and 



UNITED STATES PHAKMACOPCEIA. 337 

diluent, more particularly in cystitis and irritation of the urinary passages. 
So far as analysis has yet gone, it must owe its diuretic effect to its sugar. 
An infusion or decoction is the best form for its administration, and it is 
doubtful if the officinal fluid extract can usefully replace them. Either of 
these preparations may be made by the general rule, or a little weaker, 
and freely used. 

TRITURATIONES. 

TRITURATIONS. 

This class of preparations is a new introduction to the Pharmacopoeia. 
The process of trituration presents the drug to the digestive organs in a 
state of minute subdivision, favorable to rapid and complete solubility, 
and hence, raises to its maximum the efficiency of those drugs which are 
preferably administered in the solid form. Eesins, glucosides, and alka- 
loids, as well as many crude drugs which are not given in bulky doses, may 
be prepared in this way. The proportion of the drug is one to ten. 

TRITURATIO ELATERINL 

TRITURATION OF ELATERIN. 

Dose. — One-half to three-quarters of a grain, thirty to forty-five milli- 
grammes (.030 to .045). 

TROCHISCI ACIDI TANNICI. 

TROCHES OF TANNIC ACID. 

Pastilles de Tannin, Fr. ; Tanninpastillen, G. 

A convenient form for administering tannin in small doses, either for 
its effect on the mouth and fauces or on the intestinal canal. 

Dose. — They may be used almost ad libitum if allowed to dissolve 
slowly in the mouth. 

TROCHISCI AMMONII CHLORIDI. 

TROCHES OF CHLORIDE OF AMMONIUM. 

This is a convenient form for giving chloride of ammonium in chronic 
or subacute bronchitis. The taste of the salt is so disagreeable that the. 
patient will be inclined to swallow the troches as quickly as possible.. 

Dose. — One troche may be used every hour or two. 
22 



338 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

TROCHISCI CATECHU. 

TROCHES OF OATEOHU. 

Tdbelloe cum Catechu, F. P. ; Pastilles de Cachou, Fr. ; Katechupastillen, G. 

Should be used for the same purposes as the tannic acid troches, but 
are not quite so strong. 

TROCHISCI CRETJE. 

TROCHES OF CHALK. 

Pastilles de Craie Preparee, Fr. ; Kreidepastillen, G. 

May be used for the general astringent and antacid properties of chalk 
almost ad libitum. 

TROCHISCI CUBEB/E. 

TROCHES OF CUBEB. 

Kubebenpastillen, G. 

These may be used in chronic irritated conditions of the fauces, 
pharynx, and upper air-passages. Each troche contains half a grain, three 
centigrammes (.03) of oleo-resin of cubeb. 

TROCHISCI FERRI. 

TROCHES OF IRON. 

Tablettes Chalybees, Fr. 
One or two troches may be used three times a day, after meals. 

TROCHISCI GLYCYRRHIZ/E ET OPII. 

TROCHES OF GLYCYRRHIZA AND OPIUM. 

Pastilles d' Opium, Pastilles de Beglisse Opiacees, Fr. 

Each troche contains a twentieth of a grain, three milligrammes, of 
'extract of opium. By an adults one of these might be used every hour or 
two for an irritable cough. Children, however, should not be allowed to 
use them freely, as the amount of opium is by no means insignificant. 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 339 

TROCHISCI IPECACUANH/E. 

TROCHES OF IPECACUANHA. 

Brechwurzelpastillen, G. 

These troches can be of value only for the expectorant action of ipecac. 
If taken very frequently they might cause some nausea. 

TROCHISCI KRAMERI/E. 

TROCHES OF KRAMERIA. 

These troches are practically equivalent to those of catechu or tannic 
acid. 

TROCHISCI MAGNESI/E. 

TROCHES OF MAGNESIA. 

Pastilles Absorbantes, Fr. 
Slightly antacid. Might be used freely. 

TROCHISCI MENTH/E PIPERITA. 

TROCHES OF PEPPERMINT. 

Pastilles de Menthe Anglaises, Fr. 

These officinal troches, or those of the confectioner, may be used to re- 
lieve colic and flatulence. Like the aromatics, they excite the flow of 
saliva, and may be used to relieve dryness of the mouth. 

TROCHISCI MORPHINE ET IPECACUANH/E. 

TROCHES OF MORPHINE AND IPECAC. 

Each troche contains one -fortieth of a grain, one and six- tenths of a 
milligramme (.0016), of morphia, and one- twelfth of a grain, five milli- 
grammes (.005), of ipecac. They maybe used in bronchial cough, but the 
usual caution should be observed in regard to children. 

Dose. — One troche once in an hour or two. * 

TROCHISCI POTASSII CHLORATIS. 

TROCHES OF CHLORATE OF POTASSIUM. 

These troches might be used to obtain the local cleansing effect of 
chlorate of potassium in affections of the mouth and fauces, but the solu- 



340 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

bility of the chlorate is so small that a solution of the full strength is none 
too active for local use. They should be dissolved in the mouth. The 
constitutional effects of the chlorate (hematuria and nephritis) might be 
produced by them, if given in sufficient quantity, as well as by other 
preparations. Each troche contains five grains, thirty-two centigrammes 
(.32). 

TROCHISCI SODII BICARBONATIS. 

TROCHES OF BICARBONATE OF SODIUM. 

Pastilles de Vichy, Pastilles Digestives, Fr. 

Antacid and carminative. Each troche contains three grains of the 
bicarbonate. They may be used almost ad libitum. 

TROCHISCI SODII SANTONINATIS. 

TROCHES OF SANTONINATE OF SODIUM. 

Worm lozenges. Each one contains a grain of santoninate of sodium. 

Dose. — One or two may be given every four hours until eight or ten 
are taken (by an adult), or the characteristic yellow vision appears. Chil- 
dren should, of course, take less in proportion, and a cathartic should 
afterward be administered. 

TROCHISCI ZINGIBERIS. 

TROCHES OF GINGER. 

Carminative and stimulant to the digestion. 
Dose. — Two or three may be used, as needed. 

ULMUS. 

ELM. 

Slippery Mm Bark, E. ; Ulmenrinde, Rilsterrinde, G. 

Slippery elm bark contains a considerable amount of mucilage, and is 
used as a demulcent internally. The taste is agreeable, and it produces 
no unpleasant effects. It is used externally as a poultice. Elm tents for 
the dilatation of fistulse or of the os uteri are made from the bark torn 
up, so as to make a spongy absorbent mass. 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 341 

UNGUENTUM. 

OINTMENT. 

Unguentum Simplex, Br. ; TJnguentum Adipis, U. S., 1860 ; Simple Oint- 
ment, E. ; Pommade Simple, Fr. ; Wachsalbe, G. 

Ointment is a little softer than " cerate," owing to a larger proportion 
of lard. It is used as a basis for other ointments, as a protective for ex- 
coriated surfaces, or to lubricate the finger or surgical instruments. 

UNGUENTUM ACIDI CARBOLICI. 

OINTMENT OF CARBOLIC ACID. 

Pommade d'Acide Phenique, Fr. ; Phenolsalbe, G. 

This ointment is considerably stronger (ten per cent.) than is desirable 
for most purposes of local disinfection, and may be diluted down to two 
or five per cent. For some cutaneous diseases the full strength may be 
employed. 

UNGUENTUM ACIDI GALLICI. 

OINTMENT OF GALLIC ACID. 

Very slightly astringent. 

UNGUENTUM ACIDI TANNICI. 

OINTMENT OF TANNIC ACID. 

More powerfully astringent. 

UNGUENTUM AQU/E ROS/E. 

OINTMENT OF ROSE WATER. 

Unguentum Leniens, P. G. ; Cold Cream, E.; Cerat Cosmetique, Creme 

Froide, Fr. ; G. 

A more elegant protective and emollient than simple ointment. An ad- 
dition of glycerine and benzoic acid may be prescribed, which preserves 
it and renders it more efficient. 

UNGUENTUM BELLADONN/E. 

BELLADONNA OINTMENT. 

Tollkirschensalbe, G. 

Has been used to relieve local pains. If applied over a large surface 
of the skin, enough might possibly be absorbed to produce some consti- 



342 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

tutional effects. These, however, would be much greater if the skin were 
abraded or the ointment applied to a mucous membrane, as the vagina, 
anus, etc, 

UNGUENTUM CHRYSAROBIN1. 

CHRYSAROBIN OINTMENT. 

This ointment is stronger than should be applied to most skins, and it 
should generally be diluted from three to five times. It is used in the 
treatment of skin diseases, especially psoriasis. (See Chrysarobinum.) 

UNGUENTUM DIACHYLON. 

DIACHYLON OINTMENT. 

This well-known ointment, recently introduced into the Pharmacopoeia, 
is used in the treatment of cutaneous diseases, especially eczema. It is 
spread upon pieces of cloth and applied closely to the skin by means of 
bandages. 



l o' 



UNGUENTUM GALL/E, 

NUTGALL OINTMENT. 

Galiapfelsalbe, G. 

An astringent, not quite so strong as the ointment of tannic acid. It 
may be applied to fissures or piles, but preparations with water or glycerine 
are better for this purpose. 

UNGUENTUM HYDRARGYRI. 

MERCURIAL OINTMENT. 

[Blue Ointment.] 

Pommade Mercurielle, Pommade Napolitaine, Fr. ; Graue Quecksilbersalbe, G. 

This ointment is used chiefly to produce the constitutional effects of 
mercury, with less risk of disordering the digestion than when mercurials 
are given by the mouth. It is rubbed into those regions where the epi- 
dermis is thin, as the inside of the thighs, and of the arms, the sides below 
the axillae, and the chest. The quantity may be a drachm or two. It may 
also be applied upon a cloth or bandage. The skin should be cleaned at 
intervals, but not after each application. The globules of mercury can be 
found by the microscope below the more superficial cells of the epidermis, 
and partly down the ducts of the sweat glands and sebaceous follicles. 
The fact that a portion of the mercury becomes changed to an oxide or per- 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 343 

haps an oleate, undoubtedly renders the absorption more rapid. Mercu- 
rial ointment may be applied to local swellings, especially, though not 
exclusively, those of a syphilitic character. An application of this ointment, 
thickened, if necessary, by starch, and spread upon linen, is said to pre- 
vent the pitting of small-pox. Mercurial ointment is often used upon the 
head to destroy lice, but should be employed with caution on account of 
the risk of constitutional effects. 



UNGUENTUM HYDRARGYRI AMMONIATI. 

OINTMENT OF AMMONIATED MERCURY. 

Unguentum Hydrargyri Prcecipitati Albi, P. G.; Pommade de Precipite Blanc, 

Fr. ; Weisse Quecksilbersalbe, G. 

A somewhat irritating and stimulant application in various diseases 
of the skin. In some of these its beneficial action is due to its destroying 
parasitic fungi, as in tinea tonsurans, tinea circinata, and sycosis. Its 
stimulant effect may be manifested in chronic eczema, or indolent inflam- 
mation of the edges of the eyelids. The caution before referred to should 
be observed in regard to this ointment. 

UNGUENTUM HYDRARGYRI NITRATIS. 

OINTMENT OF NITRATE OF MERCURY. 

[Citeine Ointment.] 

This mercurial ointment is somewhat more irritating than the last, and 
usually needs dilution. It is used in the same general class of cases. It 
may produce constitutional effects. 

UNGUENTUM HYDRARGYRI OXIDI FLAVI. 

OINTMENT OF YELLOW OXIDE OF MERCURY. 

May be used as a local irritant and stimulant application in old in- 
flammations. It usually needs dilution, and may produce constitutional 
effects. 

UNGUENTUM HYDRARGYRI OXIDI RUBRI. 

OINTMENT OF RED OXIDE OF MERCURY. 

Baurae Ophthalmique Rouge, Fr.; Bothe Quecksilbersalbe, G. 

The action and uses of this preparation are the same as those of the 
last. 



344 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

UNGUENTUM IODI. 

IODINE OINTMENT. 

This ointment is used as an application to the swellings caused by 
chronic inflammation or glandular enlargement. Its action is probably 
that of a counter-irritant rather than dependent upon any specific effect of 
the iodine. It is, however, possible that a small amount of iodine finds 
its way through the skin. 

UNGUENTUM IODOFORMI. 

IODOFORM OINTMENT. 

This application is antiseptic and locally anaesthetic. It may be used 
for dressing indolent and sloughing ulcers. For many such purposes, 
however, the blowing on of the pow r dered iodoform is preferable. The use 
of large amounts might give rise to constitutional symptoms. 

UNGUENTUM MEZEREI. 

MEZEREUM OINTMENT. 

Pommade Epispastique au Garon, Fr.; Seidelbastsalbe, G. 

An irritant, which may be used to keep up the discharge from blisters 
or issues. 

UNGUENTUM PICIS UQUID/E. 

TAR OINTMENT. 

Pommade de Goudron, Fr. ; Theersalbe, G. 

Tar ointment is used in the treatment of chronic cutaneous diseases, 
especially those which require stimulating and somewhat antiseptic appli- 
cations, as old eczema and psoriasis. Its action as a parasiticide is not so 
certain as that of some other applications, e.g., kerosene. 

UNGUENTUM PLUMBI CARBONATIS. 

OINTMENT OF CARBONATE OF LEAD. 

Vnguentum Gerussce s. Ung. Album Simplex, P. G; Pommade de Carbonate 
de Plomb, Onguent Blanc de Rhagis, Fr. ; Bleiweisssalbe, G. 

May be used as a dressing for burns, where it acts chiefly as a protec- 
tive. Continued over a considerable surface for a long time, it might 
cause chronic lead-poisoning, but with ordinary precautions the danger is 
not great. Common white paint might be used in an emergency. 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 345 

UNGUENTUM PLUMBI IODIDI. 

OINTMENT OF IODIDE OF LEAD. 

Ointment of iodide of lead is used with a view to promoting the absorp- 
tion of tumors, especially those of a glandular character. 

UNGUENTUM POTASSII IODIDI. 

OINTMENT OF IODIDE OF POTASSIUM. 

May be used in somewhat the same class of cases as the ointment of 
iodine ; but as it is wanting in the irritant action its value is by so much 
the less. The absorbent and alterative properties of iodide of potassium 
are more efficiently developed in internal than external administration. 

UNGUENTUM STRAMONII. 

STRAMONIUM OINTMENT. 

Singularly enough the last edition of the Pharmacopoeia does not specify 
whether the extract of stramonium used in the ointment is that of the 
leaves or the seeds. If that of leaves were generally used, as being the 
better known and older, the ointment of the present edition ought to be 
stronger. Its action and uses are those of belladonna ointment. 

UNGUENTUM SULPHURIS. 

SULPHUR OINTMENT. 

This ointment is used in scabies. It is possible that the amount of 
sulphurous acid present in this ointment may have a parasiticide effect. 
Its action, however, is largely mechanical in breaking up the burrows of 
the insect. It is somewhat irritant. 

UNGUENTUM SULPHURIS ALKALINUM. 

ALKALINE SULPHUR OINTMENT. 

In this ointment the alkaline sulphide acts as a poison to the itch in- 
sect. The mechanical action is about the same as that of the last prepa- 
ration. (See Sulphur.) 

UNGUENTUM VERATRIN/E. 

VERATRINE OINTMENT. 

[Unguentum Veratri^:, Pharm., 1870.] 

An irritant application having subsequently a benumbing effect, used 
locally in neuralgia. If applied over too large a surface, symptoms of the 



346 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 



absorption of a small amount of the alkaloid may be developed, and as 
this alkaloid is extremely depressing to the heart, and liable to cause nau- 
sea, some care should be exercised in the use of this preparation. 

UNGUENTUM ZINCI OXIDI. 

OINTMENT OF OXIDE OF ZINC. 

Unguentum de Nihiho Albo, Fr. ; Zinhsalbe, G. 

This is a well-known protective and astringent. It is applied to burns, 
fissures, ulcers, and various forms of skin disease, as eczema in its earlier 
stage. Its place in treatment is at a time previous to that of some of the 
stimulating ointments described. If fetor of discharges is present, a little 
carbolic acid may be added to it. 

USTILAGO. 

USTILAGO. 

This fungus probably contains, like ergot, the alkaloid propylamine, be- 
sides an oil, pectin, gluten, etc. It produces effects similar to those of 
ergot, and is said by some practitioners to be more prompt and efficacious. 

Dose. — One-fourth to one drachm, one to four grammes. 

UVA URSI. 

UVA URSI. 

[Beakberry.] 

Feuilles de Busserole, Fr. ; Barentraubenblatter, G. 

Uva ursi contains a considerable proportion of a tannic acid resem- 
bling that of the oak. The neutral principle, ursin, is diuretic. It con- 
tains also the bitter ericolin (found in other members of the Heath family) 
and ursone. It is used, either in the form of a decoction or of the fluid 
extract, diluted, as an astringent and tonic, chiefly in inflammatory dis- 
eases of the urinary organs. Its active principles, or some of them, pass 
into the urine and render it dark. The bitter would give it some effect as 
a stomachic tonic. 

Dose. — Fifteen grains to a drachm, one to four grammes. 

VALERIANA. 

VALERIAN. 

Baldrianwurzel, G. 

The activity of valerian resides in its volatile oil, which contains valeri- 
anic acid. The officinal valerianic acid, however, is not derived from the 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 347 

plant, but is artificially prepared. The herb and the oil, in large doses 
produce slightly narcotic effects, including heaviness, and drowsiness, and 
diminished frequency of the pulse. Smaller doses are usually considered 
stimulant or "antispasmodic." 

It is used to quiet nervous excitement, as in hysteria or nervous head- 
ache, or to promote sleep in cases of hypochondriasis or nervous restless- 
ness. It may be given in powder or infusion, although at present the 
preparations, such as the fluid extract and the valerianates, are more 
commonly used. 

Dose. — In substance or infusion, thirty to ninety grains, two to six 
grammes. 

VANILLA. 

VANILLA. 

The chief use of vanilla is as a flavoring. The infusion, however, has 
been recommended as an aromatic stimulant, and, when made consider- 
ably weaker than by the general rule, may be given in tablespoonful 
doses. A few drops of the tincture may be given in sweetened water. 

VERATRINA. 

VERATRINB. 

[Veratria, Pharm., 1870.] 

This alkaloid, found in veratrum sabadilla, is closely akin to, but prob- 
ably not identical with, the veratralbia of the European veratrum album, 
and the veratroidia of the indigenous and officinal veratrum viride. It 
possesses an acrid, burning taste, and produces, when introduced into 
the nostrils, a severe attack of sneezing. Applied to the skin or mucous 
membranes, it produces prickling, burning, and numbness. Severe 
vomiting and usually diarrhoea are consequences of its introduction into 
the intestinal canal in considerable doses. Small doses reduce the force 
and frequency of the heart's action, but with larger ones the pulse be- 
comes frequent, feeble, and irregular, the temperature is reduced, and 
the general condition is one of collapse. Muscular trembling in men and 
convulsions in animals, and final paralysis, show that it is a muscular 
poison. 

Veratria has been used in febrile diseases as a cardiac sedative. It un- 
doubtedly reduces the pulse and temperature ; but the results of the use 
of this powerful agent in pneumonia for instance, do not show that it 
either shortens the disease or diminishes the mortality, beyond the ex- 
pectant and sustaining treatment now more generally employed. It is 



348 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 



certainly unfitted for any but robust patients and the sthenic forms of 
disease. 

Veratria has been used in rheumatism. At present it is almost solely 
employed externally in the form of the officinal ointments in the local 
treatment of neuralgia. 

Dose. — One-twelfth to one-sixth of a grain, five milligrammes to one 
centigramme (.005 to .01), every three hours, until the effects above de- 
scribed as resulting from the small dose are observed, or until there are 
slight indications of nausea. It may be dissolved in acidulated water or 
given in the form of a pill. 



VERATRUM VIRIDE. 

VERATRUM VIRIDE. 

[American Hellebore.] 

Green Hellebore Root, Indian Poke, E. ; Grilner Germer, G. 

Veratrum viride contains the alkaloids jervia, which is found also in 
the veratrum album, and veratroidia, which is probably peculiar to it, 
but closely related to veratria. Both of these alkaloids exercise a depres- 
sing effect upon the heart, the jervia directly, and the veratroidia through 
the pneumogastric nerve. Large doses of either of them are followed by 
convulsions and asphyxia, the latter condition being the cause of death 
in the fatal cases. Veratroidia is irritant to the intestinal canal, causing 
vomiting and purging. 

Veratrum viride is administered in order to obtain its sedative effects 
upon the heart without vomiting or purging. The best way to attain this 
end is to give small doses frequently repeated, and guarded, if necessary, 
by a little opium. The truly therapeutic value of veratrum viride in 
febrile disease, like that of veratria and other cardiac sedatives, may be 
doubted ; but, if a sedative action be desired, the drug under consideration 
is one of the best means of attaining it, since when even excessive doses 
have been given with the result of producing a condition of collapse, the 
patient usually recovers with rapidity from a condition of apparent danger. 
Dangerous symptoms, however, need not arise unless by mistake or acci- 
dent. Stimulants, and especially morphia, are to be used if an overdose 
has been given. This drug has also been used to diminish spasmodic 
action in croup. 

Whatever be the name of the disease, veratrum viride is to be used 
only in strong persons, and not in asthenic conditions. It is not used in 
substance, but the fluid extract or the tincture is employed instead. 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 349 

VIBURNUM. 

VIBURNUM. 

[Black Haw.] 

The viburnum prunifolium has been successful, as stated by several 
practitioners, in preventing threatened abortion. It is also useful in dys- 
menorrhcea. No definite theory of its modus operandi has been advanced. 
It may be given with aromatics, nervous sedatives, cannabis indica, or 
morphia. It is to be regretted that viburnum opulus, which is highly 
valued by many practitioners as a remedy in uterine as well as in other 
abdominal pains, is not made officinal. 

The bark itself is not used, but its fluid extract may be given in the 

Dose of one-fourth teaspoonful to a teaspoonful, one to four cubic 
centimeters. 

V1NUM ALBUM. 

WHITE WINE. 

The alcoholic strength of the wine directed by the Pharmacopoeia cor- 
responds to that of the weaker and medium sherries, and is the most that 
can be attaiued directly by fermentation, since an accumulation of alcohol 
beyond this point checks the process by which it has been itself pro- 
duced. Wines containing more than this amount have been fortified — 
that is, had alcohol or brandy added to them. 

Within or near the officinal limits are Marsala, Madeira, the stronger 
wines of the Rhine, Hungary, and the Mediterranean countries. The 
wines made in California are of greater alcoholic strength than the Euro- 
pean wines for which they are named. Many of them, such as California 
hock, sherry, and muscatel, are of about officinal strength. Most Rhine 
wines, Tokay, and champagne are below the standard. The adulteration 
and even fraudulent manufacture of wines is undoubtedly widely prac- 
tised. The California wines, from their cheapness, are less liable to be 
fictitious than those of alleged foreign growth. 

The action of wine is essentially that of alcohol, modified by the ethers 
and oils contained in it when duly aged. Wine is at first more stimulat- 
ing than alcohol alone, but after a time its effects correspond closely 
enough to those of alcohol in the same degree of dilution. Wine is used 
in medicine for the general purposes of alcohol, being preferred, however, 
to the stronger forms in dyspeptic disorders, as a cardiac stimulant, and in 
those cases of acute and typhoidal diseases where large doses are not re- 
quired. For strictly dietetic purposes the wines weaker than the officinal 
strength are largely used, and are in most cases decidedly preferable. 



350 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 



VINUM ALBUM FORTIUS. 

STRONGER WHITE WINE. 

The directions given in the Pharmacopoeia are simply a formal re- 
cognition of the fact that the strong sherries are artificial products. 
This wine is used in pharmacy to prepare the medicated wines, and in 
medicine for the same purposes as the former preparation. The medicated 
wines are simply tinctures with very dilute alcohol, and cannot be con- 
sidered as by any means indispensable preparations. 

VINUM ALOES. 

WINE OF ALOES. 

Vin Aloetique, Fr. 

This is a bitter tonic and cathartic, and is used in affections connected 
with a sluggish and debilitated state of the pelvic viscera. 

Dose. — As a stomachic or laxative, one or two fluidrachms, four to 
eight cubic centimeters ; as a purgative, half an ounce to an ounce, fifteen 
to thirty cubic centimeters. 

VINUM ANTIMONII. 

WINE OF ANTIMONY. 

Vinum Stibiatum s. Emeticum P. G. ; Vin Stibie, Fr. ; Brechwein, G. 

Of this somewhat dilute preparation, one gramme, or fifteen grains, 
which will not differ much from a cubic centimeter, or fifteen minims, 
contains four milligrammes, or the sixteenth of a grain. Hence the wine 
is generally used when the smaller doses of tartar emetic are to be given 
for expectorant or diaphoretic purposes. 

Dose. — As a small dose for adults, eight to thirty drops, or from one- 
half to two cubic centimeters may be given ; as an emetic for children, 
thirty drops to a fluidrachm, two to four cubic centimeters, repeated at 
short intervals until it causes vomiting. 

VINUM AROMATICUM. 

AROMATIC WINE. 

A stimulant and bitter which may be used as a tonic in gastric debility 
and dyspepsia. The German preparation by this name, which, however, 
is not an exact equivalent, is used as a dressing for dirty ulcers. 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 351 

VINUM COLCHICI RADIOS. 

WINE OP COLOHICUM ROOT. 

Zeitlosenknollenwein, G. 

When made of the best material, this is one of the most active prep- 
arations of colchicum ; but as the dried corms are not always good or uni- 
form in activity its dose cannot be stated so accurately as can be done with 
the preparations of the seeds, but a minimum must be given to begin with, 
and increased until the desired physiological or therapeutic effects are 
produced. 

Dose. — Eight minims, or half a cubic centimeter, repeated every three 
hours, with the addition of a drop to each dose, until the pulse is reduced 
in frequency, or slight nausea or diarrhoea is produced. 

VINUM COLCHICI SEMINIS. 

WINE OF COLCHICUM SEED. 

This wine is of the same strength by weight as the tincture of colchi- 
cum seeds, and the Dose is fifteen to thirty minims, one to two cubic 
centimeters. In reckoning by drops, it should be recollected that the 
drops of the tincture, being more strongly alcoholic, are somewhat smaller 
than those of the wine. 

VINUM ERGOT/E. 

WINE OF ERGOT. 

Mutterlcornwein, G. 

This preparation possesses no known advantages over the more conve- 
nient fluid extract. 

Dose. — Two to four fluidrachms, eight to sixteen cubic centimeters. 
VINUM FERRI AMARUM. 

BITTER WINE OF IRON. 

This preparation may take the place of the various elixirs of " iron 
and calisaya." 

Dose. — One to four fluidrachms, four to sixteen cubic centimeters. 



352 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

ViNUM FERRI CITRATIS. 

WINE OF CITRATE OF IRON. 

A sort of iron elixir which merely adds one to the number of ferru- 
ginous preparations that conceal more or less completely the taste of the 
drug. 

Dose. — One or two fluidrachms, four to eight cubic centimeters. 
VINUM IPECACUANHA. 

WINE OF IPEOAO. 
Brechwurzelwein, G. 

Since this preparation is a mere dilution of the fluid extract, it is used 
chiefly to produce the effects of the smaller doses, and may be given as an 
expectorant or diaphoretic in catarrh or bronchitis, or to check vomiting 
and diarrhoea, or relieve atonic dyspepsia by its stimulant action. 

Dose. — As an expectorant, five to ten drops ; to relieve vomiting, 
half a drop, repeated every fifteen or thirty minutes ; as an emetic (for 
which purpose it is not the best preparation), a fluidrachm to a fluidounce. 

VINUM OPII. 

WINE OF OPIUM. 

Tinctura Opii Grocata, P. G. ; Laudanum Liquidum Sydenhami — Syden- 
ham's Laudanum, E. ; Vind' Opium Compose, Fr. ; Safranhaltige Opium- 
tinktur, G. 

The wine of opium, or Sydenham's laudanum, corresponds in opium 
strength to the ordinary tincture, but is less disagreeable to the taste, 
and less liable to cause nausea. The dose corresponds to that of lau- 
danum, and is subject to the same limitations, corrections, and cautions. 

Dose. — Six minims, thirty-seven one- hundredths of a cubic centi- 
meter. By drops the number should be somewhat less than of the tinct- 
ure, as the lesser alcoholic strength renders them a little larger. 

VINUM RHEI. 

WINE OF RHUBARB. 

This aromatic and bitter wine has about the same strength as the sweet 
tincture of rhubarb, and a little more than the simple tincture. It may 
be used for the same purposes as these for a laxative and digestive stimu- 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 353 

lant, and it may, under some circumstances, be preferable on account of its 
lesser alcoholic strength. 

Dose. — From one to four fluidrachms, four to sixteen cubic centime- 
ters. 

VINUM RUBRUM. 

RED WINE. 

The wine known by this name in some former editions of the Pharma- 
copoeia was port, or supposed to be such, but the alcoholic strength pre- 
scribed in the present edition falls below the limit of most samples of that 
wine. The commercial wine may, if necessary, be reduced to the standard 
by water ; but this should not be done except at the time of use ; and as 
red wine is not employed in any preparation, it would be better to make 
any necessary allowance for greater alcoholic strength in the doses admin- 
istered than to bring it down to any fixed standard. Bordeaux, claret, 
Burgundy, red hermitage, and probably many of the Hungarian and 
Greek red wines come within officinal limits. There are few red wines 
made in this country. Currant wine may be of about the required strength. 
Port is undoubtedly a factitious wine, that which is genuine having a pro- 
portion of brandy added at a certain stage of the fermentation, increasing 
its alcoholic strength while preserving a portion of the sugar. It is more 
astringent than vinum album or sherry, owing this property in the genuine 
to tannic acid from the grape skins and stalks, and in the imitation largely 
to logwood. Thus in the diarrhoea of typhoid, for instance, it may be 
substituted for sherry, instead of administering with the sherry, as a drug, 
some other astringent, like catechu or logwood. 

VIOLA TRICOLOR. 

VIOLA TRICOLOR. 

[Pansy.] 

Herba Violce Tricoloris, P. G. ; Hearts-ease, Herba Jacece, E.; Pensee, Fr.; 

Freisamkraut, Stiefmutterchen, G. 

This herb is slightly mucilaginous and bitter. It also contains a little 
violine, a substance analogous to emetine, and having an emeto- cathartic 
action. Its continued use imparts a disagreeable odor to the urine. The 
herb is used in impetigo and eczema. It is given internally, and an oint- 
ment made from an extract or a poultice from the herb itself applied ex- 
ternally. 

Dose. — One to five grammes, fifteen to seventy-five grains, in decoc- 
tion. 

23 



354 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

VITELLUS. 

YOLK OF EGG. 

The yolk of egg is used to form the glycerite which is chiefly em- 
ployed as a local application, but would, of course, be available as an ali- 
ment. The yolk is the most fatty portion of the egg, and is used as an 
article of diet in a great variety of forms of cookery. It may be employed 
as well as the white in making emulsions of cod-liver oil. 

For persons of weak digestion the yolk of egg boiled very hard, so 
that it can be broken up to a powder, is often a more easily digested food 
than would be supposed from the popular estimate of hard-boiled eggs. 
The white of egg mixed raw with water and a little pepper is often borne 
better by the stomach than many more elaborate preparations. 

XANTHOXYLUM. 

XANTHOXYLUM. 

[Pkickly Ash.] 

Toothache Tree, Angelica Tree, Saterberry, E. ; Glavalier, Frene Ifipineux, 

Fr. ; Zahnwehholz, G. 

Prickly ash contains a volatile oil, resins, and possibly berberina. Its 
action appears to be that of an aromatic and somewhat irritant bitter. It 
increases the flow of saliva and of perspiration. It has been employed in 
rheumatism and syphilis, and as an emmenagogue. 

Dose. — Of a decoction three times weaker than the officinal, a pint 
maybe taken in the course of twenty-four hours. The fluid extract is 
officinal. 

ZINCI ACETAS. 

ACETATE OF ZINC. 

This salt is used almost entirely as a local astringent, for about the 
same purposes as the sulphate. It has, however, been employed in a 
great variety of diseases internally, chiefly as a nervine. In the Dose of 
from eight to thirty grains, one-half to two grammes, it is an emetic. 
Solutions for external use may be made of the strength of one or two 
grains to the ounce of water, about two to four per mille. 

ZINCI BROMIDUM. 

BROMIDE OF ZINC. 

This salt is very deliquescent, and must be prescribed in solution or in 
a very well-protected pill. It has been used like the other bromides, and 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 355 

may be supposed to combine the tonic effects of zinc with those of the 
bromine, but the amount of the latter element contained in an ordinary 
dose of the drug is too small to be of value. 

Experience does not prove that this recent introduction is a valuable 
addition to our list of bromides. 

Dose. — One and one-half grain, gradually increased to six grains, ten 
to forty centigrammes (.10 to .40). 

ZINCI CARBONAS PR/ECIPITATUS. 

PRECIPITATED CARBONATE OF ZINC. 

Kohlensaures Zinkoxyd, G. 

A soft, white powder, insoluble in water. It is applied externally as a 
protective to excoriated and abraded surfaces. It may be used as a pow- 
der, or an ointment of any desired strength may be prescribed. The 
" ceratum zinci carbonatis " is no longer officinal. 

ZINCI CHLORIDUM. 

CHLORIDE OF ZINC. 

Small doses of this salt are said to exercise the tonic effect attributed 
to zinc preparations in general. Large doses are powerfully irritant, and 
internally may cause severe poisoning and death. The antidote should 
be bicarbonate of sodium and demulcents. Applied to the skin, which 
should be previously deprived of its epidermis, or to a morbid growth, it 
produces a dry, firm slough, which does not decompose, and separates 
after a week or more, leaving behind healthy granulations. Its action is 
attended with severe pain. It is applied in the form of various pastes, of 
which the excipient is usually flour, or of longitudinal pieces made from 
the salt alone or with the admixture of nitrate of potassium, or with gutta- 
percha, which are sometimes thrust into incisions made in suitable posi- 
tions around the base of a tumor. Lint may be saturated with it and 
dried, to be applied in pieces of the required size. 

The removal of tumors by the caustic rather than by the knife is in 
general considered bad surgery, as being no more effectual, and causing 
much more suffering ; but there may be occasions when such a procedure 
is desirable. 

Chloride of zinc is one of the least dangerous and most manageable of 
the class. A solution of this salt is officinal, and used as an antiseptic. 
Upon the surface of a wound a solution of forty grains to the ounce is 
said to produce no visible slough, but to protect the discharges from de- 
composition for several days. 



356 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

ZINCI IODIDUM. 

IODIDE OF ZINC. 

This salt has been used especially for strumous inflammations and en- 
largements, both externally and internally. It has also been given in 
chorea. Internally it may be given in syrup. Externally it is applied as 
an ointment (1 to 8), or solutions (one-sixth of one per cent, as a colly- 
rium) to six per cent. 

Dose. — One, gradually increased to six grains, six to forty centi- 
grammes (.06 to .40). 

ZINCI OXIDUM. 

OXIDE OF ZINC. 

Oxide of zinc in small doses exercises no marked local or general ef- 
fects, but it is supposed to be a nervous tonic, and its therapeutical appli- 
cations are based on this theory. Larger doses, especially if continued, 
produce gastro-intestinal disturbance and general debility. The oxide 
made by precipitation is much more active, and consequently more poison- 
ous, than that prepared in the dry way. This fact accounts for the discre- 
pancies in the statements as to the poisonous dose. It has been used in 
many nervous affections, such as chorea and the nervousness of alcohol. 
It is often administered to check night-sweats, either alone or in combi- 
nation with belladonna. Its good effects in this direction, however, will 
be overshadowed by those of the belladonna, if administered in full dose. 
Externally it is used in many ulcerations and cutaneous affections, espe- 
cially of a moist character, like the second stage of eczema. It may be 
used as a powder, or in the officinal ointment. 

Dose. — One to five grains, six to thirty centigrammes, in pill or 
powder. 

ZINCI PHOSPHIDUM. 

PHOSPHIDE OF ZINC. 

Phosphuret of Zinc, E. 

This is to be considered a preparation of phosphorus, rather than of 
zinc. It is easily decomposed in the stomach, and one-half of the phos- 
phorus undergoes combinations of no physiological importance, while the 
other becomes sulphuretted hydrogen, which is absorbed and gives rise to 
the physiological effects of phosphorus. Eight parts of the phosphide are 
equivalent to one of the phosphorus in activity, although the phosphorus 
is present in twice that quantity. 

Dose. — One-tenth of a grain to one-third, six to twenty milligrammes. 



UNITED STATES PHAEMACOPCEIA. 357 



ZINCI SULPHAS. 

SULPHATE OF ZINC. 

Sulphate of zinc is an irritant. A dose of half a gramme to a gramme 
is a prompt emetic without much general depressing effect. Larger doses 
have caused death with symptoms of irritant poisoning, but such cases are 
rare. Like the oxide, it has been given in chorea. It has also been given 
in dyspepsia and intestinal inflammations, though the indications for such 
a use are not clear. It is principally used, locally, as a stimulant astrin- 
gent, as in mucous inflammations, moist eczema, nasal polypi, atonic ulcers, 
and soft tumors, which do not call for removal, but simply need to be di- 
minished in size and rendered less sensitive. It is also employed to check 
various hemorrhages. Solutions of one or two grains to the ounce, two to 
four per mille, are used as collyria or injections, and somewhat stronger 
ones can be applied with a brush to the tonsils. Ointments may also be 
applied of almost the full strength of the sulphate, only enough of the ex- 
cipient being used to hold it together. 

Dose. — As an emetic, eight to thirty grains, one-half to two grammes ; 
it is often combined in the same dose with ipecac. As a tonic and astrin- 
gent, one to three grains, six to twenty centigrammes, may be given three 
times a day in pill. 

ZINCI VALERIANAS. 

VALERIANATE OF ZINC. 

This salt has been largely used in a great number of nervous diseases, 
chiefly with a more or less hysterical basis. Its range is very limited, but 
it may be used in some of the milder cases of neuralgia. 

Dose. — From half a grain to three or five grains, three to twenty centi- 
grammes, in pill. 

ZINCUM. 

ZINC. 

Speltrum. 

Metallic zinc is used in pharmacy, but not in medicine. Of its salts 
several have been individually described. They are all irritant ; some, 
which are most easily soluble (acetate, chloride, sulphate, precipitated 
oxide), most so, and the comparatively insoluble (carbonate, oxide) least 
so. The long-continued ingestion of large quantities, which is more likely 
to take place among brassfounders or other persons exposed to the fumes 



358 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

(oxide) of heated zinc, gives rise to disorders of the respiratory and diges- 
tive organs, such as cough, dyspnoea, and hemoptysis, or vomiting and 
diarrhoea, and to nervous disturbances, as headache, tremor, pains, and 
cramps, as well as to chills and to fever. General disturbance of the nu- 
trition and anaemia may be developed. Symptoms usually attributed to 
zinc are very probably due to the accidental presence of lead or arsenic. 

Pipes for the conduction of water are often coated with zinc ("gal- 
vanized iron "), and water which has passed through them contains small 
quantities of zinc in solution. There is, however, the best of reason to 
suppose that this amount is too small to exercise any injurious effect. 

ZINGIBER. 

GINGER. 

Ingwer, G. 

Ginger contains a volatile oil and a resin, which are its active princi- 
ples, and it possesses the properties common to most of this class of drugs. 
It is irritant to the skin and mucous membranes, and is used as an aro- 
matic and stimulant to relieve flatulent colicky abdominal pains and diar- 
rhoea. It may be used with cathartics to modify their tendency to produce 
griping. Ginger has been used externally in poultices and fomentations 
for the usual counter-irritant purposes of such applications. It is an im- 
portant condiment in cookery. 

Dose. — Eight to thirty grains, one-half to two grammes. The prep- 
arations are chiefly used. Ginger-tea can be used for the same purposes 
as the officinal preparations. 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 359 



REMARKS UPON SOME NON-OFFICINAL DRUGS. 



AFIOL 

is an oil extracted from parsley (Petroselinum graveolens), and acts, like 
most essential oils, as a stimulant in small doses, and in large (thirty 
to sixty grains) as a decided narcotic. It is used in amenorrhcea and 
dysmenorrhoea, and may be usefully given when the menstrual evacuation 
is fetid. Parsley and this oil have, like other aromatics, had a reputation 
in intermittent fever. Apiol is best given in capsules, on account of its 
odor and taste, in the dose of three to ten drops. 

BOLDO. 

The leaves and stems of Peumus boldo. It contains a bitter alkaloid 
and a volatile oil, of which the former seems to possess a tonic action on 
the intestinal canal, and is also diuretic. The tincture of the plant has, 
in large doses, something of a narcotic effect. It has been used in anaemia, 
dyspepsia, and general debility, as well as in catarrhal affections of the 
urinary passages. There is no reason to suppose that it has any advan- 
tages over many officinal aromatic bitters. 

BUTYL, OR OROTON CHLORAL HYDRATE, 

occurs in thin, white scales, soluble in alcohol, but very slightly so in cold 
water. Its taste is acrid and disagreeable. Its action is essentially that 
of chloral, and it is used chiefly in neuralgia of the trifacial, which it is 
supposed to affect more than other nerves, and more than is done by 
chloral. It may also be used to allay cough. 

Butyl chloral may be administered in glycerine and alcohol, or dis- 
solved in sherry wine. 

Dose. — Two to ten grains. 

CHAULMOOGRA OIL 

is derived from the Gynocardia odorata. It is a semi-solid at ordinary 
temperatures, and of a disagreeable taste. It has been used in leprosy 



360 THEEAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

with alleged success. Claims have also been made for its usefulness in 
phthisis, which careful experience has utterly failed to confirm. It is 
given in doses of ten drops, gradually increased. 

CONVALLARIA MAIALIS. 

The herb, flowers, and root of the lily of the valley contain a bitter 
principle, convallaramarin, and the acrid convallarin. Convallarin is a 
purgative ; convallamarin is an emetic, even when injected into the veins or 
subcutaneous cellular tissue. It also reduces the frequency of the heart's 
beats, and afterward renders it irregular, finally causing death. It is com- 
pared to digitalis, but is said to have no " cumulative " effect. Fifteen to 
twenty milligrammes have been fatal to dogs. In addition to the proper- 
ties mentioned, the powder of the herb and root possesses sternutatory 
powers. 

Dose. — Of a saturated tincture, ten minims may be used three times 
a day to begin with. 

COTO BARK. 

The bark of a Brazilian tree or trees ; of an aromatic odor, and pungent, 
slightly bitter taste. One variety contains the neutral principle, cotoin, 
and the other, paracotoin, which, although differing chemically, seem to 
have an equivalent therapeutic value. There are also present a volatile 
alkaloid and resins. 

The physiological action of coto bark has not been studied. The 
urine, after its administration, takes a dark-red color with nitric acid. Coto 
has been successfully used in many cases of diarrhoea, especially that of 
phthisis, typhoid fever, and other atonic conditions. It does not destroy 
the appetite. Good results have also besn obtained from coto in cases of 
profuse sweating. It may be given in the form of the tincture (of the 
officinal strength) in doses from eight to four hundred minims, fifty centi- 
grammes to twenty-five cubic centimeters, per diem. 

The Dose of cotoin is from one and a half to four grains, ten to 
twenty-five centigrammes, and of paracotoin a little larger. Large doses 
appear necessary to insure success. Paracotoin has been given subcu- 
taneously in a few cases of cholera, dissolved in water and glycerine. 

CURARE, WOORARA, OR SOUTH AMERICAN ARROW POISON, 

is a drug much used in physiological experiments, but seldom in med- 
icine. It is inert in small doses, when taken by the mouth, but when 
introduced beneath the skin, as by a poisoned arrow or a hypodermic 
syringe, rapidly produces a general paralysis of the voluntary muscles, 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 361 

including those of respiration. The heart, however, continues to beat, 
and, if artificial respiration be practised, the animal may recover after a 
dose which would be otherwise fatal to a warm-blooded animal. It has 
been used in strychnia poisoning and in tetanus, but is not, properly 
speaking, an antidote to strychnia nor correct treatment in tetanus, since 
it merely restrains muscular manifestation without counteracting the ef- 
fect of the poison or disease on the spinal cord. It has been given per os 
as an antiperiodie and stomachic tonic. 

The Dose is not very definite, as it varies in composition. 

DAMIANA, 

from Turnera Aphrodisiaca, is an aromatic tonic which is supposed to 
have a special affinity for the genital organs in increasing both desire, 
power, and nutrition. 

It is used in the form of a fluid extract, of which the dose is from one- 
half to one fluidrachm, two to four cubic centimeters. 

DIOSOORBA VILLOSA, WILD YAM ROOT, COLIC ROOT. 

The active acrid principle of this rhizoma has not been isolated, but a 
resin precipitated from the tincture by water has been found to produce 
its effect. It seems to have a somewhat stimulating action on the intes- 
tinal canal, and in large doses to produce general neuralgic pains with 
erotic excitement. It has been used in smaller doses as a sedative in noc- 
turnal emissions of a sthenic type, but its especial efficacy is in colicky 
abdominal pains. In combination with Scutellaria and "viburnin" it 
forms the basis of an unofficinal well-known nostrum, and is said to give 
prompt relief in dysmenorrhea. 

DITA BARK, 

from Alstonia scholaris, of the order Apocynese, contains two- alkaloids, 
ditaine and ditamine, to which it properly owes its activity. Ditaine has 
been carefully examined, physiologically, and found to have an action 
identical with that of curare. The bark is considered tonic in its native 
CDimtry, and is used in intermittent fevers as a substitute for quinine. . 

ETHYL BROMIDE, HYDROBROMIC ETHER (C 2 H 5 Br), 

is a somewhat uncertain anaesthetic, unless administered in consider- - 
able concentration. Its effects are rapid and pleasant in many cases, but 
it is not, apparently, as was hoped, among the safest of, anaesthetics. In . 
one case death, which could be attributed to nothing but the anaesthetic • 



362 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 



agent used, took place twenty-one hours after its administration, the 
breath and discharges from the bowels having been in the meantime 
heavily loaded with the characteristic odor of the ethyl bromide. It has 
been given by the mouth in the dose of ten to twenty drops in neuralgia 
and sleeplessness. 

ETHYL IODIDE, OR HYDRIODIO ETHER (C 2 H 5 I). 

This volatile liquid is not an anaesthetic, but has a slight stimulant effect, 
and in some cases relieves dyspnoea. It is administered by inhalation, to 
the extent of ten or fifteen drops. 

ETHYLENE BICHLORIDE (C 2 H 4 C1 2 ) 

is an anaesthetic which acts rapidly and powerfully. It is found always 
to paralyze the respiratory function before that of the heart, so that its 
effects can be more easily watched and controlled than is the case with 
those agents which are likely to produce sudden cardiac paralysis. It is 
probably safer than chloroform, and a little less so than ether. 

FUOUS VESICULOSUS, BLADDER, WRACK. 

A sea-weed containing a small amount of iodine, but much less than the 
algae growing in deeper water. It has been used for the diminution of 
obesity, a result which it is said to attain without any disturbance of the 
general health. It is given in substance or in the form of extract or syrup. 

The commencing Dose is twenty grains, or from one to two grains of 
the extract, three times a day. 

GURJUN BALSAM. 

An oleo-resin obtained from incisions in various trees of the genus 
Dipterocarpus. Its properties are similar to those of copaiba, but its smell 
is less disagreeable, and it is less likely to disturb the stomach. It has 
been used both externally and internally in leprosy, with some good effect 
in the way of relief. It can also be employed instead of copaiba as an 
antiblennorrhagic. Mixed with lime-water in the proportion of three parts 
>of the water to one of the oil, it makes a sort of ointment for external use. 
An emulsion of equal parts of the balsam and lime-water may be given in- 
fernally in the dose of half an ounce, equalling about two drachms, or 
eight grammes, of the balsam, twice a day. This is, however, a large dose ; 
irom three to six grammes per diem being usually regarded as sufficient, 
'while more is likely to disturb the stomach. It may be given, beside the 
method just described, in capsules, or in a more dilute emulsion with 
acacia and «ome aromatic water. 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 363 



HELLEBOREIN. 

A glucoside obtained from Helleborus viridis. It is a gastro-intestinal 
irritant in large doses, but in smaller ones produces the same effect on the 
heart and circulation as digitalis. It quickens and afterward slows the 
respiration, increases the quantity of the saliva and urine, and produces 
congestion of the female pelvic organs. Death may take place with symp- 
toms of general muscular paralysis. Practically it has the advantage over 
digitalis and its preparations, of lesser bulk, and greater definiteness of 
composition. 

Dose. — One-twelfth of a grain, five milligrammes (.006) three times a 
day. 

HOANG-NAN. 

The bark of a tree of the genus Strychnos. It contains the alkaloids 
strychnia and brucia. Its claims to a position as a specific in any disease 
may be estimated on this basis. 

INGLUVIN. 

The dried and pulverized lining mucous membrane of the gizzard of 
the common fowl. The action of the gizzard in digestion is chiefly me- 
chanical, while the true digestive fluid of the fowl is secreted in a dilated 
portion of the oesophagus just above. Hence the preparation cannot be 
regarded as physiologically valuable, while experience and chemical ex- 
periment place its digestive power much below that of the officinal pepsin. 
Many other advertised artificial aids to digestion are either devoid of sol- 
vent power or owe such as they possess to pepsin. 

KAVA-KAVA, OR AVA KAVA. 

The root of Piper methysticum. A beverage prepared by chewing this 
root and making an infusion with water or cocoanut milk is used by many 
South Sea Islanders for purposes of intoxication, which follows in about 
twenty minutes after drinking the usual dose of half a cupful. The in- 
toxication is of a drowsy kind, attended with dreaming, which is likely to 
be of an erotic character, and is succeeded by headache with great sus- 
ceptibility to noises. It is somewhat diuretic. Therapeutically it may be 
used as an antiblennorrhagic, even in the most inflammatory period. The 
latter action is undoubtedly dependent in great measure on its volatile 
oil and resin, while its intoxicating properties are probably connected 
with the crystalline substance, avahine, or some alkaloid not yet known. 



364 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

METHYLENE BICHLORIDE (CH„Cl a ), OHLORMETHYL. 

A colorless liquid of specific gravity 1.344, volatilizing to a dense vapor, 
which is inflammable. The taste is more agreeable than that of chloro- 
form. It is an anaesthetic, producing, when inhaled, rapid and prolonged 
narcotism, with a recovery which, after it has begun, is rapid. It has been 
used with success in many severe surgical operations, and has been con- 
sidered safer than chloroform, though, as the relative number of inhala- 
tions is very much smaller, and as deaths have already occurred, it is 
doubtful if this claim can be sustained. 

NITRO-GLYOERINE, GLONOINE. NITRITE OF POTASSIUM. 

These two drugs are closely allied in their properties to nitrite of amyl. 
They are, however, much slower in their action, and have consequently 
been employed in diseases in which a more permanent effect is desired 
than can be attained by the last-named drug, as epilepsy and chronic 
Bright's disease with high arterial tension. In the latter condition the 
results have not been so satisfactory as they ought, on some of the theo- 
ries, to have been. Nitro-glycerine is kept for pharmaceutical purposes, 
and used in the form of a one per cent, alcoholic solution, of which the 
dose is from one -half a drop to two or three drops. The larger doses are 
likely to produce severe headache, lasting for several hours. Therapeutic 
effects may, however, be obtained from doses insufficient to produce this 
symptom. The nitrite of potassium has been not very extensively used 
therapeutically, but may be found a convenient form for obtaining the 
action of this class of drugs. It is best given in solution as it is very 
hygroscopic. It is not so likely to produce headache as the nitro glycerine, 
but causes unpleasant eructations. 

The Dose is from three to ten grains, twenty to sixty- five centi- 
grammes (.20 to .65). 

PANCREATINE, LIQUOR PANCREATICUS. 

The pancreas contains four ferments — the amyloly tic, or pancreatic dias- 
tase, the proteolytic, or trypsin, the fat-emulsifying, and the milk-curd- 
ling. Various attempts have been made to utilize these in aid of human 
digestion, as has been so successfully accomplished in the case of pepsin. 
The pancreas itself has been chopped up with meat and injected into the 
rectum, whence the mixture appears to be absorbed. A glycerine extract also 
possesses digestive powers. The various pancreatines represent its action 
more or less perfectly, but are prone to decomposition, and not very trust- 
worthy. They may, however, be utilized in the manufacture of emulsions 
of beef fat or cod-liver oil. Pancreatine in the presence of pepsin is di- 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 365 

gested, and it is difficult, if not impossible, to get pancreatine through the 
stomach, so as to exercise its digestive effects in the duodenum. It would 
appear, however, that some preparations may have an effect a short time 
after entering the stomach. It has always been supposed that an alkaline 
medium was necessary in order that pancreatine may exercise its digestive 
powers ; but while this is probably true as regards the digestion of starch 
and oil, it appears that albuminoid substances are affected by the trypsin 
even in a slightly acid solution. " The Liquor Pancreaticus," prepared by 
digesting the finely chopped pancreas with four times its weight of dilute 
spirit, possesses the starch- and protein-digesting ferments, and if the 
author may be allowed to judge from very limited observations with cod- 
liver oil and yolk of egg, also the fat -emulsifying. It is a nearly clear alco- 
holic solution, and has but little taste or smell, except that of the alcohol. 
It may be used either to partially digest the food, whether milk, gruel, 
soups, or jellies, before eating, or taken with the food for the same pur- 
pose. These peptonized foods, administered either by the mouth or 
rectum, are of great value in the nutrition of dyspeptic cases, whatever 
may be the character of the disease which prevents the stomach from per- 
forming its functions without assistance. 

PAPAYA, PAPATINE, AND PAPAYOTIN. 

The juice of Carica papaya and the principles derived from it have the 
power of softening and dissolving fibrin. The juice can be allowed to 
dry spontaneously, and being redissolved retains the same power. It has 
not been found to be of great efficacy clinically, and its high price still 
further detracts from its practical value. Papayine has been injected into 
tumors, the tissues of which it dissolves in its neighborhood, but, unfortu- 
nately, produces a good deal of pain and febrile action. 

Secretions having similar properties are furnished by several plants, 
and substances may be extracted from others which dissolve meat as well 
as digest starchy food — that is, combine the properties of diastase and 
pepsin. They have not, however, been practically used. 

PISCIDIA ERYTHRINA, JAMAICA DOGWOOD. 

The root bark of this leguminous tree has been long used in Jamaica 
for the poisoning of fish, the larger being so stupefied that they may be 
easily captured, and the smaller being killed. Upon other animals it is 
found to have a decidedly narcotic effect, producing muscular relaxation, 
incoordination, blunted sensibility, increased frequency of the heart's 
beat, and increased followed by diminished vascular tension. Death takes 
place by asphyxia. In man it has, perhaps, similar effects, but in the 



366 THERAPEUTIC HANDBOOK OF THE 

doses usually given tliey are much less marked. It has been used as a gen- 
eral nervous sedative. It is a somewhat uncertain hypnotic, more nearly 
akin to valerian than to the other powerful soporifics, and its use is not 
attended with any unpleasant after-effects. It has been found useful in 
neuralgia and whooping-cough. 

The Dose of the fluid extract is from half a drachm to a drachm, thirty 
to sixty cubic centimeters, which may be repeated at intervals of some 
hours. 

QUEBRACHO (BLANCO) 

is the bark (though the wood has been used) of Aspidosperma quebracho, 
a Brazilian tree of the order Apocynacese. Its taste is disagreeable. It 
contains an alkaloid, which, however, has not been so carefully studied as 
the preparations representing the whole bark. In its native country it is 
reputed febrifuge, but this claim has not been verified by further experi- 
ment. It possesses, however, a well-marked influence over the symptom 
dj^spncea, reducing the frequency of the respirations, and rendering them 
more effective and less distressing. It seems to be of special value in spas- 
modic asthma, or in that arising from emphysema or bronchitis, though 
other forms have been much benefited by it. In animals, dyspnoea, motor 
paralysis, and death have been produced by it, though, probably, with 
larger doses, in proportion, than have been given to man. The heart and 
temperature are not greatly affected. 

Dose of the fluid extract is, on an average, half a fluidrachm, two 
grammes. Various other preparations may be used, as wine, tincture, 
elixir, etc. 

RESORCIN, C H 4 (H 2 O). 

Obtained by treating certain resins (galbanum and asafcetida) with po- 
tassa, and resembling orcin, the coloring matter of orchil, whence its name. 
It is closely related to phenol, and is, like it, a powerful antiseptic in the 
proportion of one to one hundred. It is soluble in all the ordinary sol- 
vents, except chloroform and sulphide of carbon. Administered by the 
stomach, it is eliminated almost entirely and rapidly by the urine, and 
develops therein a blue color. It is much less poisonous than phenol, and 
such symptoms as maybe produced by very large doses rapidly disappear, 
unless the dose is large enough to be fatal, which requires in the lower 
animals nearly one part in a thousand of their weight. In quantities of 
from one-third to more than one-half of that just mentioned, it produces 
trembling, clonic convulsions, and accelerations of the respiration and 
circulation, lasting for about an hour. In man it may produce some ex- 
citement and vertigo, besides the action on heart and respiration just stated. 



UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIA. 367 

Clinically, it has been both affirmed and denied that the temperature is 
lowered, but it is certain that if such an action takes place it is brief. 
Kesorcin has been used in fevers, as have many other antiseptics, but 
without any remarkable effects. It has, of course, the great advantage over 
carbolic acid of much less toxic properties. Externally, it may be used 
for all the surgical purposes of carbolic acid, and is preferable to it on 
account of the absence of odor, of danger of poisoning, and its solubility 
in any proportion of water. From one to four grammes, fifteen to sixty 
grains per diem, have been used in typhoid fever and acute rheumatism. 

TRIMETHYLAMINE (CH 3 ) 3 N, 

often erroneously called by the name of propylamine, with which it is 
identical in elementary composition, is a colorless, volatile alkaloid of fishy 
odor, contained in many vegetable and animal substances, but obtained 
commercially from herring pickle. Its hydrochlorate is crystallizable, and 
is to be preferred for medicinal purposes as being less irritating. Large 
doses appear capable of producing death in animals, with symptoms, at 
first of irritation, and afterward of paralysis of the general motor, cardiac, 
and respiratory systems. It is an irritant to mucous membranes, and 
gives rise to local irritation when given by the stomach or subcutaneously. 
In medicinal doses it causes a fall of temperature and pulse without much 
action on the secretions. It is claimed to have been used with great suc- 
cess in acute rheumatism, diminishing with rapidity the pain and fever, 
and, according to some, shortening the duration of the disease, while, from 
the statements of others, the course of the disease is unaffected. 

The Dose is twenty to sixty minims of the (commercial ?) alkaloid, di- 
luted, sweetened, and flavored ; of the hydrochlorate, two or three grains 
may be given often enough to amount to from eight to fifteen grains, one- 
half to one gramme, in the twenty-four hours. 



CLASSIFIED INDEX OP DRUGS. 



ACID BEVERAGES. 

Acidum citricum, Acidum phosphori- 
cum dilutum, Acidum tartaricum, 
Rhus glabra, Tamarindus. 

ALTERATIVES. 

Acidum arseniosum, Acidum nitricum, 
Acidum nitro-hydrochloricum, Iodum, 
(Ammonii, Potassii, Sodii iodidum), 
Arsenii iodidum, Liquor arsenii et hy- 
drargyri iodidi, Syrupus acidi hydrio- 
dici, Iodoformum, Argenti iodidum, 
etc., Auri et sodii chloridum, Sangui- 
naria, Sarsaparilla, Stillingia, Viola 
tricolor. 

AMAUROSIS, to relieve. 
Strychnina, Pulsatilla. 

AMENORRHEA. (See Emmenagogues.) 

ANAEMIA. (See Reconstructive Tonics.) 
Ferrum (p. 125 et seq. ), Acidum arseni- 
osum, Mangani sulphas, Oleum mor- 
rhuae. 

ANAESTHETICS. 
Local. 

Acidum hydrocyanicum dilutum, Po- 
tassii cyanidum, Oleum amygdalas 
amaras, Acidum carbolicum, Aconi- 
tum, Carbonei bisulphidum, Chloro- 
formum, Quillaia, Saponin. 

General. 

iEther, JEther aceticus, Chlorofor- 
mum, BicJdoride of methylene, Bichlo- 
ride of ethylene, Bromide of echyl, 
Nitrous oxide. (See Ammonii Nitras.) 

ANALGESICS. 

Aconitum, Belladonna, Butyl chloral, 
Gelsemium, Morphinum, Oleum men- 
thaa piperita, Opium, Stramonium, 
Jamaica dogwood. 

ANGINA PECTORIS, to relieve. 

Amyl nitris, Nitro- glycerine, Nitiite 
ofpotassa. 
U 



ANTACIDS. 

Calcii carbonas praecipitatus, Creta 
prseparata, Liquor calcis, Syrupus cal- 
cis, Magnesia, Magnesii carbonas, Li- 
thii carbonas, Lithii citras, Potassa, 
Potassii carbonas, Potassii citras, Po- 
tassii tartras, Potassii bitartras, Po- 
tassii acetas, Potassii et sodii tartras, 
Soda, Sodii bicarbonas, Sodii acetas, 
Sodii boras, Sodii phosphas, Sapo, 
Sapo viridis. 

ANTHELMINTICS. 

Aspidium, Azedarach, Brayera, Che- 
nopodiuni, Granatum, Kamala, Pepo, 
Quassia, Santonica, Sodii santoninas, 
Spigelia, Thuja. (See also Cathartics. ) 

ANTIPYRETICS. 

Acidum salicyl'cum, Lithii salicylas, 
Sodii salicylas, Salicinum, Aconitum, 
Cinchona, cinchonias sulphas, etc. , 
Quillaia, Quinia, quinidiae sulphas, 
etc., Digitalis, Gelsemium, Hydrar- 
gyri chloridum mite, Veratrum, Tri- 
methylanin, Aqua. 

ANTISEPTICS. 

Acidum boricum, Acidum carbolicum, 
Acidum salicylicum, Acidum sulphuro- 
sum, Alcohol, Magnesii, Potassii, Sodii 
sulphis, Sodii bisulphis, Sodii hypo- 
sulphis, Sodii sulphocarbolas, Aqua 
chlori, Calx chlorata, Liquor sodas 
chloratas. Creasotum, Chloral, Oleum 
eucalypti, Oleum terebinthinae, Thy- 
mol, Zinci chloridum, Resorcin. 

ANTISPASMODICS. 

Allium, Ammoniacum, Asafcetida, 
Atrophia, Cypripedinm. Lobelia, Lu- 
pulinum. Moschus, Scutellaria, Sum- 
bul, Tabacum. Valeriana. Ammonii 
valerianas, Zinci valerianas, Quininas 
valerianas,Viburnum. Dioacorca villoma. 
Charta potassii nitratis, Amyl nitris, 
Chloral, Chloroformum. iEther, Spir- 
itus astheris compositus, Potassii 
bromidum. 



370 



CLASSIFIED INDEX OF DRUGS. 



ASTHMA, to relieve. 

Morphina, Amyl nitris, Nitro- glycerine, 
Stramonii folia, Atropia, Potassii 
iodidi, Syrupus acidi hydriodici, 
Charta potassii nitratis, Grindelia, 
Lobelia. (See also Antispasmodics.) 

ASTRINGENTS. 

MrNERAL. 

Acidum sulphuricum aroinaticum, 
Alumen, Aluminii hydras, Bismuthi 
citras etc., Ferri cbloridum, Ferri 
sufphas, Liquor ferri chloridi, Liquor 
ferri subsulphatis, Liquor ferri ter- 
sulphatis, Tinctura ferri chloridi, Li- 
quor plumbi subacetatis, Plumbi 
acetas, Plumbi carbonas, Plumbi ni- 
tras, Cupri sulphas, Zinci sulphas, 
Zinci oxidum, Argenti nitras. 

Vegetable. 

Acidum gallicuin, Acidum tannicum. 
Catechu, Chimaphila, Cinnamomum, 
Collodion stypticum, Galla, Gerani- 
um, Hasmatoxylon, Hamamelis, Kino, 
Krameria, Prinos, Quercus, Rubus, 
Rumex, Salvia, Uva ursi, Vinum ru- 
brum. 

BEDSORES, to prevent and relieve. 

Acidum tannicum, Alcohol, Emplas* 
trum plumbi. (See also Protectives 
and Astringents. ) 

BOILS, to prevent. 

Calx sulphurata, Potassa sulphurata 

BRONCHITIS, to relieve. 

Acidum benzoicutn, Acidum hydrocy- 
anicum dilutnm, Allium, Ammonia- 
cum, Ammonii carbonas, Ammonii 
chloridum, Antimonii et potassii tar- 
tras, Balsamum tolutanum, Cetraria, 
Cimicifuga, Copaiba, Oubeba, Dulca- 
mara, Eucalyptus, Glycyrrhiza, Grin- 
delia, Inula, Iodum, Ipecacuanha, 
Marrubium, Morphina, Oleum mor- 
rhuse, Oleum terebinthinae, Pix liqui- 
da, Sanguinaria, Senega, Scilla. (See 
also Demulcents, Expectorants, Mu- 
cous Alteratives. ) 

BURNS. 

Amylum, Glyceritum vitelli, Linimen- 
tum calcis, Linimentum terebinthina3, 
Petrolatum, Unguentum zinci oxidi. 
(See also Protectives.) 

CARDIALGIA, to relieve. 

Bismuthi subnitras, Sodii hyposulphis, 
etc. (See also Antacids.) 



CARMINATIVES. 

Anisum, Cardamomum, Carum, Cary- 
ophyllus, Coriandum, Foeniculum, II- 
licium, Pimenta, Mentha piperita et 
viridis, Myristica, Piper, Zingiber, 
Tinctura lavandulse composita, Spiri- 
tus ammonias aromaticus. (See also 
Spiritus, p. 294.) 

CATHARTICS. 

Aloes, Apocynum, Chelidonium, As- 
clepias, Bryonium, Cambogia, Cassia 
fistula, Colocynth, Elaterin, Euony- 
mus, Eupatorium, Ficus, Frangula, 
Jalapa, Juglans, Leptandra, Manna, 
Oleum ricioi, Oleum tiglii, Phytolac- 
ca, Podophyllum, Prunum, Rheum, 
Rumex. Sambucus, Scammonium, Sen- 
na, Hydrargyri chloridum mite, Hy- 
drargyrum cum creta, Massa hydrar- 
gyri, Magnesia, Magnesii carbonas, 
Magnesii citras, Magnesii sulphas, 
Potassii bitartras, Potassii et sodii 
tartras, Sodii sulphas. 

CHOLAGOGUES. 

Euonymus, Iris, Leptandra, Podophyl- 
lum, Hydrargyri chloridum mite, etc. 

CHOLERA, treatment of. 

Atropina, Morphina, Sodii chloridum. 

CHOREA, treatment of. 

Acidum arseniosum, etc., Chloral, 
Cimicifuga, Conium, Ferrum, etc., 
Potassii bromidum, etc. 

COLIC, to relieve. 

iEther, Spiritus setheris compositus, 
Spiritus seth eris nitrosi, Ch lorof ormum , 
Morphina, Opium, Mentha piperita, Vi- 
burnum, Dioscorea villosa. 

COLLAPSE, to relieve. 

iEther, Alcohol, etc , Aqua ammonias, 
Atropina, Sodii chloridum (intrave- 
nous injection of), Morphina. (See 
Cerebral, General, and Cardiac Exci- 
tants, and Irritants.) 

CONGESTION OF BRAIN AND CORD. 

Belladonna, Ergota, Potassii bromidi. 
(See also Cathartics and Irritants. ) 

CONJUNCTIVITIS, treatment of. 

Alumen, Argenti nitras, Cupri sulphas, 
Sodii boras, Aqua caniphorse. 

CONVULSIONS, treatment of. (See An- 
tispasmodics.) 



CLASSIFIED INDEX OF DRUGS. 



371 



CORYZA, treatment of. 

Camphora, Bismuthi subnitras. 

COUGrH. 

Morphina, Acidum hydrocyanicum di- 
lutum, Ammoniacum, Ammonii chlori- 
dum, Antimonii et potassii tartras, 
Apomorphias hydrochloras, Castanea, 
Cubeba, Chloroform, Chloral, Ipeca- 
cuanha, Pix liquida, Prurus virginiana, 
Scilla, Mistura glycyrrhizas composita. 

CROUP, treatment of. 

Membranous. 

Acidum lacticum, Alumen, Liquor cal- 
cis, Liquor potassae, Hydrargyri chlori- 
dum mite, Hydrargyri subsulphasflava, 
Sodii benzoas (See also Diphtheria 
and Emetics.) 

Catarrhal and Spasmodic. 

Spiritus aetheris nitrosi, Lobelia, Aconi- 
tum, Senega. (See also Emetics.) 

DELIRIUM TREMENS, treatment of. 

Alcohol, Arnica, Capsicum, Chloral, 
Digitalis, Opium, Potassii bromidum. 

DEMULCENTS. 

Acacia, Althasa, Amylum, Castanea, 
Cetraria, Chrondus, Cydonium, Gly- 
cerinum, Glyceritum amyli, Glvceri- 
tum vitelli, Glycyrrhiza, Ichthyocolla, 
Linum, Mistura amygdalae, Sassafras 
medulla, Sevum, Tragacantha, Triti- 
cum, Ulmus. 

DIABETES, treatment of. 

Acidum lacticum, Amygdala dulcis, 
Codeina, Glycerinum, Opium, Sodii 
bicarbonas. 

Insipidus. 

Ergota, Valeriana, Acidum nitricum. 
(See also Tonics and Astringents. ) 

DIAPHORETICS. 

Aconitum, Alcohol, Antimonii et po- 
tassi tartras. Apocynum, Asclepius, 
Dulcamara, Lappa, Pilocarpus, Sarsa- 
parilla, Liquor ammonias acetatis, 
Spiritus aetheris nitrosi, Pulvis ipe- 
cacuanhas et opii, Purvis morphinse 
compositus. (See many volatile oils, 
etc.) 

DIARRHCEA. 

Aluminii hydras, Argenti nitras, Bis- 
muthi subnitras, Camphora, Capsi- 
cum, Catechu, Cetraria, Cinnamo- 
mum, Cupri sulphas, Gaultheria, 
Geranium, Guarana, Haematoxylon, 
Ipecacuanha, Kino, Krameria, Liquor 



calcis, Liquor feiri nitratis, Morphina, 
Oleum ricini, Opium, Pep&inum sac- 
charatum, Plumbi acetas, Sodas phos- 
phas, Rheum, Rubus, Zingiber, Goto 
bark. 

DIGESTIVES. 

Acidum hydrochloricum, Acidum lac- 
ticum, Extractum malti, Fel bovis, 
Glycerinum, Pepsinum saccharatum, 
Pancreatine Papaya, Ingluvin. 

DIPHTHERIA, treatment of. 

Acidum lacticum, Acidum carbolicum, 
Acidum salicylicum, Alcohol, Capsi- 
cum, Guiaci resina, Liquor calcis, 
Sodii sulphocarbolas, Sulphur subli- 
matum, Tinctura ferri chloridi, Sodii 
benzoas. 

DISINFECTANTS. 

Acidum carbolicum, Acidum sulphu- 
rosum, Aqua chlori, Calx. Calx chlo- 
rata, Ferri sulphas, Liqr.or soda 
chloratas, Plumbi nitras, Potassii per- 
manganas, Zinci chloridi. (See Anti- 
septics. ) 

DIURESIS, to diminish. 

Acidum gallicum, Ergota. 

DIURETICS. 

Apocynum, Aqua, Cantharides, Cau- 
lophyllum, Chimaphila, Colchicum, 
Copaiba, Cubeb, Digitalis, Dulcamara, 
Euonymus, Juniperus, Lappa, Lithii 
citras, Oleum terebinthinas, Potassii 
acetas, Potassii citras, Potassii bicar- 
bonas, Potassii bitartras, Potassii et 
sodii tartras, Sambucus, Scoparius, 
Sodii acetas, Sodii bicarbonas, Spiri- 
tus astheris nitrosi, Triticum, Uvaursi. 

Renal and Vesical Alteratives. 
Acidum benzoicum, Ammonii benzoas, 
Lithii benzoas, Sodii benzoas, Lithii 
citras, Buchu, Matico, Pareira. (See 
Mucous Alteratives.) 

DROPSY, treatment of. 

(See Diuretics, Diaphoretics, Cathar- 
tics, Cardiac Tonics.) 

DYSENTERY, treatment of. 

Argenti nitras, Ipecacuanha, Mag- 
nesii sulphas, Opium, Plumbi acetas, 
Sodii sulphas. (See also Demulcents 
and Astringents.) 

DYSMENORRHEA, relief of. 

Amyl nitris, Apiol, Chloroformum, 
Guaiaci resina, Scutellaria, Viburnum, 
Dioscorea villosa. 



372 



CLASSIFIED INDEX OF DRUGS. 



DYSPEPSIA, treatment of. 

Acidum arseniosura. (See Digestives, 
Antacids, Bitter Tonics, Carminatives, 
Cathartics.) 

ECZEMA, treatment of. 

Acidum tannicum, G-lycerinum, Pe- 
trolatum, Potassa, Potassi carbonas, 
Sapo viridis, Sodii bicarbonas, Un- 
guentum hydrargyri oxidi rubri, Un- 
guentum hydrargyri ammoniati, Un- 
guentum picis liquidae, Unguentum 
zinci oxidi. 

EMETICS. 

Alumen, Antimonii et potassii tar- 
tras, Apocynum, Apomorphia hydro- 
chloras, Asclepias, Cupri sulphas, 
Hydrargyri subsulphas fiavus, Ipeca- 
cuanha, Lobelia, Phytolacca, San- 
guinaria, Scilla, Sinapis, Stiliingia, 
Tabacum, Zinci sulphas. 

EMMENAGOGUES. 

Aloes, CaulOphyllum, Cumicifuga, 
Ferrum, etc., Myrrha, Sabina, Tana- 
cetum. 

EPILEPSY, treatment of. 

Amy] nitris, Belladonna, Potassii bro- 
midum, etc., Sodii boras, Strychnina. 

EPISPASTICS. 

Aqua ammoniae, Cantharis, Capsicum, 
Mezereon, Sinapis. 

ERRHINES OR STERNUTATORIES. 

Quillaia, Sanguinaria, Tabacum. 

ERYSIPELAS. 

Acidum carbolicum, Alcohol, etc., 
Argenti nitras, Camphora, Quinia, 
etc., Tinctura ferri chloridi, Ethereal 
tincture of iodine. 

ESCHAROTICS. 

Acidum aceticum, Acidum arsenio- 
sum, Acidum carbolicum, Aciduin 
chromicum, Acidum nitricum, Aci- 
dum sulphuricum, Argenti nitras, 
Bromum, Liquor hydrargyri nitratis, 
Potassa, Potassa cum calce, Potassii 
bichromas, Zinci chloridi. 

EXCITANTS or STIMULANTS. 
Cerebral and General. 
iEther aceticus, Alcohol, etc. , Ammo- 
nii carbonas, Ammonii chloridum. Ar- 
nica, Caffeina, Camphora, Cannabis, 
Erythroxylon, Guarana, Morphina, 
etc., Oleum aethereum, Opium, Phos- 
phorus, Vinum album, etc. 



Cardiac. 

Absinthium, Atropina, Hyoscyamus, 
etc., Morphina, Myrrha, Oleum tere- 
binthinas, etc., Serpentaria, Stramo- 
nium, Tinctura lavandulae comp. , etc. , 
Vinum album, etc., Vinum aromati- 
cum. (See also General Stimulants. ) 

Spinal. 
Ignatia, Nux vomica, Strychnina, Pi- 
crotoxinum, Hoang nan. 

Respiratory. 

Atropina, Strychnina, Grindelia, Que- 
braclw. 

Uterine. 

Ergota, Gossypii radicis cortex, Qui- 
nina, etc. , Sodii biboras, Ustilago. 



EXPECTORANTS, 
chitis. ) 



(See Cough, Bron- 



FETOR OF BREATH, to remove. 

Myrrha, Oleum terebinth inae, Oleum 
eucalypti, Potassii chloras, Potassii 
permanganas. (See also Digestives 
and Antiseptics, Cathartics, etc.) 

FETOR OF MENSTRUATION, to re- 
move. 

Apiol. (See also Antiseptics.) 

FISSURE OF ANUS, treatment of. 

Acidum tannicum, Tinctura krameriae. 
(See Astringents.) 

FLAVORING. 

Amygdala amara, etc., Anisum, Bal- 
samum peruvianum, Balsamum tolu- 
tanum, Calnmus, Cardamomum, Cary- 
opbyllus, Cinnamomum, Coriandum, 
Gaultheria, Hedeoma, Ulicium, La- 
vandula, Limonis cortex, Macis, Me- 
lissa. Mentha piperita, etc., Myristi- 
ca, Rosmarinus, Sassafras, Vanilla. 
(See also Aquas, Olea, Spiritus,Syrupi.) 

FLOODING, treatment of. 

Aqua (fervida), Ergota, Liquor ferri 
chloridi, Liquor ferri subsulphatis, 
Tinctura iodi, Ustilago. 

GASTRALGIA. 

Acidum hydrocyanicum dilutum. Aci- 
dum arseniosum, Bismuthi subnitras, 
Mangani oxidum nigrum, Morphina, 
Opium, Sodii bicarbonas. 

GOITRE. 

Iodum, Oleatum hydrargyri, Potassii 
iodidum. 
Exophthalmic. 
Aconitum. 



CLASSIFIED INDEX OF DRUGS. 



373 



GONORRHOEA. 

(See Astringents, Renal and Vesical 
Alteratives, Mucous Alteratives.) 

GOUT, treatment of. 

Ammonii phosphas, Colchicum, Lithii 
carbonas, Lithii citraa. (See also Ant- 
acids. ) 

HAY FEVER, to relieve. 

Acidum arseniosum, Quinina. (See 
Tonics.) 

HEADACHE, relief of. 

Acidum hydriodicum, Ammonii car- 
bonas, Ammonii valerianas, Butyl 
chloral, Caffeina, Cannabis, Digitalis, 
Ergot, Guarana, Morphina, Potassii 
bromidum, etc. , Potassii iodidum. 

HEART DISEASE. 

(See Excitants, c. rdiac; Tonics, cardiac ; 
Sedatives, cardiac; also Dropsy.) 

HEMOSTATICS. 

Acidum galli cum, Acidum sulphuricum 
dilutum, Acidum tannicum, Collo- 
dium stypticum, Digitalis, Ergota, 
Ferri et ammonii sulphas, Liquor 
ferri chloridi, Matico. (See Astrin- 
gents.) 

HYDROPHOBIA, treatment of. 

Chloral, Curare, Scutellaria. (See also 
Escharotics. ) 

HYSTERIA, treatment of. 
(See Antispasmodics.) 

INCONTINENCE OF URINE, treatment 
of. 

Belladonna, Strychnia. 

INTERMITTENT FEVER, treatment of. 
Acidum arseniosum, Acidum carboli- 
cum, Acidum salicylicum, Apocynum, 
Cinchona, etc., Chinoidinum, Quinina, 
etc., Cornus, Eucalyptus, Magnolia, 
Piper, Salicinum, Sodii salicylas. 

IRRITANTS, CUTANEOUS. 

Ammoniacum, Antimonii et potassii 
tartras, Aqua ammoniae, Cantharis, 
Capsicum, Carbonii bisulphidum, Che- 
lidonium, Chloroformum, Chrysarobi- 
num, Galbanum, Linimentum ammo- 
niae, etc., Mezereon, Oleum terebin- 
thinae, etc., Oleum tiglii, Potassa, 
etc., Sanguinaria, Sapo viridis, Sina- 
pis, Staphisagria, Styrax, Veratrina. 



ITCH, treatment of. 

Styrax, Unguentum sulphuris, Ungu- 
entum sulphuris alkalinum. 

ITCHING, to relieve. 

Acidum carbolicum, Acidum citricum, 
Acidum hydrocyanicum dilutum, Aci- 
dum tannicum, Ceratum camphorae, 
Cupri sulphas, Glycerinum, Grindelia, 
Petrolatum, Potassii carbonas, Sodii 
boras, Unguentum zinci oxidi. 

LEAD POISONING, treatment of. 

Magnesii sulphas, Potassii iodidum, 
Morphina, Strychnina, Ferrum, etc. 

(See Cathartics.) 

LEUCAEMIA, treatment of. 

Acidum arseniosum, Ferrum, etc., 
Oleum morrhuas, Quinina, etc. 

LEUCORRHEA, treatment of. 
(See Tonics and Astringents.) 

LOCOMOTOR ATAXIA, treatment of. 
Argenti nitras, Phosphorus, Potassii 
iodidum. 

MENORRHAGIA, to relieve. 

Ergota, Ustilago. (See Astringents.) 

MUCOUS ALTERATIVES (urinary and 

respiratory). 

Ammonii carbonas, Ammonii chlori- 
dum, Copaiba, Cubeba, Matico, Oleum 
santali, Oleum terebinthinae, Styrax, 
Syrupus acidi hydriodici. 

MYDRIATICS. 

Atropina, Duboisia, Belladonna, Hy- 
oscyamus, Stramonium. 

MYOTICS. 

Physostigma. 

NEURALGIA, to relieve. 

(See Analgesics, Tonics.) 

NIGHT-SWEATS. 

Acidum sulphuricum aromaticum, 
Atropina, Ergota, Tinctura ferri chlo- 
ridi, Picrotoximum, Pilocarpinae hy- 
drochloras, Salvia, Zinci sulphas, etc. 

NARCOTICS. 

Absinthium, iEther, Alcohol, Arnica, 
Belladonna, Chloral, Chloroformum, 
Codeina, Dulcamara, Ethylene bro- 
mide, Ethylene bichloride, Humulus, 
Lactucarium, Methylene bichloride, 
Morphina, Myristica, Opium, Phyto- 
lacca, Ava kava, Piscidia erythrina. 



374 



CLASSIFIED INDEX OF DRUGS. 



NEURALGIA, treatment of. 

(See Analgesics, General Stimulants, 
Tonics. ) 

NUTRIENTS. 

Cetraria, Extractum malti, Ficus, Mel, 
Oleum gossypii, etc. , Oleum morrhuaa, 
Prunus, Saccharum. 

OSTEOMALACIA, treatment of. 

Calcii phosphas praecipitata, Oleum 
morrhuse, Syrupus calcii lactophos- 
phatis, Syrupus hypophosphitum, etc. 

OZiENA, treatment of. (See Antiseptics.) 



PARALYSANTS. 

General Motor. 
Conium, Curare, Dita, 
lamin. 



Trimethy- 



Vaso- Motor. 
Alcohol, etc., Amyl nitris, Nitrite of 
potassium, Nitroglycerine. 

PARASITICIDES. 

Acidum carbolicum, Acidum sulpliu- 
rosum, Benzinum, Hydrargyri chlori- 
dum corrosivum, Unguentum hydrar- 
gyri, Unguentum hydrargyri ammo- 
niati, Unguentum hydrargyri nitratis, 
Unguentum hydrargyri oxidi flavi, 
Unguentum sulphuris. Unguentum 
Rulphuris alkalinuin, Oleum picis li- 
quids, Potassa sulphurata, Sodii 
hyposulphis, Staphisagria. 

PNEUMONIA, treatment of. 

Alcohol, Ammonii carbonas, Antimo- 
nii et potassii tartras, Atropina, Mor- 
phina, Quinina, etc. , Senega, Spiritus 
vini gallici, etc. , Vinum album, etc. 

PROTECTIVES. 

Adeps, Aluminii hydras, Amylum, 
Bismuthi carbonas, etc., Cera, Cera- 
tum, Ceratum plumbi subacetatis, 
Cetaceum, Collodion. Creta prsepa- 
rata, Emplastrum ichthyocollas, Em- 
plastrum plumbi, Emplastrum Sa- 
ponis, Gossypium, Gutta - percha, 
Liquor sodii silicatis, Lycopodium, 
Mangani oxidum nigrum. Oleum gos- 
sypii, Oleum theobromge, Petrolatum, 
Plumbi carbonas, Tinctura benzoinse 
composita, Unguentum diachyli, Un- 
guentum plumbi carbonas, Unguen- 
tum zinci oxidi, Zinci carbonas, Zinci 
oxidum. (See Demulcents.) 

PSORIASIS. 

Acidum arseniosum, Chrysarobinum, 
Lappa. 



PURPURA, treatment of. 

Ergota, Ferrum, etc., Tinctura ferri 
chloridi, Oleum terebinthinas. 

PYELITIS. (See Diuretics and Mucous 
Alteratives. ) 

RACHITIS, treatment of. (See Osteo- 
malacia. ) 

RHEUMATISM, treatment of. 

Acute. 

Acidum salicylicum, Sodii salicylas, 
Salicinum, Aconitum, Arnica, Can- 
tharis, Cimicifuga, Linimentum am- 
monias, Oleum gaultheriae, Potassii 
bicarbonas, Potassii acetas, Potassii 
citras, Staphisagria, Syrupus calcis, 
Trimethylamin . 

Chronic. 

Aconitum, Dulcamara, Guiaci resina, 
Oleum morrhuaa, Phytolacca, Potassii 
iodidum, Pulsatilla. (See Irritants 
and Diaphoretics.) 

SECRETIONS, to check. 

Acidum gallicum, Atropina, Ergota. 
(See also Astringents.) 

SCROFULA. 

Ferrum, etc., Iodum, etc., Oleum 
morrhuas, Potassii iodidum, Syrupus 
calcii lactophosphatis, Syrupus hypo- 
phosphitum. 

SEDATIVES. 
Cerebral and General. 

Acidum hydrobromicum, Ammonii 
bromidum, Calcii bromidum, Cam- 
phora monobromata, Lithii bromidum, 
Potassii bromidum, Sodii bromidum. 
(See Antispasmodics.) 

Spinal and Nervomuscular. 

Ammonii bromidum, etc., Gelsemium, 
Physostigma, Pulsatilla. 

Cardiac. 

Aconitum, Antimonii et potassii tart., 
etc., Colchicum, Gelsemium, Vera- 
trina, Veratrum viride. (See Anti- 
spasmodics, Analgesics, and Anaesthe- 
tics. ) 

SEXUAL EXCITEMENT, to allay. 

Camphora, Humulus, Potassii bromi- 
dum. 

SIALAGOGUES. 

Hydrargyri chloridum mite, etc., Pi- 
locarpus, Pyrethrum. 



CLASSIFIED INDEX OF DRUGS. 



37; 



SKIN DISEASES. 

(See Demulcents, Irritants, Altera- 
tives, Eczema, and Psoriasis, treat- 
ment of.) 

SLEEPLESSNESS, to relieve. 

Acidum lacticum, Chloral, Codeina, 
Humulus, Lupulinum, Hyoscyamus, 
Opium (JVarceine), Potassii bromidum, 
etc., Piscidia erythrina. 

STOMATITIS, Aphtha and Saliva- 
tion, to relieve. 

Atropina, Myrrha, Oleum theobromae, 
Potassii chloras, Sodii bicarbonas, 
Sodii boras, Tinctura guaici ammo- 
niata. (See Demulcents, Protectives, 
Astringents, Antiseptics. ) 

SYPHILIS, treatment of. 

(See Alteratives, Escbarotics, Anti- 
septics.) 

SYNCOPE. 

Alcohol, Ammonias carbonas, Aqua 
ammonias, Amyl nitris, Atropina, Sodii 
chloridum (intravenous injection), 
Tinctura lavandulse composita, etc., 
Vinum. (See Irritants, Cardiac Exci- 
tants.) 

SOLVENTS AND EXCIPIENTS. 

Acidum oleicum, Acidum sulphuricum, 
Acidum tartaricum, Collodium, Gly- 
cerinum, Mel despumatum, Mel rosas, 
Oleum gossypii, Oleum olivse, Petro- 
latum, Saccharum, Saccharum lactis, 
Syrupus. 

TAPEWORM. 

(See Anthelmintics.) 

TETANUS. 

(See Antispasmodics and Spinal Seda- 
tives.) 

TONICS. 

Reconstructive . 

Acidum phosphoricum ; Calcii phos- 
phas prsecipitatus, Calcii hypophosphis, 
Potassii hypophosphis, Sodii hypo- 
phosphis, Ferrum, etc., Mangani sul- 
phas, Syrupus ferri, quininae et strych- 
niae, Syrupus ferri lactophosphis. 

Neuro sthenic. 

Acidum arseniosum,etc, Ferrum, etc., 
Quinina, etc. , Phosphorus, Zinci phos- 
phidum. 

Cardiac. 

Caffeina, Cimicifuga, Digitalis, Scilla, 
Convallaria. Helleborein. 



Bitter and Stomachic. 

Absinthium, Anthemis, Aurantii amari 
cortex, Calumba, Cascarilla, Cetraria, 
Chinoidinum, Chirata, Cimicifuga, 
Cinchona, etc., Cornus, Eucalyptus, 
Eupatorium, Gentiana, Humulus, Hy- 
drastis, Lappa, Matricaria, Menisper- 
mum, Prinos, Prunus virginiana, 
Quassia, Rheum, Salicinum, Serpen- 
taria, Taraxacum, Xanthoxylon, Sol- 
do, Dita bark. 

TONSILLITIS, treatment of. 

Aconitum, Argenti nitras, Capsicum, 
Guiacum, Potassii chloras. 

TOOTHACHE, to relieve. 

Acidum carbolicum, Mastiche, Oleum 
caryophylli, Pyrethrum. 

TYMPANITES, to relieve. 

Oleum terebinthinae. (See Antispas- 
modics and Carminatives.) 

TYPHOID CONDITION, treatment of. 
Alcohol, Ammonii carbonas, Cam- 
phora, Moschus, Quinina, etc., Ser- 
pentaria. 

ULCERS, treatment of. 

Argenti nitras, Balsamum peruvi- 
anurn, Bismuthi subnitras, Carbo 
ligni, Ceratum cetacei, Ceratum resi- 
nae, Ceratum sabinae, Emplastrum 
plumbi. Petrolatum, Unguentum dia- 
chyli, Unguentum zinci oxidi, Zinci 
oxidum. (See Astringents, Antisep- 
tics. ) 

VOMITING, to check. 

Acidum carbolicum, Bismuthi sub- 
nitras, Cerii oxalas, Creasotum, Li- 
quor calcis, Pepsinum saccharatum, 
Plumbi acetas, Vinum ipecacuanhae. 

VISION, to increase acuteness of. 
Sodii santoninas, Strychnina. 

WHOOPING-COUGH, treatment of. 

Acidum bydrocyanicum, Castanea, 
Chloral, Grindelia, Lobelia, Potassii,, 
bromidi, etc. 

ZYMOTIC DISEASES, treatment of. 

Acidum carbolicum, Acidum salicyli- 
cum, Sodii salicylas, Aconitum. Li- 
quor ammonias acetatis, Quinina, etc., 
Sodii hyposulphis, etc., Sodii sulpho- 
carbolas. Spiritus astheris nitrosi, Ver- 
atrum viride. 



POISONS AND ANTIDOTES. 



Poisons. Antidotes. 

ACIDS, ACETIC, HYDROCHLORIC, NI- Alkalies or alkaline earths or their carbo- 
TRIC, SULPHURIC. nates, preferably Magnesia; Syru- 

pus calcis or Sapo viridis ; De- 
mulcents. 

ACID. ARSENIOUS, AND ITS PREPA- Ferri oxidum hydratum, and prefera- 
RATIONS. bly Ferri oxidum hydratum cum 

MAGNESIA. 

ACID, CARBOLIC. Oleum gossypii, Oleum oliv^e, or other 

oils ; Syrupus calcis ; Stimulants. 

ACID, HYDROCYANIC, CYANIDE OF Atropina, subcutaneously ; Aqua AMMO- 
POTASSIUM, AND OIL OF BITTER nle ; Alcohol ; Emetics. 
ALMONDS. 

ACID, OXALIC. Lime salts ; Calcis carbonas pr^ecipi- 

tatus; Syrupus calcis ; Magnesia. 

ACONITE. Morphina, subcutaneously; Atropina, 

subcutaneously ; Aqua ammonite ; 
Alcohol ; Digitalis. 

ALCOHOL. Aqua ammonia ; Emetics ; External stim- 

ulation. 

ANTIMONY, CHLORIDE OF. Calcis carbonas pr^ecipitatus ; Mag- 

nesia ; Demulcents ; AciDUM TANNl- 
CUM. 

ANTIMONY AND POTASSIUM, TAR- Vegetable astringents; Stimulants. 
TRATE OF. 

ATROPINE. Belladonna, Stramonium, Hyoscya- 

mus, Morphina, etc. ; Stimulants. 

BROMINE. Aqua ammonle ; Ferrum redactum ? 

Ferri oxidum hydratum cum mag- 
nesia ? 

CHLORAL. Atropina ; Strychnina ; Stimulants, ex- 

ternal and electrical. 

CHLORINE. White of egg ; Aqua ammonle ; Ether ; 

Conium; Stimulants. 



378 POISONS AND ANTIDOTES. 

Poisons. Antidotes. 

CHLOROFORM. Stimulants; Alcohol, subcutaueously ; 

Amyl nitris ; Inversion, "head 
down ; " Electricity. 

CORROSIVE SUBLIMATE AND OTHER White of egg; Milk ; Emetics. 
MERCURIC SALTS. 

DIGITALIS. Aqua ammonite ; Alcohol ; Atropina. 

GELSEMIUM. Morphina ; Aqua ammonite. 

IODINE. White of egg ; Milk ; Amylum. 

LEAD, ACETATE OF. Emetics ; Magnesle sulphas ; Acidum 

tannicum ; Demulcents ; Opiates. 

LOBELIA. Stimulants. 

MUSCARIN, OR POISONOUS MUSH- Emetics; Atroplna. 
ROOMS. 

NITRATE OF SILVER. Sodii chloridum. 

NITROBENZOL. Aqua ammoniae ; Oxygen by inhalation. 

OPIUM, MORPHINE, etc. Emetics ; Coffee ; Caffeina ; Atropina ; 

Stimulants, external and electrical. 

PHOSPHORUS. Cupri sulphas ; Oleum terebinthi- 

n^e, old or non-rectified. 

POISON IVY. Aqua ammonite ; Plumbi acetas ; Grin- 

DELIA. 

PHYSOSTIGMA AND PHYSOSTIG- Atropina. 
MINE. 

POTASS A, AND SODA. Weak acids; Acidum aceticum; Acidum 

CITRICUM; Vinegar; Lemon-juice. 

STRYCHNINE. Chloroform ; Chloral ; ^Ether ; Po- 

TASSII BROMIDUM ; PlIYSOSTIGMA ; 

Tabacum ; Artificial respiration ; 
Amyl nitris. 

VERATRUM VIRIDE. Morphina; Stimulants. 

ZINC, CHLORIDE OR SULPHATE OF. Sodii bicarbonas ; Demulcents. 



INDEX. 



PAGE 

Absinthium 1 

Absorbent Cotton 144 

Abstract of Aconite 2 

of Belladonna 2 

of Conium 2 

of Digitalis 2 

of Hyoscyamus 2 

of Ignatia 3 

of Jalap 3 

of Nux Vomica 3 

of Podophyllum 3 

of Senega 3 

of Valerian 3 

Acacia 3 

Mucilage of 206 

Syrup of c 307 

Acetate of Bismuth 57 

of Copper 94 

of Lead 244 

of Morphine 200 

of Potassium 248* 

of Sodium 284 

of Zinc 354 

Acetic Acid 5 

Ether 24 

Acidum Muriaticum dilutum 12 

Aconite 20 

Abstract of 2 

Extract of 106 

Fluid Extract of 106 

Tincture of 318 

Adeps. . . 21 

Adhesive Plaster 101 

African Pepper 68 

Alcohol 24 

Alcoholic Extract of Belladonna 107 

of Conium Ill 

of Hyoscyamus 116 

Alder, Black 258 

Ale 191 

Alkaline Sulphur Ointment 345 

Allium 27 

Allspice 242 

Oil of 221 

Almond, Bitter 35 

Expressed Oil of 212 

Mixture 197 



PAGE 

Almond, Oil of Bitter 212 

Sweet 35 

Syrup of 308 

Aloes 27 

and Asaf etida, Pills of 239 

and Iron, Pills of . . 240 

and Mastic, Pills of 240 

and Myrrh, Pills of 240 

and Myrrh, Tincture of 319 

Aqueous Extract of 106 

Pills of 239 

Purified 27 

Tincture of 319 

Wine of 350 

Alstonia Scholaris 361 

Althasa 29 

Syrup of 308 

Alum 29 

Alumina, Hydrated 30 

Hydrate of 30 

Sulphate of 30 

Amber, Oil of 225 

American Cannabis 66 

Wormseed 77 

Ammonia, Aromatic Spirit of 295 

Liniment 172 

Spirit of 295 

Stronger Water of 43 

Water of 42 

Ammoniac 30 

Ammoniac Mixture 196 

Plaster 99 

Plaster with Mercury 99 

Ammoniated G-lycyrrhizm 144 

Mercury 156 

Tincture of Guaiac 328 

Tincture of Valerian 335 

Ammonio-Ferric Alum 132 

Citrate 131 

Sulphate 132 

Tartrate 132 

Ammonium Acetate, Solution of 175 

Benzoate of 31 

Bromide of 31 

Carbonate of 31 

Chloride of 32 

Iodide of 33 



380 



INDEX. 



PAGE 

Ammonium, Nitrate of 34 

Phosphate of 34 

Sulphate of 34 

Troches of Chloride of 337 

Valerianate of 35 

Amyl, Nitrite of 36 

Animal Charcoal 69 

Purified 69 

Anise 38 

Oil of 213 

Spirit of 295 

Star 158 

Water 44 

Antimonial Powders 260 

Antimony and Potassium, Tartrate of 38 

Antimony, Compound Pills of 240 

Oxide of 39 

Purified Sulphide of 40 

Sulphide of 40 

Sulphurated 40 

Wine of 350 

Apiol 359 

Aqueous Extract of Aloes 106 

Arbor Vitae 317 

Arnica Flowers 48 

Flowers, Tincture of 319 

Plaster 100 

Root 48 

Root, Extract of 107 

Root, Tincture of 320 

Aromatic Fluid Extract 107 

Powder 260 

Spirit of Ammonia 295 

Sulphuric Acid 17 

Aromatic Syrup of Rhubarb 312 

Tincture of Rhubarb 334 

Wine 350 

Arrowroot 37 

Arseniate of Sodium 285 

Arsenic, Iodide of 49 

White 6 

Arsenious Acid 6 

Acid. Solution of 174 

Oxide 6 

Artificial Essence of Bitter Almonds. . 212 

Asaf etida 49 

and Magnesia, Mixture of 199 

Mixture 197 

Pills of 240 

Pills of Aloes and 239 

Plaster 100 

Tincture of 320 

Asclepias 49 

Ash. Prickly 354 

Aspidium 50 

Oleoresin of 209 

Atropia 50 

Atropine 50 

Sulphate of 50 

Azedarach 54 



PAGE 

Balm 195 

Balsam of Copaiba 91 

of Fir 317 

of Peru 55 

of Tolu 55 

Barley 37 

Basham's Mixture 198 

Basilicon Ointment 74 

Bay Rum 298 

Bean, Calabar 235 

of St. Ignatius 158 

Bearberry 346 

Beer 25,191 

Belladonna, Abstract of 2 

Alcoholic Extract of 107 

Fluid Extract of 107 

Leaves ... 55 

Liniment 172 

Ointment 341 

Plaster 100 

Root 55 

Tincture of 320 

Benne Oil 224 

Benzoate of Ammonium 31 

of Lithium 185 

of Sodium 285 

Benzin 56 

Benzoic Acid 8 

Benzoin 56 

Compound Tincture of 321 

Tinctuie of 321 

Benzoinated Lard 21 

Berberina 63, 195, 229, 246 

Bergamot, Oil of 213 

Bicarbonate of Potassium 248 

of Sodium 285 

of Sodium. Commercial 286 

Bichromate of Potassium 249 

Biniodide of Mercury 154 

Bismuth and Ammonium, Citrate of . . 57 

Subcarbonate of 57 

Subnitrate of 57 

Bisulphate of Quinine 269 

Bisulphide of Carbon 70 

Bisulphite of Sodium 286 

Bitartrate of Potassium 249 

Bitter Almond 35 

Water 43 

Oil of 212 

Bitter Orange Peel 53 

Fluid Extract of 107 

Bittersweet 98 

Bitter Wine of Iron 351 

Black Alder 258 

Blackberry 274 

Black Birch 140 

Black Cohosh 83 

Black Draught 160 

Black Drops 4 

Black Haw 349 

Black Mustard 283 



INDEX. 



381 



PAGE 

Black Oxide of Manganese 191 

Black Snakeroot . 83 

Blanc Mange 82 

Blistering Cerate 74 

Bloodroot 277 

Blue Cohosh 72 

Blue Flag 167 

Blue Mass 193 

Blue Ointment 342 

Blue Pill 193 

Blue-stone 94 

Blue Vitriol 94 

Boldo 359 

Boracic Acid 9 

Borate of Sodium 286 

Borax 286 

Boric Acid 9 

Brandy 25, 299 

Brayera 58 

Fluid Extract of , 108 

Infusion of 159 

Bromide of Ammonium 31 

of Calcium 61 

of Ethyl 361 

of Lithium 185 

of Potassium 249 

of Sodium 287 

of Zinc 354 

Bromine 58 

Broom 281 

Brown Mixture 198 

Bryonia 59 

Tincture of . . . . 321 

Bryony 59 

Buchu 59 

Fluid Extract oc 108 

Buckthorn 139 

Burdock 170 

Burgundy Pitch 243 

Plaster 101 

Burning Bush 104 

Burnett's Disinfecting Fluid. 184 

Burnt Sponge 165 

Butter of Cacao 227 

Butternut 168 

Butyl Chloral 359 

Cacao, Butter of 227 

Caffeine 60 

Cajuput, Oil of 213 

Calabar Bean 235 

Calamus 61 

Fluid Extract of 108 

Calcium, Bromide of 61 

Carbonate of 61 

Chloride of 62 

Hypophosphite of 62 

Precipitated Carbonate of 61 

Precipitated Phosphate 62 

Sulphide of 64 

Syrup of Lactophosphate of 309 



PAGE 

Calendula 03 

Tincture of 321 

Calisaya Bark 84 

Calomel 150 

Calumba 63 

Fluid Extract of 1()8 

Tincture of 322 

Cambogia 05 

Camphor 05 

Cerate 73 

Liniment 172 

Monobromated 6 > 

Spirit of 296 

Water . 44 

Camphorated Tincture of Opium .... 332 

Canada Pitch 243 

Pitch Plaster 101 

Turpentine 317 

Canada Hemp 40 

Moonseed 195 

Cannabis, American 06 

Extract of Indian 108 

Fluid Extract of Indian 1 03 

Indian 06 

Cantharidal Collodion 88 

Cantharides 67 

Cerate 74 

Cerate of Extract of 74 

Liniment 173 

Paper 76 

Tincture of 322 

Capsicum 68 

Fluid Extract of 1 09 

Oleoresin of 210 

Plaster 100 

Tincture of 322 

Caraway 71 

Oil of 214 

Carbolic Acid 9 

Ointment of 341 

Carbonate of Ammonium 31 

Carbonate of Lead 245 

of Lithium 1 86 

of Magnesium 1 89 

of Potassium 252 

of Sodium 287 

of Sodium, Dried 288 

Carbon, Bisulphide of 70 

Disulphide of 70 

Cardamom 70 

Compound Tincture of 323 

Tincture of 5.23 

Carron Oil K2 

Carthamus Tinctorius 93 

Cascarilla 71 

Cassia Bark 85 

Lignea 85 

Purging 71 

Castanea 72 

Fluid Extract of Iu9 

Castor Oil 222 



382 



INDEX. 



PAGE 

Catechu 72 

Compound Tincture of 323 

Troches of 338 

Caulophyllum 72 

Cayenne Pepper 68 

Celandine 70 

Cerate 73 

of Extract of Cantharides 74 

of Subacetate of Lead 74 

Cerium, Oxalate of 75 

Cetraria 75 

Decoction of 96 

Ceylon Cinnamon 85 

Chalk Mixture 197 

Powder, Compound 260 

Prepared 92 

Troches of 338 

Chamomile 38 

German , 194 

Charcoal 69 

Charcoal, Animal 69 

Purified Animal 69 

Chaulmoogra Oil 359 

Chelerythrina 76 

Chelidonina . 76 

Chenopodium 77 

Oil of 214 

Cherry 36 

Chestnut 72 

Chimaphila 77 

Fluid Extract of 109 

Chinese Cinnamon 85 

Chinoidine 77 

Chirata 78 

Fluid Extract of 109 

Tincture of 323 

Chloral 78 

Chlorate of Potassium 253 

of Sodium 288 

Chloride of Ammonium 32 

of Calcium 62 

of Gold and Sodium 54 

of Iron 130 

of Lime 64 

of Sodium 288 

of Zinc 355 

Chlorinated Lime 64 

Soda, Solution of 183 

Chlorine Water 44 

Chloroform, Commercial 82 

Liniment 173 

Mixture 197 

Purified 80 

Spirit of 296 

Chloropercha 180 

Choleate of Soda 127 

Chondrus 82 

Chromic Acid 11 

Chrysarobin 82 

Ointment 342 

Chrysophanic Acid 82, 



PAGE 

Cimicifuga 83 

Fluid Extract of 109 

Tincture of 323 

Cinchona 83 

Extract of 109 

Fluid Extract of 110 

Infusion of 159 

Tincture of 324 

Tincture of Compound 324 

Cinchonine 85 

Sulphate of 85 

Cinnabar 154 

Cinnamon 85 

Oil of Ceylon 214 

Oil of Chinese Cassia 214 

Spirit of 296 

Tincture of 324 

Water 44 

Citrate of Bismuth 57 

of Bismuth and Ammonium 57 

of Iron 131 

of Iron and Ammonium 131 

of Iron and Quinine 133 

of Iron and Strychnine 133 

of Lithium 186 

of Potassium 254 

Citric Acid 11 

Syrup of 307 

Citrine Ointment 343 

Clarified Honey 195 

Cloves 71 

Oil of 214 

Coca 103 

Cocaina . . . , 103 

Cochineal 86 

Codeine 86 

Cod Liver Oil 218 

Cohosh, Blue 72 

Colchicum Root 87 

Extract of 110 

Fluid Extract of .' 110 

Wine of 351 

Colchicum Seed 87 

Fluid Extract of 110 

Colchicum Seed, Wine of 351 

Tincture of 324 

Collodion 88 

Flexible 88 

Styptic 88 

with Cantharides 88 

Colocynth 89 

Compound Extract of 110 

Extract of 110 

Cologne Water 299 

Colophony 270 

Columbo 63 

Commercial Bicarbonate of Sodium. . 286 

Chloroform 82 

Compound Cathartic Pills 241 

Decoction of Sarsaparilla 96 

Effervescing Powder 261 



INDEX. 



383 



PAGE 

Compound Extract of Colocynth 110 

Fluid Extract of Sarsaparilla .... 122 

Iron Mixture 198 

Liniment of Mustard 173 

Mixture of Glycyrrhiza 198 

Pills of Antimony 240 

Pills of Galbanum 241 

Pills of Iron. 241 

Pills of Rhubarb 242 

Powder of Glycyrrhiza 261 

Powder of Jalap 262 

Powder of Morphine 262 

Powder of Rhubarb 263 

Solution of Iodine 180 

Spirit of Ether 294 

Spirit of Juniper 297 

Spirit of Lavender 331 

Syrup of Sarsaparilla 313 

Syrup of Squill 313 

Tincture of Benzoin 321 

Tincture of Cardamom 323 

Tincture of Catechu 323 

Tincture of Cinchona 324 

Tincture of G-entian 328 

Tincture of Lavender 331 

Confection of Rose 89 

of Senna 89 

Conium 89 

Abstract of 2 

Alcoholic Extract of Ill 

Fluid Extract of Ill 

Tincture of 325 

Convallaria 360 

Copaiba 90 

Mass of 193 

Oil of 214 

Resin of 270 

Copper, Acetate of 94 

Sulphate of 94 

Coriander 91 

Oil of 215 

Corn Smut 346 

Cornns 91 

Fluid Extract of Ill 

Circinata 91 

Sericea. 91 

Corrosive Chloride of Mercury 148 

Sublimate 148 

Cotton 144 

Absorbent 144 

Purified 144 

Soluble Gun- 263 

Root Bark 144 

Root, Fluid Extract of 115 

Seed Oil 216 

Coto Bark 360 

Couch-grass 336 

Court Plaster 100 

Cranesbill 142 

Cream of Tartar 249 

Creasote 92 



PAGE 

Creasote Water 45 

Crocus 93 

Croton Oil 227 

Cryptopine 229 

Crude Carbolic Acid 9 

Crystallized Aconitia 20 

Cubeb 93 

Fluid Extract of Ill 

Oil of 215 

Oleoresin of 210 

Tincture of 325 

Troches of 338 

Cubebic Acid 93 

Culver's Root 171 

Curare 360 

Cyanide of Mercury 151 

of Potassium 254 

of Silver 45 

Cydonium , „ 95 

Mucilage of 207 

Cypripedium , 95 

Fluid Extract of Ill 

Damiana 361 

Dandelion 317 

Decoction of Cetraria 96 

Decoctions 95 

Delphinine 299 

Denarcotized Opium 229 

Deodorized Tincture of Opium 333 

Dewees' Carminative 199 

Diachylon Ointment 74 

Plaster 101 

Diastase 191 

Digitalis.. 96 

Abstract of 2 

Extract of Ill 

Fluid Extract of 112 

Infusion of 160 

Tincture of .' 325 

Diluted Acetic Acid 5 

Alcohol 24 

Hydrobromic Acid 12 

Hydrochloric Acid 12 

Nitrate of Silver 46 

Nitric Acid 14 

Nitrohydrochloric Acid 15 

Phosphoric Acid 15 

Sulphuric Acid. 17 

Dioscorea Villosa 361 

Distilled Water 41 

Disulphide of Carbon . 70 

Dita Bark , , 361 

Dock. Yellow 274 

Dogwood 272 

Jamaica . 365 

Donovan's Solution 175 

Dover's Powder 261 

Dried Alum 29 

Carbonate of Sodium 288 

Sulphate of Iron ................... 137 



384 



INDEX. 



PAGE 

Dulcamara 98 

Fluid Extract of 112 

Egg, Yolk of 354 

Elaterin 93 

Trituration of 337 

Elder 277 

Elecampane 161 

Elixir of Orange 99 

Simple 99 

of Vitriol 17 

Proprietatia 319 

Elm 340 

Mucilage of 207 

Epsom Salt 190 

Ergot 102 

Extract of 112 

Fluid Extract of 112 

Wine of 351 

Ericacae 141 

Erigeron, Oil of 215 

Erythroxylon 103 

Fluid Extract of 112 

Ether 22 

Compound Spirit of 294 

Hydrobromic 361 

Hydriodic 362 

Petroleum 56 

Spirit of 294 

Spirit of Nitrous 294 

Stronger 22 

Ethereal Oil 211 

Ethylene Bichloride 362 

Bromide 361 

Iodide 362 

iEucalyptus 104 

Fluid Extract of 113 

Oil of 215 

Euonymus 104 

Extract of 113 

Eupatorium 1 05 

Fluid Extract of 113 

Expressed Oil of Almonds 212 

Extract of Aconite 106 

of Arnica Root 107 

of Cinchona 109 

of Colchicum Root 110 

of Colocynth 110 

of Digitalis Ill 

•of Ergot 112 

of Euonymus 113 

of Gentian 114 

of Glycyrrhiza 114 

of Haematoxylon 115 

of Indian Cannabis 1 08 

of Iris 116 

of Juglans 117 

of Krameria 117 

of Leptandra 117 

of Liquorice 114 

vof Malt 118 



PAGE 

Extract of Mezereum 119 

of Nux Vomica 119 

of Opium 119 

of Physostigma 1 20 

of Podophyllum 120 

of Quassia 121 

of Rhubarb 121 

of Stramonium 124 

of Taraxacum 125 

Fat Oil 225 

Fennel 139 

Oil of 216 

Water 45 

Fern, Male 50 

Ferric Acetate, Solution of 177 

Acetate, Tincture of 326 

Chloride 130 

Chloride, Solution of 177 

Chloride, Tincture of 327 

Citrate 131 

Citrate, Solution of 178 

Hydrate 135 

Hypophosphite 133 

Nitrate, Solution of 178 

Phosphate 136 

Pyrophosphate 136 

Sulphate, Solution of Basic 179 

Sulphate, Solution of Normal . . . 179 

Valerianate 138 

Ferrocyanide of Potassium 254 

Ferrous Lactate 134 

Oxalate 135 

Sulphate 137 

Sulphate, Dried 137 

Sulphate, Precipitated 137 

Fig 139 

Fir, Balsam 317 

Flag, Blue 167 

Sweet 61 

Flaxseed 174 

Ground 174 

Oil of 217 

Fleabane, Oil of 215 

Flexible Collodion 88 

Fluid Extract of Aconite 106 

of Belladonna 107 

of Bitter Orange Peel 107 

of Brayera 108 

of Buchu.... 108 

of Calamus 108 

of Calumba 108 

of Capsicum 109 

of Castanea .... 109 

of Chimaphila 109 

of Chirata 109 

of Cimicifuga 109 

of Cinchona 110 

of Colchicum Root 110 

of Colchicum Seed 110 

of Conium Ill 



INDEX, 



385 



PAGE 

Fluid Extract of Cornus Ill 

of Cotton Root 115 

of Cubeb..^ Ill 

of Cypripedium Ill 

of Digitalis 112 

of Dulcamara 112 

of Ergot 112 

of Erythroxylon 112 

of Eucalyptus 113 

of Eupatorium 113 

of Frangula , . . . . 113 

of Gelsemium 113 

of Gentian 114 

of Geranium 114 

of Ginger 126 

of Glycyrrhiza 114 

of Grindelia 115 

of Guarana 115 

of Hamamelis 115 

of Hydrastis 116 

of Hyoscyamus 116 

of Indian Cannabis 108 

of Ipecac 116 

of Krameria 117 

of Lactucarium 117 

of Leptandra 117 

of Lobelia 118 

of Lupulin 118 

of Matico 118 

of Mezereum 119 

of Nux Vomica 119 

of Pareira 119 

of Pilocarpus 120 

of Podophyllum 120 

of Quassia 121 

of Rhubarb 121 

of Rhus Glabra 121 

of Rose 121 

of Rubus 122 

of Rumex 122 

of Sanguinaria 122 

of Sarsaparilla 123 

of Sarsaparilla, Compound 122 

of Savine 122 

of Scutellaria 123 

of Senega 123 

of Senna 123 

of Serpentaria 123 

of Spigelia 124 

of Squill 123 

of Stillingia 124 

of Stramonium 124 

of Taraxacum 125 

of Triticum 125 

of Uva Ursi 125 

of Valerian 125 

of Veratrum Viride 126 

of Viburnum 126 

of Wild Cherry 120 

of Xanthoxylum 126 

Fowler's Solution 182 

25 



PAGE 

Foxglove 96 

Frangula 139 

Fluid Extract of 112 

Fucus Vesiculosus 362 

Galbanum 140 

Compound Pills of 241 

Plaster 100 

Gallic Acid 11 

Ointment of 341 

Gamboge 65 

Garlic 27 

Syrup of 308 

Gaultheria 140 

Oil of 216 

Spirit of 297 

Gelsemium 141 

Fluid Extract of 113 

Tincture of 328 

Gentian 141 

Compound Tincture of 328 

Extract of 114 

Fluid Extract of 114 

Geranium 142 

Fluid Extract of 114 

German Chamomile 194 

Gin, Holland 168 

Ginger 358 

Fluid Extract of 126 

Oleoresin of 211 

Syrup of 314 

Tincture of 336 

Troches of 340 

Glacial Acetic Acid 5 

Glauber's Salt 292 

Glonoine 364 

Glucose 191 

Glycerin 142 

Glycerite of Starch 143 

of Yolk of Egg 143 

Glycyrrhiza 143 

and Opium, Troches of 338 

Compound Mixture of 198 

Compound Powder of 261 

Extract of 114 

Fluid Extract of 114 

Pure Extract of 115 

Gold and Sodium, Chloride of 54 

Golden Seal 156 

Gossypium 144 

Granulated Citrate of Magnesium 189 

Green Iodide of Mercury 152 

Soap 279 

Griffith's Mixture 198 

Grindelia 145 

Fluid Extract of 115 

Guarana 146 

Fluid Extract of 115 

Guaiac 145 

Ammoniated Tincture of 328 

Guaiac, Tincture of 328 



386 



INDEX. 



PAGE 

Guaiacum Wood 145 

Gum Arabic 3 

Gun-Cotton, Soluble 263 

Gurjun Balsam 362 

Gutta-Percha 146 

Solution of 180 

Hsematoxylon 146 

Extract of 115 

Hamamelis 147 

Fluid Extract of 115 

Heavy Magnesia 189 

Hedeoma 147 

Oil of 217 

Helleborein 363 

Hemlock 89 

Pitch 243 

Pitch Plaster 101 

Hemp, Canadian 40 

Indian 66-40 

Henbane 157 

Hive Syrup 313 

Hoang-nan 363 

Hoffman's Anodyne 294 

Hoff's Malt Extract 191 

Hollyhock 29 

Homoeopathic Solution of Camphor. . 65 

Honey 194 

Clarified 195 

of Rose 195 

Hops 148 

Tincture of 328 

Horehound 192 

Horliok's Food 191 

Humulus 148 

Hydrastis 156 

Fluid Extract of 116 

Tincture of 329 

Hydrated Alumina 30 

Oxide of Iron 135 

Oxide of Iron with Magnesia. . . . 135 

Hydrate of Aluminium 30 

of Chloral 78 

Hydriodic Acid, Syrup of 307 

Hydrobromic Acid, Diluted 12 

Hydrobromate of Quinine 269 

Hydrochlorate of Apomorphine 41 

of Morphine . . , 200 

of Pilocarpine 237 

of Quinine 269 

Hydrochloric Acid 12 

Diluted 12 

Hydrocotarmine 229 

Hyoscyamus 157 

Abstract of 2 

Alcoholic Extract of 116 

Fluid Extract of 116 

Tincture of 329 

Hypophosphite of Calcium 62 

of Iron 133 

of Potassium 255 



PAGE 

Hypophosphite of Sodium 290 

Hypophosphites, Syrup of 310 

with Iron, Syrup of 311 

Hyposulphite of Sodium 290 

Iceland Moss 75 

Ignatia 158 

Abstract of 3 

Tincture of 329 

Illicium 158 

Oil of 213 

Indian Cannabis 66 

Extract of 108 

Fluid Extract of 108 

Tincture of 322 

Infusion of Brayera 159 

of Cinchona 159 

of Digitalis 160 

of Senna, Compound 160 

of Wild Cherry 160 

Infusions 159 

Ingluvin 363 

Inspissated Ox-gall 126 

Iodide ot Ammonia 33 

of Arsenic 49 

of Lead 245 

of Potassium 255 

of Silver 46 

of Sodium 290 

of Sulphur 304 

of Zinc 356 

Iodine 163 

Compound Solution of 180 

Ointment 344 

Iodized Starch 38 

Iodoform 161 

Ointment 344 

Iron 127 

and Ammonium, Citrate of 131 

and Ammonium, Sulphate of . . . . 132 

and Ammonium, Tartrate of ... . 132 

and Potassium, Tartrate of 132 

and Quinine, Citrate of 133 

and Quinine, Solution of Citrate 

of 178 

and Strychnine, Citrate of 133 

Bitter Wine of 351 

Chloride of 130 

Citrate of 131 

Compound Pills of 241 

Dried Sulphate of 137 

Hydrated Oxide of '. 135 

Hydrated Oxide of, with Mag- 
nesia 135 

Hypophosphite of 133 

Lactate of 134 

Mass of Carbonate of 193 

Mixture, Compound 198 

Mixture of Acetate of, and Am- 
monia 198 

Oxalate of 135 



INDEX. 



387 



PAGE 

Iron, Phosphate of 186 

Pills of Aloes and 240 

Pills of Iodide of 241 

Plaster 100 

Precipitated Sulphate of 137 

Pyrophosphate of 136 

Quinine and Strychnine, Syrup of 

the Phosphates of 310 

Reduced 138 

Saccharated Carbonate of 130 

Saccharated Iodide of 134 

Solution of Acetate of 177 

Solution of Chloride of 177 

Solution of Citrate of 178 

Solution of Nitrate of 178 

Solution of Subsulphate of 179 

Solution of Tersulphate of 179 

Sulphate of 137 

Syrup of Bromide of 310 

Syrup of Iodide of 310 

Tincture of Acetate of 326 

Tincture of Chloride of 327 

Troches of 338 

Valerianate of 138 

Wine of Citrate of 352 

Iris 167 

Extract of 116 

Ipecac 165 

and Opium, Powder of 261 

and Opium, Tincture of 330 

Fluid Extract of 116 

Syrup of 311 

Troches of 339 

Troches of Morphine and 339 

Wine of 352 

Irish Moss 82 

Isinglass 158 

Plaster 100 

Jaborandi 238 

Jalap 168 

Abstract of 3 

Compound Powder of 262 

Resin of 270 

Jamaica Dogwood ., 365 

Jasmine, Yellow 141 

Juglans 168 

Extract of 117 

Juniper 168 

Spirit of 297 

Compound Spirit of 297 

Oil of 217 

Kalmia 195 

Kamala 169 

Kava Kava 363 

Kino 169 

Tincture of 330 

Koussin 58 

Koosso 58 



PAGE 

Krameria 170 

Extract of 117 

Fluid Extract of 117 

Syrup of 311 

Tincture of 330 

Troches of 339 

Labarraque's Solution 183 

Lactate of Iron 134 

Lactic Acid 14 

Lactucarium 170 

Fluid Extract of 117 

Ladies' Slipper 95 

Lanthopine 229 

Lapis Mitigatus 46 

Lappa 170 

Lard 21 

Benzoinated 21 

Oil 211 

Laudanum 332 

Laudanine 229 

Laudanosine 229 

Lavender 171 

Compound Tincture of 331 

Flowers, Oil of 217 

Oil of 217 

Spirit of 298 

Lead, Acetate of ... . 244 

Carbonate of 245 

Cerate of Subacetate of 74 

Iodide of 245 

Liniment of Subacetate of 173 

Nitrate of 246 

Ointment of Carbonate of 344 

Ointment of Iodide of 345 

Oxide of 246 

Plaster 101 

Solution of Subacetate of 181 

Solution of Subacetate of, Diluted 181 

Sugar of 244 

Water 181 

White 245 

Lemon, Essence of 298 

Peel 171 

Oil of 217 

Spirit of 298 

Syrup of 311 

Leptandra 171 

Extract of 117 

Fluid Extract of 117 

Levant Wormseed 278 

Light Magnesia 188 

Lime 63 

Chloride of 64 

Chlorinated , 64 

Liniment 172 

Solution of 176 

Sulphurated 64 

Syrnp of 309 

Water 176 

Liniment of Subacetate of Lead 173 



388 



INDEX. 



PAGE 

Linseed 174 

Oil 217 

Liquid Dover's Powder 330 

Liquid Pepsin 181 

Liquor Pancreaticus 364 

Liquorice, Extract of 114 

Fluid Extract of 114 

Pure Extract 115 

Root 143 

Litharge 246 

Lithium, Benzoate of 185 

Bromide of 185 

Carbonate of 186 

Citrate of 186 

Salicylate of 187 

Lobelia 187 

Fluid Extract of 118 

Tincture of 331 

Vinegar of 4 

Logwood 146 

Lugol's Solution 180 

Lupulin 188 

Fluid Extract of 118 

Oleoresin of 210 

Lupulina 148 

Lycopodium 188 

Mace 188 

Magnesia 188 

and Asafetida, Mixture of 199 

Heavy 189 

Light 188 

Troches of 339 

Magnesium, Carbonate of 189 

Granulated Citrate of 189 

Solution of Citrate of 180 

Sulphate of 190 

Sulphite of 191 

Magnolia 191 

Male Fern 50 

Malt 191 

Extract of ' 118 

Manganese, Black Oxide of 191 

Sulphate of 192 

Manna 192 

Marigold 63 

Marjoram, Wild 231 

Marshraallow 29 

Mass, Blue 193 

of Carbonate of Iron 193 

of Copaiba 193 

of Mercury 193 

Mastic 194 

Pills of Aloes and 240 

Matico 194 

Fluid Extract of 118 

Tincture of 331 

Matricaria 194 

May Apple 246 

Meconic Acid 229 

Meconidine 229 



PAGE 

Mellins' Food 191 

Menispermum 195 

Mercurial Ointment 342 

Plaster 100 

Mercuric Chloride 148 

Cyanide 151 

Iodide 152 

Nitrate, Solution of 180 

Oxide, Red 153 

Oxide, Yellow 152 

Sulphate, Basic 153 

Sulphide, Red 154 

Mercurous Chloride 150 

Iodide 152 

Mercury 154 

Ammoniated 156 

Corrosive Chloride of 148 

Cyanide of 151 

Green Iodide of 152 

Mass of 193 

Mild Chloride of 150 

Ointment of Ammoniated 343 

Ointment of Nitrate of 343 

Ointment of Red Oxide of 343 

Ointment of Yellow Oxide of ... . 343 

Oleateof 209 

Red Iodide of ; 152 

Red Oxide of 153 

Red Sulphide of 154 

Yellow Oxide of 152 

Yellow Subsulphate of 153 

Solution of Nitrate of 180 

with Chalk 156 

Methylene Bichloride 364 

Mezereum 196 

Extract of .. . 119 

Fluid Extract of 119 

Ointment 344 

Mild Chloride of Mercury 150 

Mixture of Acetate of Iron and Am- 
monium 198 

of Citrate of Potassium 199 

of Magnesia and Asafetida 199 

of Rhubarb and Soda 199 

Monobromated Camphor 66 

Monsel's Solution 179 

Moonseed, Canadian 195 

Morphine 199 

Acetate of 200 

and Ipecac, Troches of 339 

Compound Powder of 262 

Hydrochlorate of 200 

Sulphate of 200 

Moss, Iceland 75 

Irish 82 

Moulded Nitrate of Silver 46 

Mucilage of Acacia. a 206 

of Cydonium 207 

of Elm 207 

of Sassafras Pith 207 

of Tragacanth 207 



INDEX. 



389 



PAGE 

Muscarin 52 

Musk • 206 

Tincture of 331 

Mustard, Black 283 

Compound Liniment of 173 

Paper 76 

Volatile Oil of 224 

White 283 

Myrcia, Oil of 220 

Spirit of 298 

Myrrh 208 

Pills of Aloes and 240 

Tincture of 331 

Tincture of Aloes and 319 

Narceine 229 

Narcotine . .. 229 

Neutral Mixture 199 

Nicotine 315 

Nitrate of Ammonium 34 

of Lead 246 

of Potassium 256 

of Silver 46 

of Sodium 291 

Nitric Acid 14 

Acid, Diluted 14 

Nitrite of Amyl 36 

of Potassium 364 

Nitrobenzol 212 

Nitroglycerine 364 

Nitrohydrochloric Acid 15 

Diluted 15 

Nutgall 140 

Ointment. 342 

Tincture of 327 

Nutmeg 208 

Essence of 299 

Oil of 220 

Spirit of 299 

Nux Vomica 208 

Abstract of 3 

Extract of 119 

Fluid Extract of 119 

Tincture of 332 

Oak, White 264 

Oatmeal 37 

Oleorecina Filicis 209 

Oleum Juniperi Empyreumaticum . . . 221 

Oil, Benne 224 

Cade 221 

Castor 222 

Cod-Liver 218 

Cotton Seed 216 

Croton 227 

Ethereal 211 

Lard 211 

Olive 220 

Phosphorated 221 

of Allspice 221 

of Almonds Expressed 212 



PAGE 

Oil of Amber 225 

of American Wormseed . . . , 214 

of Anise 213 

of Bay 220 

of Bergamot 213 

of Bitter Almond 212 

of Cajuput 213 

of Caraway 214 

of Cassia 214 

of Checkerberry 216 

of Chenopodium 214 

of Cloves 214 

of Cinnamon 214 

of Copaiba 214 

of Coriander 215 

of Cubeb 215 

of Erigeron 215 

of Eucalyptus 215 

of Fennel 216 

of Gaultheria 216 

of Hedeoma 217 

of Juniper 217 

of Lavender 217 

of Lavender Flowers 217 

of Lemon 217 

of Flaxseed 217 

of Mirbane 212 

of Mustard, Volatile 224 

of Myrcia , 220 

of Neroli 213 

of Nutmeg 220 

of Orange Flowers 213 

of Orange Peel 213 

of Pennyroyal 217 

of Peppermint 218 

of Pimenta 221 

of Rose 223 

of Rosemary 223 

of Rue 223 

of Savine 223 

of Sandal Wood 224 

of Santal 224 

of Sassafras 224 

of Sesamum 224 

of Spearmint 218 

of Tar 221 

of Theobroma 227 

of Thyme 227 

of Turpentine 225 

of Valerian 228 

of Vitriol 17 

of Wine, Heavy 211 

Ointment 341 

Alkaline Sulphur 345 

Basilicon 74 

Belladonna 341 

Blue 342 

Chrysarobin 342 

Citrine 343 

Diachylon 342 

Iodine 344 



390 



INDEX. 



PAGE 

Ointment, Iodoform 344 

Nutgall , 342 

Mercurial 342 

Mezereum 344 

of Ammoniated Mercury 343 

of Carbolic Acid 341 

of Carbonate of Lead 344 

of Gallic Acid 341 

of Iodide of Lead 345 

of Iodide of Potassium 345 

of Nitrate of Mercury 343 

of Oxide of Zinc 34(3 

of Red Oxide of Mercury 343 

of Rose Water ... 341 

of Tannic Acid 341 

of Yellow Oxide of Mercury 343 

Petroleum 233 

Stramonium 345 

Sulphur 345 

Tar 344 

Veratrine 345 

Oleate of Mercury 209 

of Veratrine 209 

Oleic Acid 15 

Olive Oil 220 

Oleoresin of Aspidium 209 

of Capsicum 210 

of Cubeb 210 

of Ginger 211 

of Lupulin 210 

of Pepper 211 

Okra 29 

Opium 228 

Camphorated Tincture of 332 

Denarcotized 229 

Deodorized Tincture of 333 

Extract of 119 

Pills of 242 

Plaster 101 

Powdered 228 

Powder of Ipecac and 261 

Tincture of 332 

Tincture of Ipecac and 330 

Troches of Glycyrrhiza and 338 

Vinegar of 4 

Wine of 352 

Orange, Elixir of 99 

Flowers 54 

Flowers, Oil of 213 

Flowers, Syrup of 309 

Flower Water 44 

Peel. Bitter 53 

Peel, Bitter, Fluid Extract of . . . 107 

Peel, Oil of 213 

Peel, Sweet 53 

Peel, Tincture of Bitter 320 

Peel, Tincture of Sweet 320 

Spirit of 296 

Syrup of 309 

Origanum 231 

Oxalate of Cerium 75 



PAGE 

Oxalate of Iron 135 

Ox-gall 126 

Inspissated 126 

Purified 127 

Oxide of Antimony 39 

of Lead 246 

of Silver 48 

of Zinc 356 

Ozonized Oil 226 

Pale Rose 273 

Pancreatine 364 

Pansy 353 

Papaverine 229 

Papaya 365 

Paper, Cantharides 76 

Mustard 76 

Nitrate of Potassium 76 

Paregoric 332 

Pareira 231 

Brava 231 

Fluid Extract of 119 

Peach 36 

Pelletierina 144 

Pellitory 263 

Pelosine 231 

Pepper 243 

Black 243 

African 68 

Cayenne 68 

Oleoresin of 211 

Peppermint 196 

Essence of 298 

Oil of 218 

Spirit of 298 

Troches of 339 

Water 45 

Pennyroval 147 

Oil of 217 

Pepsin, Liquid 181 

Saccharated 232 

Pepsin, Solution of 181 

Perfumed Spirit 299 

Permanganate of Potassium 257 

Petroleum Benzin 56 

Ether 56 

Ointment 233 

Phenic Acid 9 

Phenol 9 

Phenyl 9 

Phosphate of Ammonium 34 

of Iron 136 

of Sodium 291 

Phosphide of Zinc 356 

Phosphorated Oil 221 

Phosphoric Acid 15 

Acid, Diluted 15 

Phosphorus 233 

Pills of 242 

Physostigma 235 

Extract of 120 



INDEX. 



391 



PAGE 

Physostigma, Tincture of 333 

Phytolacca Berry 237 

Root 237 

Picrotoxin 237 

Pill, Blue 193 

Pills, Compound Cathartic 241 

of Aloes 239 

of Aloes and Asaf etida 239 

of Aloes and Iron 240 

of Aloes and Mastic 240 

of Aloes and Myrrh 240 

of Antimony, Compound 240 

of Asaf etida 240 

of Galbanum, Compound 241 

of Iodide of Iron 241 

of Iron, Compound 241 

of Opium 242 

of Phosphorus , 242 

of Rhubarb 242 

of Rhubarb, Compound 242 

Rufus 240 

Plummer's 240 

Pilocarpus 238 

Fluid Extract of 120 

Pimenta 242 

Oil of 221 

Pinkroot .- 293 

Piperine 243 

Pipsissewa 77 

Piscidia Erythrina 365 

Pitch, Burgundy 243 

Canada 243 

Hemlock 243 

Plaster with Cantharides 101 

Plaster, Adhesive 101 

Ammoniac 99 

Ammoniac with Mercury 09 

Arnica 100 

Asafetida 100 

Belladonna 100 

Burgundy Pitch 101 

Canada Pitch 101 

Capsicum 100 

Court 100 

Diachylon 101 

Galbanum 100 

Hemlock Pitch 101 

Iron 100 

Isinglass 100 

Lead 101 

Mercurial 100 

Opium 101 

Pitch with Cantharides 101 

Resin 101 

Soap 101 

Strengthening 100 

Warming 101 

Pleurisy Root 50 

Plummer's Pills 240 

Pod Pepper 68 

Podophyllum 246 



PAGE 

Podophyllum, Abstract of 3 

Extract of 120 

Fluid Extract of 120 

Resin of 271 

Poke Berry 237 

Root 237 

Pomegranate 144 

Potassium, Acetate of 248 

and Sodium, Tartrate of 254 

Bicarbonate of 248 

Bichromate of 249 

Bitartrate of 249 

Bromide of 249 

Carbonate of 252 

Chlorate of 253 

Citrate of 254 

Cyanide of 254 

Ferrocy anide of 254 

Hypophosphite of 255 

Iodide of 255 

Mixture of Citrate of 199 

Nitrate of 256 

Permanganate of 257 

Sulphate of 257 

Sulphite of 258 

Tartrate of 258 

Ointment of Iodide of 345 

Paper of Nitrate of 76 

Solution of Arsenite of 182 

Solution of Citrate of 183 

Troches of Chlorate of 339 

Potato 98 

Powder, Antimonial 260 

Aromatic , 260 

Compound Effervescing 261 

Dover's 261 

Powdered Opium 228 

Powder of Glycyrrhiza, Compound. . . 261 

of Ipecac and Opium 261 

of Jalap, Compound 262 

of Morphine, Compound 262 

of Rhubarb, Compound 263 

Seidlitz 261 

Tally's 262 

Precipitated Carbonate of Calcium. . . 61 

Carbonate of Zinc 355 

Phosphate of Calcium 62 

Sulphate of Iron 137 

Sulphur 305 

Prepared Chaik 92 

Prickly Ash 354 

Pride of India 54 

Prince's Pine 77 

Prinos 258 

Protiodide of Mercury 152 

Prune 259 

Prussic Acid 13 

Pseudo-Morphine 229 

Ptyalin 191 

Pulsatilla 259 

Pumpkin Seed 231 



392 



INDEX. 



PAGE 

Pure Extract of Glycyrrhiza 115 

Purging Cassia 71 

Purified Aloes 28 

Animal Charcoal 69 

Chloroform 80 

Cotton 144 

Ox-gall 127 

Sulphide of Antimony 40 

Pyrethrum 263 

Tincture of 333 

Phosphate of Iron 136 

of Sodium 291 

Pyroxylin 263 

Pyroxylon 263 

Quassia 263 

Extract of 121 

Fluid Extract of 121 

Tincture of 333 

Quebracho 366 

Queen's Root 300 

Quicksilver 154 

Quillaia 264 

Quince Seed 95 

Quinidine, Sulphate of 264 

Quinine 265 

Bisulphate of 269 

Hydrobromate of 269 

Hydrochlorate of 269 

Sulphate of 269 

Valerianate of 270 

Quinoidin 77 

Raspberry 274 

Syrup of 313 

Red Bark 84 

Red Cinchona 84 

Iodide of Mercury 152 

Oxide of Mercury 153 

Precipitate 153 

Rose 273 

Saunders 278 

Sulphide of Mercury 154 

Wine 353 

Reduced Iron 138 

Resin 270 

Cerate 74 

of Copaiba 270 

of Jalap 270 

Plaster 101 

of Podophyllum 271 

of Scammony 271 

Resorcin 366 

Rhamnus Catharticus 139 

Purshiana 139 

Rhatany 170 

Rhoeadine 229 

Rhubarb 271 

and Soda, Mixture of 199 

Aromatic Syrup of 312 

Aromatic Tincture of 334 



PAGE 

Rhubarb, Compound Pills of 242 

Compound Powder of 263 

Extract of 121 

Fluid Extract of 121 

Pills of 242 

Syrup of 312 

Sweet Tincture of 334 

Tincture of 333 

Wine of 352 

Rhus Glabra 272 

Fluid Extract of 121 

Toxicodendron 272 

Venenata 272 

Rochelle Salt 254 

Rose, Confection of 89 

Fluid Extract of 121 

Honey of , . 195 

Oil of 223 

Pale 273 

Red 273 

Syrup of 312 

Water 45 

Water, Ointment of 341 

Rosemary 273 

Oil of 223 

Rubus 274 

Fluid Extract pf 122 

Idaeus 274 

Syrup of 313 

Rue. Oil of 223 

lluf us' Pills 240 

Rum 25 

Rumex 274 

Fluid Extract of 122 

Saccharated Carbonate of Iron 130 

Iodide of Iron 134 

Pepsin 232 

Safflower 93 

Saffron 93 

Tincture of 325 

Sage 276 

Salicin 275 

Salicylate of Lithium 187 

of Physostigmine 235 

of Sodium 291 

Salix 276 

Salt, Epsom 190 

Glauber's 292 

Rochelle 254 

Salvia 276 

Sambucus 277 

Sandal Wood, Oil of 224 

Sanguinaria ... 277 

Fluid Extract of 122 

Tincture of 334 

Vinegar of 5 

Santal, Oil of 223 

Santonica 278 

Santonin 278 

Santoninate of Sodium 292 



INDEX. 



39:5 



PAGE 

Sarsaparilla 279 

Compound Decoction of 96 

Compound Fluid Extract of 122 

Compound Syrup of 313 

Fluid Extract of 123 

Sassafras 279 

Medulla 280 

Oil of 224 

Pith 280 

Pith, Mucilage of 207 

Saunders, Red 278 

Savine 274 

Cerate 75 

Fluid Extract of 122 

Oil of 223 

Scammony 280 

Resin of 271 

Scoparius 281 

Scullcap 281 

Scutellaria 281 

Fluid Extract of 123 

Seidlitz Powder 261 

Senega 282 

Abstract of 3 

Fluid Extract of 123 

Syrup of , 314 

Senna 282 

Compound Infusion of 160 

Confection of 89 

Fluid Extract of ". . 123 

Syrup of 314 

Serpentaria 282 

Fluid Extract of 123 

Tincture of 335 

Sesamum, Oil of 224 

Silver, Cyanide of 45 

Diluted Nitrate of 46 

Iodide of 46 

Moulded Nitrate of . 46 

Nitrate of 46 

Oxide of 48 

Simple Elixir 99 

Slippery Elm 340 

Snakeroot, Black 83 

Virginia 282 

Soap 279 

Bark 264 

Green 279 

Plaster 101 

Tincture of Green 334 

Soda 284 

Solution of 183 

Sodium, Acetate of 284 

Arseniate of 285 

Benzoate of 285 

Bicarbonate of 285 

Bisulphite of 286 

Borate of 286 

Bromide of 287 

Carbonate of 287 

Chlorate of 288 



PACK 

Sodium, Chloride of 288 

Commercial Bicarbonate of 286 

Dried Carbonate of 288 

Hypophosphite of 290 

Hyposulphite of 290 

Iodide of 290 

Nitrate of 291 

Phosphate of 291 

Pyrophosphate of 291 

Salicylate of 291 

Santoninate of 292 

Solution of Arseniate of 184 

Solution of Silicate of 184 

Sulphate of 292 

Sulphite of 293 

Sulphocarbolate of 293 

Tartrate of Potassium and 254 

Troches of Bicarbonate of 340 

Troches of Santoninate of 340 

Solamxm Nigrum 98 

Soluble Glass 184 

Soluble Gun-Cotton 263 

Solution of Acetate of Ammonium . . . 175 

of Acetate of Iron 177 

of Arseniate of Sodium 184 

of Arsenite of Potassium 182 

of Arsenious Acid 174 

of Chloride of Iron 177 

of Chloride of Zinc 184 

of Chlorinated Soda 183 

of Citrate of Iron 178 

of Citrate of Iron and Quinine. . . 178 

of Citrate of Magnesium 180 

of Citrate of Potassium 183 

of Gutta-Percha 180 

of Iodide of Arsenic and Mercury 175 

of Iodine, Compound 180 

of Lime 176 

of Nitrate of Iron 178 

of Nitrate of Mercury 180 

of Pepsin 181 

of Potassa 182 

of Silicate of Sodium 184 

of Soda 183 

of Subacetate of Lead 181 

of Subacetate of Lead, Diluted . . 181 

of Subsulphate of Iron 179 

of Tersulphate of Iron 179 

Spearmint 196 

Essence of 298 

Oil of 218 

Spirit of 298 

Water 45 

Spermaceti 75 

Cerate 74 

Spigelia 293 

Fluid Extract of 123 

Spindle Tree 104 

Spirit of Ammonia 295 

of Ammonia, Aromatic 295 

of Anise 295 



394 



INDEX. 



PAGE 

Spirit of Camphor 296 

of Chloroform 296 

of Cinnamon 296 

of Ether 294 

of Ether, Compound 294 

of Gaultheria 297 

of Juniper 297 

of Juniper, Compound 297 

of Lavender , 298 

of Lemon 298 

of Mindererus 175 

of Myrcia 298 

of Nitre, Sweet 294 

of Nitrous Ether 294 

of Nutmeg 299 

of Orange 296 

of Peppermint 298 

of Spearmint 298 

Perfumed 299 

Squill 280 

Compound Syrup of 313 

Fluid Extract of 123 

Syrup of 313 

Tincture of 334 

Vinegar of 5 

Squirting Cucumber 98 

Staphisagria 299 

Star- Anise 158 

Stavesacre 299 

Starch 37 

Glycerite of 143 

Iodized 38 

Stillingia 300 

Fluid Extract of 124 

Storax 304 

Stramonium, Extract of 124 

Fluid Extract of 124 

Leaves 300 

Ointment 345 

Seed 300 

Tincture of 335 

Strychnine 301 

Strengthening Plaster 100 

Stronger Ether 22 

Water of Ammonia 43 

White Wine 350 

Styptic Collodion 88 

Subcarbonate of Bismuth 57 

Subchloride of Mercury 150 

Subnitrate of Bismuth 57 

Sublimed Sulphur 305 

Suet 283 

Sugar 275 

of Lead 244 

of Milk 275 

Sulphate of Aluminium 30 

of Ammonium 34 

of Atropine 50 

of Cinchonidine 85 

of Cinchonine 85 

of Copper 94 



PAGE 

Sulphate of Hyoscy amine 157 

of Iron 137 

of Iron and Ammonium 132 

of Magnesia 190 

of Manganese 192 

of Morphine 200 

of Potassium 257 

of Quinidine 264 

of Quinine 269 

of Sodium 292 

of Strychnine 301 

of Zinc 357 

Sulphide of Calcium 64 

of Antimony 40 

Sulphite of Potassium 258 

of Sodium 293 

Sulphocarbolate of Sodium 293 

Sulphuric Acid 17 

Acid, Aromatic 17 

Acid, Diluted 17 

Sulphur, Iodide of 304 

Lotum 304 

Ointment 345 

Ointment, Alkaline 345 

Sulphurated Antimony 40 

Lime 64 

Potassa 247 

Sulphurous Acid 18 

Sumach 272 

Sumbul 306 

Tincture of 335 

Suppositories 306 

Syrup 307 

of Acacia 307 

of Althsea 308 

of Almond 308 

of Bromide of Iron 310 

of Citric Acid 307 

of Garlic 308 

of Ginger 314 

of Hydriodic Acid 307 

of Hypophosphites 310 

of Hypophosphites with Iron .... 311 

of Iodide of iron 310 

of Ipecac 311 

of Krameria 311 

of Lactucarium 311 

of Lemon 311 

of Orange 309 

of Orange Flowers 309 

of Lactophosphate of Calcium. . . 309 

of Lime 309 

of Raspberry 313 

of Rhubarb 312 

of Rhubarb, Aromatic 312 

of Rose 312 

of Rubus 313 

of Sarsaparilla, Compound 313 

of Senega . , 314 

of Senna 314 

of Squill 313 



INDEX. 



395 



PAGE 

Syrup of Squill, Compound 313 

of the Phosphates of Iron, Qui- 
nine, and Strychnine 310 

of Tar 312 

of Tolu 314 

of Wild Cherry , 312 

Sweet Almond 35 

Birch 216 

Flag-.... 61 

Oil 220 

Orange Peel 53 

Spirits of Nitre 294 

Tincture of Rhubarb 334 

Tamarind 316 

Tannic Acid 18 

Acid, Ointment of 341 

Acid, Troches of 337 

Tansy. , 316 

Tapioca 37 

Tar 244 

Oil of 221 

Ointment 344 

Syrup of 312 

Taraxacum 317 

Extract of 125 

Fluid Extract of 125 

Tartaric Acid 19 

Tartar Emetic 38 

Tartrate of Antimony and Potassium. 38 

of Iron and Ammonium 132 

of Iron and Potassium 132 

of Potassium 258 

of Potassium and Sodium 254 

Theobroma, Oil of 227 

Thoroughwort 105 

Thymol 318 

Thyme, Oil of 227 

Tincture of Acetate of Iron 326 

of Aconite 318 

of Aloes 319 

of Aloes and Myrrh 319 

of Arnica Flowers 319 

of Arnica Root 320 

of Asafetida 320 

of Belladonna 320 

of Benzoin 321 

of Benzoin, Compound 321 

of Bitter Orange Peel 320 

of Bryonia 321 

of Calendula 323 

of Calumba 322 

of Cannabis Indica 322 

of Cantharides 322 

of Capsicum 322 

of Cardamom 323 

of Cardamom, Compound 323 

of Catechu, Compound 323 

of Chirata 323 

of Chloride of Iron 327 

of Cinchona 324 



PAGB 

Tincture of Cinchona, Compound. . . . 324 

of Cimicif uga 323 

of Cinnamon 324 

of Colchicum 324 

- of Conium v 325 

of Cubeb 325 

of Digitalis 325 

of Gelsemium 328 

of Gentian, Compound 328 

of Ginger 336 

of Green Soap 334 

of Guaiac 328 

of Guaiac, Ammoniated 328 

of Hops 328 

of Hydrastis 329 

of Hyoscyamus 329 

of Ignatia 329 

of Indian Cannabis 322 

of Iodine 329 

of Ipecac and Opium 330 

of Kino 330 

of Krameria 330 

of Lavender, Compound 331 

of Lobelia 331 

of Matico 331 

of Musk 331 

of Myrrh 331 

of Nutgall 327 

of Nux Vomica 332 

of Opium „ . .. . 332 

of Opium, Camphorated 332 

of Opium, Deodorized 333 

of Phosphorus 235 

of Physostigma 333 

5pf Pyrethrum 333 

of Quassia 333 

of Rhubarb 333 

of Rhubarb, Aromatic 334 

of Rhubarb, Sweet 334 

of Sanguinaria 334 

of Saffron 325 

of Serpentaria 335 

of Squill 334 

of Stramonium 335 

of Sumbul 335 

of Sweet Orange Peel 320 

of Tolu 335 

of Valerian 335 

of Valerian, Ammoniated 335 

of Vanilla 336 

of Veratrum Viride 336 

Warburg's 2(57 

Tinctures of Fresh Herbs 3 "2 6 

Tragacanth 336 

Mucilage of 207 

Trimethylamin 218-397 

Triticum 336 

Fluid Extract of 125 

Trituration of Elaterin 337 

Triturations 337 

Troches of Bicarbonate of Sodium. . . 340 



396 



INDEX. 



PAGE 

Troches of Catechu 338 

of Chalk 338 

of Chlorate of Potassium 339 

of Chloride of Ammonium 337 

of Cubeb 338 

of Ginger 340 

of Glycyrrhiza and Opium 338 

of Ipecac 339 

of Iron 338 

of Krameria 339 

of Magnesia 339 

of Morphine and Ipecac 339 

of Peppermint 339 

of Santoninate of Sodium 340 

of Tannic Acid 337 

Tully's Powder 262 

Turpentine 317 

Canada 317 

Liniment 174 

Oil of 225 

Turpeth Mineral 153 

Ustilago 346 

Uva Ursi 346 

Fluid Extract of 125 

Valerian 346 

Abstract of 3 

Ammoniated Tincture of 335 

Fluid Extract of 125 

Oil of 228 

Tincture of 335 

Valerianate of Ammonium .£ 35 

of Iron 138 

of Quinine 270 

of Zinc 357 

Vanilla 347 

Tincture of 336 

Veratrine 347 

Ointment 345 

Oleate of 209 

Veratrum Viride 348 

Fluid Extract of 126 

Tincture of 336 

Viburnum 349 

Fluid Extract of 126 

Vinegar of Lobelia 4 

of Opium 4 

of Sanguinaria 5 

of Squill 5 

Viola Tricolor 353 

Virginia Snakeroot 282 

Vitellus 354 

Volatile Oil of Mustard 224 

Wahoo 104 

Warming Plaster 101 



PAGE 

Washed Sulphur 304 

Water 41 

Anise 44 

Bitter Almond 43 

Camphor 44 

Chlorine 44 

Cinnamon 44 

Cologne 299 

Creasote 45 

Distilled 41 

Fennel 45 

of Ammonia 42 

of Ammonia, Stronger 43 

Orange Flower 44 

Peppermint 45 

Rose 45 

Spearmint 45 

Wax, White 73 

Yellow 73 

Whiskey 297 

White Arsenic 6 

Lead 245 

Mustard 283 

Oak 264 

Wine 349 

Wax 73 

Wild Cherry 259 

Cherry, Fluid Extract of 120 

Cherry, Infusion of 160 

Cherry, Syrup of 312 

Marjoram 231 

Willow 276 

Wine, Aromatic 350 

of Aloes 350 

of Antimony 350 

of Citrate of Iron 352 

of Colchicum Root 351 

of Colchicum Seed 351 

of Ergot 351 

of Ipecac 352 

of Iron, Bitter 351 

of Opium 352 

of Rhubarb 352 

Red 353 

White 349 

White, Stronger 350 

Wintergreen 140 

Oil of 216 

Witchhazel 147 

Wormseed, American 77 

Levant 278 

Oil of American 214 

Wormwood 1 

Xanthoxylum 354 

Fluid Extract of 126 

Yellow Cinchona 84 

Dock 274 



INDEX. 



397 



PAGE 

Yellow Jasmine 141 

Oxide of Mercury 152 

Subsulphate of Mercury 153 

Wax 73 

Yolk of Egg 354 

Glycerite of , 143 

Zinc 357 

Acetate of 354 



PAGE 

Zinc, Bromide of 354 

Chloride of 355 

Iodide of 356 

Ointment of Oxide of 346 

Oxide of 356 

Phosphide of 356 

Precioitated Carbonate of 355 

Solution of Chloride of 184 

Sulphate of 357 

Valerianate of 357 



